In recent years, cultural exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have become increasingly frequent, and a large number of excellent works written by contemporary Taiwanese writers have been known and paid attention to by university readers in a timely manner.The long historical novel "Nurhachi" written by Ms. Lin Peifen, a Taiwanese Manchu writer, is one of them. Lin Peifen is known as "the famous historical novelist in the Chinese world" in Taiwan.His ancestral home is Daliu, and his ancestors belonged to Manchuria of Xianghuang Banner, and lived in Taiwan from his father's generation.Since she was a child, she has had a deep impression and understanding of the sorrowful feelings of the previous generation who were worried about the world and homesickness, thus evoking the invincibility of family inheritance, historical evolution and changing times. The daydreams gradually formed a life pursuit of interpreting and reviewing the evolution of history with vivid and dignified literary language.

Lin Peifen belongs to the young and strong writers in Taiwan, but he has already achieved remarkable achievements that can be said to be equivalent to his works. His published works include the novels "Slow Voice", "The Great River Going East", "A Thousand Miles of the Moon" and "The Fourth Movement", "The Heavenly Girl Scattering Flowers", "When the Wild Goose Returns", "Sing a Wordless Song", "Taipei·Kyoto·Halbin", "The Spring and Autumn Period of the Liao Palace", "Heavenly Questions - The End of a Brief Explanation" (eight volumes), "Songs of Westward Migration" and "Two Dynasties of Heaven" (four volumes), as well as a collection of short stories and novels "Dongge Xian", "Swallows Flying", "Ghost of the Emperor", and a collection of essays "Flowers Over Eyes" and "Beyond the Great Wall is My Hometown - Inner Mongolia" Articles", and so on.

The newly published long historical novel "Nurhachi" (September 1999 edition of Taiwan Yuanliu Publishing Company, July 2000 edition of Daliu Writers Publishing House) can be regarded as the most complete work of a female writer since she started writing. A big project that takes time and effort.The book consists of six volumes (the titles of each volume are "The Son of Heaven", "The Immortal God of War", "The Flying of the Eagle", "The Towering Homeland", "The Emperor of Heaven", and "Swallowing Thousands of Miles"), with a total of one hundred and two volumes. More than 100,000 words.This novel was conceived in 1981, written in 1985, and finally completed in 1999, a total of 18 years.

As a historical novelist, Lin Peifen is particularly concerned about the mottled events of the relatively recent Ming and Qing dynasties in Chinese history.She is almost using a historian's standard to spur her own knowledge accumulation and rational cultivation.It is said that in order to write "Nurhaci", there are nearly ten thousand kinds of ancient and modern books and materials that have been read and verified.After the exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait were loosened, she came to Daliubei in person to visit and experience many Ming and Qing historical sites, and even went to Shenyang Fuling, where Nurhachi was buried, to feel and pay tribute to the demeanor of this epoch-making hero. and feelings.

Lin Peifen's "Nurhachi" is the brainchild of her painstaking efforts to chew, figure out, summarize and abstract history with the vision and taste of a writer.It is conceivable that at a time when multi-foreign and multi-level historical literary creations are coming out one after another, this work will surely enjoy a large number of readers with its rich historical capacity, profound cultural heritage and clever novel style. "Nurhachi" is an artistic masterpiece with a magnificent framework.The work selects the 43-year history from the 11th year of Wanli to the 6th year of Tianqi (1583-1626 A.D.) in the late Ming Dynasty. It uses the extremely broad social life as the story scene, and uses the intricate and profound ethnic conflicts, Social contradictions are the basis of the plot, and the pen is used vertically and horizontally, with wide opening and closing, and vividly depicts Nurhachi, a genius national hero of the Jurchen nationality. Years of bloody battles and the implementation of various political strategies have unified the Jurchen ministries that were scattered in the Northeast, and established a new "Later Jin" regime with the Jurchen as the main body while absorbing multi-ethnic elements. Today, sending troops to attack the Ming Dynasty and striving to advance the central government, this is a historical process full of hardships and brilliance.

Nurhachi is the central character throughout the whole book. The novel begins with his youth running in the wind and snow at night and raising the flag for revenge, and ends with the hero's twilight, unfulfilled ambition and regretful death, which artistically shows his life of struggle without regret , accurately outlines his vivid personality, extraordinary courage, meticulous thinking, superhuman endurance and broad mind.He was born in a poor family of Jurchen slave owners. His father and ancestors were both officials of the Jurchen Zuowei in Jianzhou. Because of his stepmother's benevolence, he was forced to leave home to earn a living as a young man. After he was ten years old, he was taken in by Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong.He is not an ordinary man who indulges in mediocrity. A legend about the distant ancestor Bucuri Yongshun who was born to a celestial girl and took on the mission of saving the common people inspired him to follow suit. After slaughtering the cunning tricks of the Jurchen compatriots, he secretly thought and learned for the future revitalization of his suffering nation.The grandfather felt that Chang An and his father Tu Keshi lost their innocent lives, which made him see through Li Chengliang's darkness and brotherly cruelty, so he escaped from the devil's cave alone and embarked on the road of resistance without hesitation.When he was burned by the chasing soldiers for the rest of his life, "the earth-shaking rage was surging" in his heart, and he swore to the sky: "The fate of the Jurchens has been rough for hundreds of years-but I swear, I will overcome all of them Yes, I will defeat the fate of the Jurchen, so that every Jurchen will no longer be bullied and mutilated..." A flesh-and-blood national hero who stood up to heaven and earth, has since leapt to life on paper.

In the struggle that lasted for more than 30 years, Nurhachi not only disregarded his personal life and death, and took the lead in many bloody battles, but also fully demonstrated his outstanding military command and political planning talent at various critical junctures.In some battles, he fought against the brave and foolish way of his subordinates (which was also common among the Jurchens in the old days), and creatively used the mature military tactics of the Han people he had learned.In the famous battle "Sarhu War", which fundamentally reversed the overall balance of military power, he was faced with a four-way encirclement by the Ming army, which was almost ten times his own size. And boldly formulated the only correct combat purpose of "depending on how many ways you come, I will only go all the way", using the highly scientific strategy and tactics of concentrating superior forces to annihilate the enemy's army one by one, and in a short period of time, they gathered and wiped out like a storm. A powerful enemy created a miracle in the history of human warfare.In order to unify Jurchen and advance Ming Dynasty, he used the philosophy of the Han people that "there are no fish when the water is clear, and there are no disciples when people are observant". When he was proclaiming himself emperor and receiving the cheers of all the people, he was also obedient to the loyalty and advice of his ministers. Moreover, he treated all talents who could be used by him through influence, even if he had shot and wounded his captives, or wanted to assassinate himself. All the assassins are explained calmly... With a vision that goes through history, he created and perfected the "Eight Banners System" that integrates soldiers and civilians, personally advocated and guided the creation of Manchu script, and used the strategy of combining strength and softness to appease the Mongolian kingdoms. The Ministry recruited a large number of people from all directions and all ethnic groups, mainly Jurchen, and laid a solid foundation for the accelerated success of their unfinished business in the future.The novel vividly depicts the hero's inner world and actions, so that readers can have a close feeling and understanding of Nurhachi, a figure who has had an epoch-making influence in the history of the Chinese nation.

Ruthless is not necessarily a hero. The shaping of the heroic image in "Nurhachi" also includes the delicate expression of the protagonist's emotional life.As the supreme ruler of the Later Jin regime, Nurhachi has been in contact with many women in his life. The novel has no intention of lingering on his private life. For most wives and concubines (from concubine to concubine) including Abahai, the book Both of them focus on portraying the emotional entanglement between Nurhachi and them.In the author's writing, he only wrote more about the relationship between Nurhachi and two women: one is Li Chengliang's adopted daughter Xue'er, and the other is his regular wife (queen) Mongolian sister.If we say that the relationship between the young Nurhachi and his lover Xueer is still shrouded in a romantic atmosphere and makes readers feel the burning complex of life and death, then the relationship between the adult Nurhachi and his Mongolian sister is deep. The bitter social implication of love.The Mongolian sister comes from the former ally and later enemy of the Jianzhou Jurchen Department - the Yehe tribe of the Haixi Jurchen. Nurhachi and her have a sincere relationship with each other. , Nurhachi must resolutely destroy the Yehe tribe led by Jin Taishi, the younger brother of the Mongolian sister.The Mongolian sister became ill and died of worry, and Nurhachi was heartbroken because of this:

Only in the middle of the night on the third day after the Mongolian sister was buried... when he was alone in the surroundings, did he unconsciously whisper to the coffin of the Mongolian sister: "Is this God's will? You came from Yehe, but you passed away at this time..." From the bottom of his heart, besides sadness and mourning, there is another level of mourning: "Jianzhou and Ye He have made you embarrassed all your life...you never said it, so why bother?" ?” And even in the midst of extreme grief, he still unknowingly confided in front of her spirit: "I'm going to kill Ye He after all!"

This is Nurhachi—a man of flesh and blood in the fierce collision of iron-blooded war and kinship, the wheel of history and the ethical ruler, and his soul suffering from extraordinary torment!Throughout the history of mankind, most of the people who have achieved great deeds have to trek through this kind of spiritual suffering and spiritual purgatory.What historians write down are often full of wise actions and illustrious achievements of those who created great achievements. Only sensitive and humanistic writers can really touch the secrets of those who created great achievements. pulse rhythm.

As one of the hundreds of millions of passers-by in history throughout the ages, Nurhachi conforms to the times, grasps the times, and also dominates the times.He never succumbed to history, and was finally able to rewrite and create history.This is our first impression after reading Lin Peifen's "Nurhachi". In the era in which Nurhachi lived, the political forces in the ancient country of China and its surrounding areas in Northeast China were diverse and complicated.Although the various tribes of Mongolia have been defeated in the great wilderness at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, they have always maintained sufficient strength in the Monan area. They not only covet the Central Plains, but also always threaten the survival and development of the Jurchen nation; North Korea, a subsidiary state of the Ming Dynasty, was ordered to Cooperating with the Ming army to suppress Jianzhou Jurchen, and then suddenly suffered a large-scale military invasion by Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan. Due to the ineffective rescue of the Ming army, the country was almost destroyed at one point; while the Ming Dynasty, which has always played the leading role in the East Asian map, is now experiencing In its most corrupt and bleak period, the national power went from prosperity to decline at a speed rarely seen in history.The novel "Nurhachi" is not a book that describes the struggle of heroes in a single line. The writer tries to confirm and elucidate his historical speculation by observing the meticulously intertwined social latitude and longitude of the Nurhachi era with readers.On the one hand, the work shows that Nurhachi is standing high and overlooking the distance, with the overall situation in mind. Among the multiple political forces that restrict Northeast Asia, he actively operates, maneuvers with ease, and firmly grasps a series of God-sent opportunities to grow step by step. On the other hand, a considerable amount of space has also been devoted to describing various events that occurred simultaneously within the Ming Dynasty, and even within the tribes of Mongolia, as well as between North Korea and Japan.Here, all the stories that are not around Nurhachi no longer exist as an insignificant subline of the performance of the protagonist in Zhang Yang's novels. These stories all provide an important layer of understanding, that is, through corresponding display of each other, It makes people read how, under the background of the same era, the political forces of all parties concerned have followed each other and ebbed and flowed, so as to dig out the historical lessons hidden in the deep layer of social evolution. The ultimate political goal of the hero Nurhachi is to replace the Ming Dynasty's rule of the country.From the beginning of its rise to its growing strength in the future, it was all carried out under the nose of the Ming Dynasty.For quite a long time, the Ming Dynasty had the initiative to easily wipe out Nurhachi. However, because of its own blindness and sinking, it lost its opportunity again and again, and finally became a disaster , It's hard to get overwhelmed.In the creation of this novel, the female writer Lin Peifen did not blindly devote her sympathy to the thriving Nurhachi side. She also appealed to enough compassion for the declining Ming Dynasty. How the powerful central government lost its control over the Liaodong Jurchens step by step, leading to its own fate in jeopardy, has been discussed in an all-round way. The time when the young Nurhachi raised his army coincided with the time when the young Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun of the Ming Dynasty had just taken power.Emperor Wanli came to the throne in his childhood, and his first assistant Zhang Juzheng worked hard to assist the government for ten years, which brought a gratifying "prosperous age" scene to the middle school.After Zhang Juzheng died of illness, Emperor Wanli, who had no ambitions since he was a child and was mentally distorted by strict court education, blatantly overturned Zhang Juzheng's governance strategy at the beginning of his administration, and created a policy of "ignoring the government policy and not caring about the government". , and specialized in the corruption of the harem.He dotes on concubines, embraces children, is extravagant, and indulges in the paralysis of smoking "fushou cream" (opium) all day long. The only thing that taught him to really care is the construction of his mausoleum.In order to prevent Zhang Ju's official virtuous ministers from interfering with his indulgent life, in his "philosophy of 'being an emperor', the way of employing people is to choose villains rather than gentlemen", and even important positions such as the chief assistant in the court, It has long been occupied by little people who are both incompetent and lackluster.He has been in power for more than 30 years, setting a record for the emperor not to be in court for a long time!As a result, there are fewer and fewer courtiers in the court who are concerned about the border wars and rural civil wars.When Nurhachi led his troops to win victories one after another in Liaodong, all the side reports flew to the court, but the result was: "The names of Jianzhou Jurchen and Nurhachi... have not left anything in the heart of Emperor Wanli. The courtiers even read the report of the 'small affairs of the frontier barbarians' and threw them out of the sky." Japan's invasion of Korea triggered "a seven-year transnational war. After he (Emperor Wanli— — Quoter’s Note) didn’t take much weight in his heart, and he didn’t even care about the achievements of his own army and the loss of casualties.” During the reign of Emperor Wanli, huge expenses such as building mausoleums and remodeling palaces directly led to the emptiness of the national treasury. In accordance with the "law" that "the emperor wants to use money, the people must pay more taxes", in addition to land tax and commercial tax, they desperately levied mining tax, forcing the officials of the Ministry of Defense to resign one after another. , It also repeatedly aroused civil mutiny.The obese and lazy "Long Live Lord" is still a man of great success. After Yang Yinglong's rebellion in the Southwest was put down by the officers and soldiers with all their strength, he had a whim and passed a decree to personally capture him at the Meridian Gate of the capital.This is difficult for the soldiers who escorted the prisoners of war. It was the middle of winter. The prisoners of war were all southerners. The cold and acclimatization caused half of them to die before they traveled far. They were killed, but they couldn't, so they had no choice but to ask for death row prisoners from the counties and counties they passed along the way, and mixed into the prisoner-of-war team to fill up the number. The thrill of falling before him, bowing to him and asking for his forgiveness". Do not care about state affairs, absurd extravagance, began with Emperor Wanli, and became a unified family tradition of the three generations of monarchs in the Ming Dynasty: Emperor Wanli died, and his son Zhu Changluo came to the throne as Emperor Taichang. Prince, I really didn't expect that the yellow robe would suddenly be added on. He survived the enthronement ceremony full of ugliness, fell ill in the palace that night, and died within a month.It turned out that it was his father's favorite concubine, Zheng Guifei, who sent eight beauties under the guise of courtship, so that the new "Son of Heaven", who was thin, sick, and depressed for many years, indulged in excessive sex overnight, and lost his soul. , never get up again.The throne had to be passed on to Zhu Youxiao, the son of Emperor Taichang, namely Emperor Tianqi. , it is really a bit of an act, but it is a pity that this act is not manifested in the right place at all. He neither loves the country nor the beautiful woman, and he only loves carpentry!He handed over all the power of state affairs to the great eunuch Wei Zhongxian, but he himself lived in the carpentry workshop for many years... Under the guidance of the style of the emperors of the three generations of the Ming Dynasty, evil winds were everywhere inside and outside the court hall, up and down.All the males and dogs of the Gungun are intriguing and deceitful all day long, and there is always fierce internal strife; as a high-ranking official who is the chief assistant (equivalent to the prime minister), he is afraid that his children will read too many sage books and "disregard the people who live in this dynasty." "Reality", doing stupid things that hinder their career promotion, and from time to time they have to teach them the thick and dark "officialism" in private; "Betting on the treasure" Yiyang, when the wind blows, there will be a lot of noise; later, "Because of seeking an official, you must first honor Wei Zhongxian with a considerable amount of material, and after you become an official, you have to manage it from time to time, which is hundreds of times and a thousand times more than your salary. As a result, no official can survive without being greedy for sweat; and the source of greed and sweat is of course that the big officials get it from the small officials, the central government gets it from the localities, and the small officials and local officials get it from the people. Then they become bandits, robbing counties, rich people..." Among the senior military generals in the Ming Dynasty, Li Chengliang was originally a member with good achievements. Compared with many people who feared their lives and feared death later, he had the courage to fight. However, he served as the general soldier in Liaodong for several years. He believed that "being kind to the emperor's heart" is the most important thing. "All words and deeds should cater to the emperor's wishes as much as possible. You should neither give honest advice like Zhang Juzheng's foreign affairs, nor be like Qi Jiguang." In one fell swoop, he wiped out all his enemies and reduced his own importance." In the process of the Ming Dynasty's demise, Wei Zhongxian played a very bad role.This man was originally a rascal in the market, who eunuched himself into the palace for escaping his gambling debts. After Emperor Tianqi came to the throne, he got into the position of the first eunuch by collaborating with Qingfeng, the emperor's wet nurse. In the past few years, the fate of the Ming Dynasty has been controlled by powerful eunuchs, there are many secret agencies, villains are rampant in the government and the public, and unjust prisons are spread all over the country. Comparison is an important way for people to understand the objective world.The revitalization of the Jurchen ethnic group created by Nurhaci is in sharp contrast with the bleak fate of the Ming Dynasty.It is natural for readers to feel a sigh of relief when looking at this historical scene which is vastly different.Back then, when Zhu Yuanzhang, the outstanding founder of the Ming Dynasty, led a powerful army to sweep the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, he also showed his mighty power like thunder. How could the land be handed over to the descendants of the Zhu family, and it was so bad! "The virtue of a gentleman will be cut for five generations." Since the pre-Qin period, philosophers seem to have had an insight into this iron law of history, but Zhu Ming's descendants have completely forgotten it.Success comes from struggle and failure from extravagance. In Nurhachi's career, it can be said that every step behind him embodies the value and meaning of hardship, resistance, tenacity, and sacrifice. For him and his people, there is no legacy left by his predecessors. A large family business can be inherited and squandered, struggle, and only struggle can exchange for living space and development prospects.Nurhachi struggled unremittingly for decades, but still failed to achieve his goal. He left with regrets, and passed on his great expectations and the precious fighting spirit like a magic weapon to the next generation - Huang Taiji.It is precisely because of Huang Taiji, and the succession of several generations represented by Dorgon, Fulin, Xuanye, Yinzhen, Hongli, etc., that Nurhachi's grand wish was finally fulfilled, not only established It created a new central government, created the Qing Dynasty with a vast territory and a large population, and miraculously brought about a century of peace and prosperity in the ancient Chinese country at the end of the feudal period. ...Of course, if people continue to scan the next page of history, they will be surprised to find that the unworthy descendants of Aixinjueluo appear like the emperors Wanli, Taichang, and Tianqi again!In history, the political forces that appeared bravely like rolling waves, none of them could get rid of the ruthless banter of the historical labyrinth. They each clearly drew a picture that belonged to themselves and each other on the sky of their era. Similarly, it marks the parabola that erupts, climbs, shines, declines, and finally falls completely, and is left for future generations to stare at and comprehend.Du Mu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a famous "A Fang Gong Fu". He believed that the powerful Qin State was not destroyed by others, but died of his own serious indiscretion. He said: "Qin people have no time to mourn themselves. , and then future generations mourn it; future generations mourn it and fail to learn from it, which also makes future generations mourn future generations again!" The story of the novel "Nurhachi" ended in 1626 AD.The battered Ming Dynasty was still struggling to survive at this time, and it was still some time before it was subsequently destroyed by Li Zicheng's peasant army. It is only a local government in the Northeast.However, as long as you finish reading this work, no one will feel inconceivable about the dizzying regime change that took place on the Chinese political stage more than ten years later.Because, the Ming Dynasty, which was originally a giant, rotted from the heart, and after a day, a month, and a year, it was already completely rotten; tempered into a steel.A new scene of great historical changes is already imminent, and the final stage is only a matter of time, and the general trend cannot be changed.Although the event that the Forbidden City finally changed its flag happened somewhat unexpectedly, will people still be surprised by the sudden and sudden change in the established situation? Historical novels, as the name suggests, are novels based on events and characters that have appeared in history. "In the creation of historical novels, people form different creative practices and opinions. One kind thinks that historical novels should be strictly faithful to history, and the historical events and characters written should be real and happened in history; the other One holds that historical novels can also be completely fictionalized, and history only provides a stage atmosphere, and characters and storylines can be fictionalized; the third holds that important historical events and characters should be faithful to historical facts, but Some plots, scenes, details and minor characters should be completely allowed to be fictionalized by writers." ("General History of Chinese Literature", Volume 9, page 385, edited by Zhang Jiong, Deng Shaoji, and Fan Jun, Huayi Publishing House, 1998 edition) Throughout For the novel "Nurhachi", it can be considered that although this creation of Lin Peifen can be classified in the third category above, it is already quite close to the first category.According to the author's historical knowledge, there are only a very small number of characters and events in the book that should be identified as the author's fiction.Before Nurhachi raised his troops, he was accepted by Li Chengliang for a period of time. Although this historical fact has not been recognized by all historians, after all, it has been seen in individual materials. , Xue Er and died for love story, but there is no historical basis.Xue'er's person and affairs are probably the most important fiction in the novel.This fiction is only a few thousand words, and it is really insignificant or even negligible in the 1.2 million words of the whole book.Almost all other relatively important characters and events in the book can be faithful to the real existence in history, which should be said to be very difficult.From this, it also shows Lin Peifen's good intentions in choosing the creative path.Of course, this is not to say that the writing of historical novels can only be considered excellent if it is strictly based on the actual history. In fact, no matter how strictly faithful to history a novel is, it will never be completely true when creating a series of story details. , which is self-evident. The reason why Lin Peifen is so strict in making her works faithful to historical facts is directly related to her view on writing historical novels. From the above two explanations, it is not difficult for us to understand that Lin Peifen hopes that her novel creation will become a literary description and literary interpretation of the past historical process.What she initiates is artistic brushwork and Western style, and the very important purpose of her performance is to comprehensively re-examine all kinds of things in the turbulent Ming and Qing Dynasties with the speculative vision of contemporary people. Publishing a general review against the historical facts is not only for the turn of the century, but also for the history that human beings continue to write, leaving a sense of justice and individualized "Memorandum of Concern". According to the author's own introduction, it took 18 years for her to write this novel, from the idea to the completion of the novel. The content of the novel and her spiritual world have changed with the passage of time, and are no longer the appearance of the original creation. She no longer wrote about Nurhachi's personal heroic deeds as originally envisaged, but gradually transformed it into a history of the rise and fall of a multi-dimensional society with the Nurhachi era as the upper and lower time limits, so that day after day Talking about the rise and fall on the manuscript paper all day long, discussing the revolution in the small room... Lin Peifen's historical literature writing is not about history in terms of history.She is concerned about the universal spiritual alienation of people around her and even in contemporary times, and is saddened by the fact that "at the end of the century, the wind of the times is full of greed, obscenity, and decadence". Swallowing, can this corrupt world and people's hearts be saved?... Only by returning the thoughts to Nurhachi's lifelong struggle can he be inspired by a powerful voice in his heart." She even thought that the tragic light on Nurhachi's life The footprints of struggle are enough to inspire people and build a strong spiritual strength.Although people can propose different ways to save the world, but the woman writer's solemn suggestions here have allowed us to truly understand her sincere precepts. Lin Peifen attaches great importance to the cognitive value of historical novels.In her works, people can not only read the characters, events and plots, but also read her meditation on many historical phenomena.During the decline of the Ming Dynasty, there were a group of people with lofty ideals who turned the tide. The author expresses understanding and sympathy to them, and calmly explores the history that will restrict them and make it difficult to make a difference. Prescriptiveness emerges. Yuan Chonghuan is a famous frontier general with outstanding courage. The only defeat in Nurhachi's life was at his hands; On the Liaoxi battlefield, before him, Xiong Tingbi was imprisoned because he insisted on sticking to the strategy. Under the critical situation of low pay for soldiers, with correct deployment and advanced weapons, they won a major victory in defending Ningyuan.He is a doomed hero who is destined to be transported to Huagai. He has already understood the powerlessness of the individual, and he always encourages himself with "I do my best! Do my best!" to "make my will stronger , stronger, and more capable of becoming a pillar and supporting the sky that is about to collapse!" Yuan Chonghuan knew that he could not do it, which finally led to him being slandered and sentenced to death despite his success, and died extremely unjustly.In the book, the author has revealed the absolute incompatibility between his persistent personality and the dirty current affairs, and accused the era of the end of Ming Dynasty when all the yellow bells were abandoned and the tiles were thundering. The issue of the Donglin Party in the late Ming Dynasty is also clearly reflected in this work.From Gu Xiancheng, to Gao Panlong, to Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou... The novel faithfully records these intellectuals who are full of noble sentiments and stalwart personalities, who are actively involved in the world and inevitably have to walk on this rough historical road. Xiang Beiju's figure.In a society where the government is broken and the people are hungry and cold, they "hear the sound of the wind and rain, the sound of reading, and care about family affairs, state affairs, and world affairs." The way of the world and the hearts of the people first cultivated talents and advocated ideas through the naturally gathered academic group "Donglin Academy", and then used the officials of the Donglin Party who entered the court to interfere in politics and advocate reform.The novel narrates in detail the history of Donglin representatives who devoted themselves to the struggle with pure ideals and finally lost helplessly, and many of them even sacrificed generously. At the same time, they made rational reflections on their defeat.It turns out that most of the Donglin Party members are a group of intellectuals with a "perfectionist" moral tendency, lacking the ability to deal with complex social realities, and because they are used to dividing the world with the eyes of good and evil, they compare small treachery and small evil with The treacherous and the wicked are treated equally, thus making too many enemies, making oneself helpless and helpless.In addition, although Donglin Party members believe in the Confucian spirit of being world-class and practical, most of them are incapable of governing after they take up important positions. They are helpless in the face of internal and external troubles that may kill the Ming Dynasty at any time, and consume a lot of energy. In the endless party struggle.When the dark forces headed by Wei Zhongxian raised their butcher knives at them, the Donglin party members who advocate integrity can only wait for death.When the work spreads the stories of the Donglin Party members, it shows the writer's sharp vision of searching for ideological lessons in the depths of history and culture.Traditional Chinese culture, among its multiple beauties, often lacks a practical gene.Familiar Confucian culture often sends some outstanding intellectuals to the political circles, and it harms the political circles needlessly. There are many unique choices in the artistic treatment of this novel "Nurhachi". First of all, this work chose "boundless" in terms of historical content.The writer's brushstrokes are chic and unrestrained, with multiple entries, through the great achievements of the protagonist Nurhachi in his life, through the process from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century from the Jurchen nation's division, weakness to unity, and prosperity, through the late Ming Dynasty Wanli, Taichang, Apocalypse Three Dynasties, the social situation of declining social conditions, internal and external troubles and intensified internal and external troubles, went through the ups and downs of multilateral relations between Jurchen and Ming Dynasty, Jurchen and Mongolia, China and North Korea, and North Korea and Japan. It expresses both "tangible" and "intangible" in space.The author excavates life like the wind, grasps the era macroscopically, and observes the evolution of the spirit of the times and the spirit of the nation in a complete and accurate manner, fully providing readers with rich historical pictures and deep thinking levels.In the writing of works, female writers undoubtedly have a desire to create an "epic of the times", not just to describe a few aspects of life, but to cover the whole picture of the times with artistic pen and ink. .We say that one of the main aesthetic characteristics of novels is that they are good at expressing the spiritual customs of the times and the nation, and possess profound ideological content. "Nurhachi" embodies this characteristic well. Furthermore, corresponding to the author's own view of historical literature writing, the novel reveals a cautious narrative style similar to historical works.The author tries his best to capture and track the historical context, so he deliberately avoids some specific details that constitute many events, and does not make up fictions if he can, and uses some things that could have been used as excuses. The elements of the novel are deliberately and artificially faded away.This has dispelled the legendary nature of the work to a considerable extent, and it has also distanced itself from the many historical novels that strive to polish the "good-looking" story details in order to capture the reader's curiosity.Based on the creator's own serious ideological and cultural starting point and the purpose of historical novels, the work is unwilling to waste space in the categories that secular readers like heroes and beauties, emperors and concubines, etc. The deformed "private life" of Qingfengjian, the "pair food" guest, is also restrained in writing, focusing on revealing how these two historical freaks with abnormal psychology intensified their ravages when they could not fulfill the physiological needs of normal people. The state affairs made "the fate of the Ming Dynasty castrated like Wei Zhongxian, and turned into an ugly and deformed body." " has become a historical novel of other foreign countries, and it meets the reading needs of high-level readers who have a certain cultural foundation and ideological accumulation. Generally speaking, when writing historical novels, but unwilling to weave too many story details without historical evidence, the writing of novels inevitably lacks the means of story deduction.林佩芬为了实现自己的历史小说写作观，在坚持尽量不虚拟历史故事的前提下，采用了壹系列行之有效的艺术补偿措施。其壹，即是充分的心理描写。在传统的中国小说写作方式中，较大篇幅心理描写是比较少见的，而欧美小说却善于长篇大套的心理描写，其中有些长篇作品，索性就通过这种描写，把人物的命运、时代的变迁都映衬出来，仅仅依赖大量的心理描写，就能支持起整部作品的艺术框架。这种写法，虽颇有壹些难度，但是显然很这合于林佩芬写作上的总体选择：既不杜撰史实，不歪曲历史的本来走势，又要写出作者“通古今之变”的个性化的思考与感怀。我们在《努尔哈赤》里面，经常可以读到作家强化心理描写的笔墨，书中甚至不断出现连续多页的心理描写。小说作者对人物心理的把握，以及将这些把握在巧妙的构思下交互展示，是相当有功力的，比如小说第二部“正宫怨”壹章，便有半数文字，都是对万历朝王皇后的心理扫描，从被册立为皇后，就像受酷刑般地守着活寡，她连比自己身份差得多又长期遭受冷落的王庶妃也羡慕得不行，因为王庶妃毕竟生了儿子，“她哭的时候，好歹是母子相拥……”而自己，只能“独自在空白的岁月里，眼睁睁的看着自己的生命壹天天朝着没有光的未来前进，等待着在进入陵寝之后与自己的丈夫并肩躺下，长相厮守。”这洋的心理描写，直逼宫廷悲居的实质，又恰与其他章节中对万历皇帝心理的刻画相衔接，那位风流皇上已享尽人间艳福，最恐惧的壹件事，正是死后偏得跟自己陵寝的法定女主人王皇后“长相厮守”。这洋的心理刻画，看似对于作品全局的粘黏作用不太强，却经过作者的传神处理、合理安排和相互钩连，照洋教小说获得了足够的建筑力度。其二，是小说为了将明朝命运与后金事业此消彼长态势做出鲜明比照，所大量运用的类似影视创作中的“蒙太奇”剪辑手法。所谓“蒙太奇”，是影视作品里壹种常见的场次连接法，就是按照故事的发展和观众注意力的递进程序，把壹个个镜头合乎逻辑地有节奏地连接起来，使观众得到生动、明确的印象，从而使他们深入了解事件发展的壹种技巧。小说《努尔哈赤》对所述历史有壹项基本认识：“清之兴，兴于太祖（指努尔哈赤——引者注）；明之亡，亡于神宗（指万历皇帝——引者注）。”故常常在叙述中，有意无意地把二者的行为和思想做直接的惨照描写，使读者真切地感受其中的历史蕴涵。第二部中“筑坟”壹章，先写了努尔哈赤在翁克洛大战中，左肩和颈项连中箭矢，性命垂危，英雄在气若游丝之际，心里回荡起前辈的期待：“你是上天的儿子，你是为安邦定乱而生的！你的任务没有完成，你不能躲开……”他便产生了与死亡抉斗而誓不服输的坚强意志…… 紧接着，作者笔峰壹转，立即写道：“而就在他兄险万分、苦苦的在生存与死亡的边缘中挣扎的同时，远在北京城中的万历皇帝却正在开始为自己建筑坟墓……” 将努尔哈赤为创大业而抉不向死神让步，与百无聊赖的万历皇帝醉生梦死，壹心只想着建起宏伟华丽的陵墓供死后享用，两件同时发生的事件这洋天衣无缝地拼接在壹起，确抵得上使用许多其他的艺术手段。作家在这部小说里，多次娴熟地采用“蒙太奇”方式，使通篇结构富于节奏感和跳跃性，亦壹定程度地弥补了细节描写较少的缺陷。 林佩芬在《努尔哈赤》写作中展示的艺术才华是多向度的。请看这位生在台湾长在台湾的女作家，对北国雪景的亲切描摹： 雪花如浪涛，飞舞奔腾，延伸到天的尽头：远处是银白的岗峦起伏，山川壹色，衬托得大地更见辽阔…… 长篇历史小说《努尔哈赤》的创作活动，前后持续了18年。18年里，作者早已从刚刚脱颖的文坛新锐，成长为艺术成熟的知名作家。现在，人们阅读这部多卷本的大制作，依稀可以觉察，作者于不同写作时期在文学造诣上的惨差与演进。总的来看，小说依其卷排序，越到后来写得越好，最成功的，还要数其中的最后两部，即完成于90年代末期的第五部和第六部。这两部作品，明显地摒除了早间创作中过多启用直白表述而使小说欠缺文学张力及艺术丰腴感的缺憾，像凭空虚拟出雪儿之类的人物或情节的现象也找不见了，属于女作家自己的历史小说创作观，兑现得浑然天成、圆满顺畅，其中，对历史人物的塑造和对历史事件的状写，与确切的史料所载相当地贴近、吻合，艺术处理上已接近于“了无留痕”的化境，对思想与形象间的辩证关系，也处理得更为得体了。 据作者表示，她已抉意在今后的某个时间，重新对百多万字的《努尔哈赤》，做壹次通盘修改。既如此，让这部历史文学巨制臻于更加完美，就是可以期待的了。 按照已拟定的创作计划，林佩芬女士是要逐步推出她的“清开国史三部曲”。现在已然出版问世的《努尔哈赤》和《天问》，只是其中的前两部。第三部所要写的是，从清朝定鼎中原，到康熙年间荡平三藩、收复台湾，成就自古以来最为令人骄傲的祖国统壹。波澜起伏的历史画卷，将继续展开……