Chapter 44 Section 2 Who Signed the Proclamation and the Sea Alliance

The signing event Wu Han mentioned happened in February 1946, and the trigger was the notorious "Yalta Secret Agreement". From February 4th to February 11th, 1945, the eve of the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, etc. The giants of the three countries, behind the back of the main party involved - the government of the Republic of China, a secret agreement to redefine the post-war world structure, the full name is the "Agreement of the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and the United Kingdom on Japan".This meeting had an extremely profound impact on the direction of World War II and post-war world history, and determined the future destiny and political process of many countries.During the meeting, neither US President Roosevelt nor British Prime Minister Winston Churchill followed the expectations of the occupied countries at that time, demanding that the countries "liberated" by the Soviet Union after the war be handed over to the United Nations.In addition, in order to get the Soviet Union to declare war on Japan, part of the agreement clearly violated China's rights and interests. Because other countries did not know about the secret agreement for a long time, it was also called the "Yalta Secret Treaty".At this time, although China was known as one of the top four, it was completely ignored. As the head of state of China and the commander of the Allied China Theater, Chiang Kai-shek was not only kept in the dark beforehand, but also for a long time after the signing of the agreement. Li did not know anything about the content of the treaty until April 29, when he learned about it from the ambassador to China, Hurley.

Previously, Hurley returned to Washington from Chongqing to report on his work, learned of the content of the Yalta agreement, and believed that this practice was extremely immoral and extremely unfair to China, so he wrote to Roosevelt asking him to try to correct it.Roosevelt explained that he was compelled by the other two giants, especially Stalin, to make the decision because he was eager to end World War II. He was quite regretful and authorized Hurley to go to Moscow and London to negotiate and rescue with Stalin and Churchill, and try his best to safeguard China's sovereignty And Chiang Kai-shek's leader face.Unexpectedly, on April 12th, Roosevelt died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage at 3:00 pm (6:00 am on the 13th, China time). Vice President Truman died two hours after Roosevelt passed away. He took the oath of office at the White House, and a new political era began. However, Hurley, who has always been self-righteous, bullish, smart and confused, has nothing to do with the mediation of this secret agreement.

Hurley's mediation failed, and he felt a little angry. After returning to Chongqing, he informed Chiang Kai-shek in his personal capacity, but he was not allowed to question Britain and the Soviet Union.Chiang Kai-shek was very angry when he heard this, but due to the world situation at that time and the political pressure of the Big Three, he had to be dumb and eat Coptis chinensis. , Kick over a few tables, and then curse Tang Zong, Zhang Daopan and other officials who came up to dissuade them, express their indignation by saying "Mother Xipi!", there is no other way. On May 31, with Japan's defeat already confirmed, the United States officially notified China of the contents of the "Yalta Agreement".Although Chiang Kai-shek was extremely annoyed, he could only temporarily tolerate it by taking the method of destroying the teeth and swallowing blood. On June 2, Chiang Kai-shek met with Petrov, the Soviet ambassador to China. The other party told Stalin that Song Ziwen should go to Moscow to negotiate and conclude the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance before July 1, but the Yalta Agreement should be the prerequisite. On June 27, Chiang Kai-shek sent Song Ziwen, the newly appointed President of the Executive Yuan, and Chiang Ching-kuo to Moscow for negotiations.Song Zhiwen, Wang Shijie and others who went to Russia to negotiate, finally recognized the established facts of the "Yalta Agreement" and agreed to allow Outer Mongolia to be independent and allow the Soviet Union to establish a naval base in Lushun in exchange for the Soviet government. government support. On July 11, Stalin told Song Ziwen: "The Soviet army should begin to retreat from the three northeastern provinces of China within three weeks after Japan's surrender, and complete the retreat within three months." On August 9, the Soviet army entered northeast China Attack on the Japanese army.The participation of the Soviet army in the war accelerated the rapid and comprehensive collapse of Japan, and at the same time, it also buried deep pain and disasters for the suffering Chinese nation.Just before Song Ziwen went to the Soviet Union to negotiate, rumors about the contents of the Yalta secret agreement had leaked out and caused discussions among all walks of life in China.Song Yunbin, a leftist literati in Kunming at the time, recorded: “A rumor circulated here earlier that during the Crimea Conference, the Soviet Union and the United States had a secret agreement to include North Korea in the Soviet sphere of influence, and that the Soviet Union demanded The right to rule Manchuria and Taiwan. It is said that this news came from the headquarters of the Allied Forces in a certain place. This news (typed out by typewriters) is posted on the walls of every university here. Some students who are not clear-headed are quite confused Four days ago, two university students from the United Nations came to inquire about this matter, and I told them that this was a rumor created by the remnants of fascism, and its purpose was to sow discord." Similar rumors have not only reached the ears of Song Yunbin, but also in Chongqing and Chengdu. The wartime political and cultural center was also rumored for a while, and an undercurrent of deep righteous indignation and resistance to it was already surging among the intellectual class and college students.When Song Ziwen went to the Soviet Union to negotiate and reached an agreement with the Soviet side, the rumors became stronger. Even Chen Yinke, who was blind in both eyes and taught at Yenching University in Chengdu, also heard the news and wrote two poems on his sickbed to relieve his depression. , grief and indignation.Poetry goes:

On the 7th and 7th of Yiyou, I heard people say that the new story of the Water Margin is suitable for a guest to describe the recent events. Whoever made the declaration and the maritime alliance, Yan Yun's tears were full of gains and losses. Huma has been left in Huamen for a long time, and Liu Sai turned to teach and pull out Hanjing. Yao Luanyu is equally guilty, and both Zhan and Feihui have no success. It is difficult to reread the first record of Menghua, so don't send the survivors to talk about Bianjing. Xuantu's front court Xuantu's array is deep, and the dream of the cycle of prosperity and waste can be found.

Qinyue has been shining forever since then, and Hanguan has been shaded by autumn since then. The mistakes of the past, the hatred of the past, every inch of the mountain is an inch of gold. Xuanhe stays old and old, and Jinjiang mourns alone when he is sick. Wu Mi, a professor of foreign languages ​​at Southwest Associated University who was on vacation in Chengdu and got along with Chen Yinke, has a copy of the manuscript, and the text is slightly different.Notes to the poem "Xuantu" copied by Wu Mi: "At that time, Song Ziwen signed a contract with Soviet Russia. According to the secret discussion of President Roosevelt Yalta, Northeast China was actually ceded to Soviet Russia. Days go to Russia and come back and forth, and the Northeast is not ours. Yes. This poem and the related poems before and after are all chanting their events and deeply hurting them.” From Wu Mi’s notes, we can see that Chen Yinke’s two poems before and after all revolve around the same theme of mourning the country and expressing his worries and anxieties about the current situation. .

Chen Yinke's first "Ganfu" poem, the "Xuanhe" in the first couplet refers to the reign of Song Huizong (1119-1125).Yanyun refers to the Sixteen States of Yanyun, also known as the Sixteen States of Youji, which Shi Jingtang ceded to Khitan during the Five Dynasties.Here, Yan refers to Yanjing built by Khitan, and Yun refers to Yunzhou. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, it generally refers to the lost land in the north to be recovered. "Xuanhe Maritime Alliance" is an allusion. At that time, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao and Jin in the north formed a tripartite rivalry, and the Liao occupied the land of Yanyun.Under the collusion of his ministers, Song Huizong wanted to use the force of the Jin Dynasty, which rose in the northeast region, to jointly attack the old enemy Liao Dynasty, so as to regain the lost land of Yanyun in the north.In the second year of Xuanhe (1120) of Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, the alliance was successfully formed.Because the Song and Jin conspiracies traveled through the Bohai Bay, it is known as the "maritime alliance" in history.Unexpectedly, after the war between the Song and Jin alliances and the Liao Kingdom, the Song soldiers were repeatedly defeated by the Liao army, and finally the Jin soldiers attacked Yanjing alone.After Jin Guo succeeded, he deeply felt that the Song Dynasty was weak and incompetent, so he found various excuses not to hand over the Yanyun Zhuzhou to the Song Dynasty.After several negotiations, Jin Taizu decided to return the six prefectures and 24 counties to which Yanjing belonged, but the Song Dynasty had to hand over to the Jin Dynasty the full amount of old coins originally paid to the Liao Kingdom, and make additional economic compensation.Chen Yinke used this allusion to refer to the alliance between China and the Soviet Union, specifically referring to China's need to use the Soviet Union's military power to attack Japan, but the Soviet Union took the opportunity to control the Northeast, although the Northeast was lost.

In Chen Yinke's view, history does have examples to call for the future. To seek historical knowledge in history, how similar are the past and the present? "Liu De Xuan He Tou Bai Lao" in the poem "Xuan Tu" also refers to the same historical event and current event. The "Huamen" in the sentence "Huamen has been in Huma for a long time", the name of the mountain, is located in the north of Juyanhai, where a fortress was set up in the Tang Dynasty, and it was later occupied by Huihe. Forces have penetrated into Xinjiang.Prior to this, there were riots in Yili, Tacheng, and Ashan districts in Xinjiang. The rioters received support from the Soviet Union, and some Soviet soldiers even participated in the war.Although the riots were temporarily quelled through negotiations and concessions, the power of the Soviet Union was still lurking in the region, waiting for an opportunity to pose a threat to the Chinese government. Liu Sai, who said "Liu Sai turned the teaching and pulled out the Han Jing", should refer to Liu Ying.Zhou Yafu in the Western Han Dynasty ruled the army strictly, and his army was stationed in Xiliu, named Xiliuying, so later generations often called the western army camp Liuying.Pull out the Han Jing, citing the "Historical Records Huaiyin Marquis Biography", which says: "When Zhao sees me leaving, he will chase me with an empty wall. If he enters Zhao's wall quickly, pull out the Zhao banner, and set up the Han red banner." This is a metaphor. The Soviet forces in Northeast China will replace the Chinese government.The "Yu" in the neck couplet refers to the puppet Qi Liu Yu in history. The Liu family once colluded with the Kingdom of Jin to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. Here it refers to Wang Jingwei and the puppet regimes in North China and Central China.Yao, refers to Yang Yao who caused chaos in the Dongting Lake area in the Song Dynasty. Yang Yao also secretly colluded with the Puppet Qi Liu Yu regime to plot the Southern Song Dynasty, and was later wiped out by Yue Fei and his Yue family army.Whether it is the evil Liu Yu or the rebellious Yang Yao, they both surrendered to the enemy and betrayed the country, so they are all sinners of the nation.Fei, when referring to Yue Fei, a famous general of the Song Dynasty against the Jin Dynasty, here refers to Chiang Kai-shek and his anti-Japanese regime.Hui, of course, refers to the notorious Qin Hui, which refers to Wang Jingwei and his so-called "peaceful" regime.At that time, Japan's defeat was decided, but the Soviet Union was eyeing China's territory.

Facing this grim situation, Chen Yinke used these two poems to reflect on the merits and demerits of the War of Resistance, and believed that those who split the country were all responsible, while the groups represented by Jiang and Wang were contrary to the line implemented, and the "peace movement" sung by Wang Jingwei was finally It will fail, but the chaos of Chiang Kai-shek's regime has been revealed, and it is not enough to win, so it is said that neither will succeed.Regarding the situation at that time, not only Chen Yinke, who was a free intellectual, thought so, but also many senior officials in the Kuomintang and even people in the Wang puppet government shared this view.Zhou Fohai, who defected to the Wang puppet regime during the Anti-Japanese War, said in his diary on February 17, 1941: "...the Chongqing authorities are not optimistic about the United States and the Soviet Union. Ren Ambassador to the Soviet Union) also requested to return to the country. It is the relationship between the KMT and the Communist Party that will affect the relationship between China and the Soviet Union; Information, Chongqing is also in a mess, and there is absolutely no future at all. Both Ning and Chongqing have no future, and China has no future. Alas! The Soviet Union warned the Chongqing government to accept the Communist Party’s request, which is the beginning of internal interference. Gou’s victory in the War of Resistance If the Communist Party gains power, the Soviet Union may treat China no differently than Japan. Japan has gradually awakened, while the Soviet Union is in the ascendant, and the Soviet Union is more difficult to deal with." This paragraph was recorded four years before Chen's poem was written. It can be seen that Zhou Fohai wrote in other On the one hand, he can be called a cunning and cruel fool, but on this point he is still sober.According to Tang Zong's 1945 dated records: On June 27, Song Ziwen and Jiang Jingguo set off to visit Moscow. On June 30th, "Last Month's Reflection Record": The political corruption of our party not only caused resentment outside the party, but also lost sympathy within the party. If there are no significant reforms, the hearts of the whole country will be out of control... This account, It coincides with the social situation referred to in Chen Yinke's poem and another crisis facing China.

The couplet "Menghua Yilu" at the end of Chen's poem refers to "Tokyo Menghualu" written by Song Meng Yuanlao.These two sentences clearly call on the author not to revisit the old dream of "Tokyo Menghualu". ——What makes people sad is that this sad feeling of family and country is just wishful thinking of Chen Yinke and his colleagues. The fact is that the Chinese people did not hear about the contents of the "Yalta Secret Treaty" until February 11, 1946.On this day, Washington, London, and Moscow announced at the same time the secret agreement drawn up in Yalta on the same day last year. Tang Zong, who had just been promoted from an adviser in Chiang Kai-shek's aide to the deputy minister of the Ministry of the Interior (passed by the Executive Yuan on the 13th), realized this. In view of the important impact of this secret agreement on the evolution of the political situation in China and even the world, I specially copied this telegram in my diary on February 14:

[Central News Agency, Washington, Washington, 11th] Chairman Stalin, former British Prime Minister Churchill and the late President Roosevelt, on February 11, 1945, regarding the conditions for the Soviet Union to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany, the Yalta secrets The agreement was announced today by Washington, London and Moscow simultaneously.The terms of the agreement stipulated that the People's Republic of Outer Mongolia should be retained, the rights lost by the Soviet Union in the Russo-Japanese War should be restored, and that after Japan's defeat, the Thousand Islands should be ceded, etc. The original text is as follows:

The leaders of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom have agreed that the Soviet Union will assist the Allies in declaring war on Japan two or three months after Germany surrenders and at the end of the European War. The conditions are as follows: (1) The status quo of Outer Mongolia (that is, the Mongolian People's Republic) should be preserved. (2) The Soviet Union should restore the rights of the former Russian Empire, which were destroyed by the treacherous attack of Japan in 1904.A. South Sakhalin and its adjacent islands shall be returned to the Soviet Union.B. The commercial port of Dalian should be turned into an international port, the superior rights of the Soviet Union in the port should be guaranteed, and Lushun should be restored as a naval base leased by the Soviet Union.C. The Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway leading to Dalian should be jointly operated by companies jointly established by China and the Soviet Union. The superior rights of the Soviet Union should be guaranteed, and China should maintain full sovereignty over Manchuria. (3) The Thousand Pages Islands shall be ceded to the Soviet Union. However, the above-mentioned points concerning Outer Mongolia, Lushun, Dalian, and the Middle East and South Manchuria railways must obtain the consent of Chairman Jiang of China. President Roosevelt will take measures based on the opinions of Marshal Stalin to obtain the consent of Chairman Chiang.The leaders of the three powers have agreed that the demands of the Soviet Union will be fulfilled after Japan is defeated, and the Soviet Union is preparing to conclude a Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Chinese Nationalist Government so that it can assist China with its armed forces and liberate China from Japan's bondage. (Signed) Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, February 11, 1945. It was only at this time that Chinese bureaucrats and ordinary people realized that on August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union sent troops to Northeast China to fight the Japanese army. It was originally supported by such a secret agreement, and this agreement, which seriously violated China's sovereignty, The head of state and the people of China were kept in the dark.What made the people even more angry was that the Soviet Union drove away the Japanese imps entrenched in the Northeast, and implemented strict controls on all parts of the Northeast, especially the cities and ports, as the master, and ran amok. He tried his best to prevent the party and state officials from going to receive the property, until he was so arrogant that he shot and murdered the receivers at will, and similar incidents such as Zhang Xinfu happened. Zhang Xinfu, formerly known as Zhang Chunen, was born in Liutai Village, Jiutai County, Jilin Province in 1898. He studied at the Chinese Department of Peking University, had contacts with the then student leader Fu Sinian, and Mao Zedong, the registrar of Peking University Library. After four movements, he studied in the United States and obtained a doctorate in geology.After returning to China, he served successively as professor of Tangshan Institute of Engineering, mine manager and chief engineer of Tianshui Coal Mine.During the Anti-Japanese War, appointed by the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government, he served as the director of the National Mercury, Tin and Tungsten Metal Management Office.After the surrender of the Japanese invaders, Zhang Xinfu was appointed by the national government as an important reception officer and sent to the northeast to serve as the deputy director of the Northeast Operations Industry and Mining Division of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. On January 16, 1946, Zhang Xinfu was ordered to lead seven "mantan" engineers to Fushun, which was occupied by the CCP, to negotiate the acceptance of the Fushun coal mine. On the way back to Shenyang, a group of eight people were robbed and moved to Northeast industrial facilities at Liershizhai Station, west of Fushun. The Soviet Red Army robbed Nanshan and shot him, and the seven people who accompanied him were killed at the same time.At that time, the Soviet Red Army was preparing to retreat from the Northeast. In order to make enough capital and double it, the Soviet Army began to dismantle industrial and mining, transportation, and even real estate equipment in the occupied areas, and transport them to the country as spoils of war, especially for movable property. Crazy embezzlement and plunder.According to Tang Zongri's records: "It is reported that there are 4,570 factories in Shenyang, but only 20 factories have started construction, and the rest have been looted." According to statistics, at the end of World War II, the Soviet Union plundered a total of trophies in the Northeast. It was 5.34 billion yen in 1946, equivalent to 1.36 billion U.S. dollars at that time.It does not include 32401.55 grams of platinum, 1866549.69 grams of silver and 741.0662 grams of diamonds without discount. In 1946, the national government announced that property losses during the war of resistance were 13.3 billion US dollars, while the property looted by the Soviet army from the Northeast alone was worth 1.3 billion US dollars.That is to say, from 1945 to 1946, the material looted by the Soviet Union from the Northeast was equivalent to one-tenth of all property losses during the eight-year war of resistance in China.As for the Soviet army wantonly ravaging Chinese compatriots and raping women in the Northeast, it is not a problem.In the face of all kinds of evil deeds of the Soviet army, the Chinese people have long hated them to the bone and wanted to eat them quickly. However, in view of the sensitive international and domestic situations at that time, as well as Chiang Kai-shek's previous spirit of "swallowing one's anger and bearing one's weight to go far" (diary), they have been patient No hair. When the content of the "Yalta Agreement" was suddenly disclosed, whether it was the KMT officials or ordinary people, the suppressed emotions erupted like a volcano. Chongqing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Hankou, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Beiping, Qingdao and other major cities in China, Anti-Soviet demonstrations broke out immediately. Intellectuals from all walks of life and college teachers and students became the backbone of the anti-Soviet demonstrations with a tragic mood, shouting slogans such as "Down with Red Imperialism" and "Russians get out of the three eastern provinces" .The upper echelons of the Kuomintang and even Chiang Kai-shek himself no longer adhered to the principle of "suffering one's anger and carrying a heavy burden to go far" in the midst of grief and indignation, and unequivocally supported this nationwide demonstration, which involved a wide range of areas and a large scale, which was rarely seen since the War of Resistance .According to Tang Zong’s diary on February 22, more than 20,000 students from various schools in Chongqing marched and demonstrated for the Soviet army not to withdraw from the Northeast and for the CCP to support the Soviet Union!The demonstrators smashed "Xinhua Daily" and "Democracy Daily" and took the two newspapers as the head of the Soviet Union!Parade slogans: (1) The Soviet army must immediately withdraw from the Northeast; (2) The Soviet Union should earnestly implement the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship; (3) Thoroughly investigate the tragedy of Zhang Xinfu; (4) The CCP should immediately implement the agreement on the Northeast in the armistice agreement; ( 5) The CCP should immediately love the motherland; (6) the so-called democratic alliance cannot exist; (7) Xinjiang is the Xinjiang of the Republic of China; (8) oppose the division of Inner Mongolia; (9) overthrow the new imperialism and other 33 slogans.The General Assembly declared that the Soviet army should immediately withdraw from the Northeast, protest the Yalta secret agreement, ask the authorities not to make additional concessions, and ask the CCP to ask five questions. On February 24, Tianjin "Ta Kung Pao" published articles by Fu Sinian, Ren Hongjun, Chen Hengzhe, Wang Yunwu, Lou Guanglai, Zong Baihua, Fan Cunzhong, Chu Anping, Wu Shichang, Lin Chao, Su Jixuan, Qian Qinglian, Wu Renzhi, Wu Siyu, Chen Mingde, Luo Chenglie, Zhao Chaoquan, Qian Gechuan, Ren Mei'e, Zhang Guiyou and other 20 people jointly signed the book "Our Protest against the Yalta Secret Agreement", which pointed out in strong terms: "This secret agreement violates the ideals and principles of the United Nations to fight together. The goal is to create a future drama of powerful politics and secret diplomacy; the impact will be enough to destroy the peace of the future world and repeat the mistakes of human crimes. This secret agreement is actually the most immoral record in the history of modern diplomacy.” And Said: "The convening of the Yalta Conference (according to the south: Yalta, translated as Yalta at the time) was held after the defeat of various battles in Hunan and Guangxi in the Central Plains of China, and before the success of the atomic bomb. Roosevelt was in a situation where he was fighting on two fronts. We can understand the situation and mood of declaring war on Japan; but regardless of morality and heart, agreeing to the Soviet Union's request and infringing on China's territorial sovereignty is absolutely unforgivable. Roosevelt and the United States led by Roosevelt are deeply rooted in the hearts of the Chinese people. Occupying an extremely friendly position, but this position has been severely damaged by the Yalta secret agreement. We must not forgive Roosevelt for his contribution throughout this war, and other past sympathy and assistance to China. The negligence and responsibility this time.” And “Since September 18th, Britain has never provided fair and effective assistance to China’s resistance to Japan, and even blocked China’s only international traffic for a time in order to compromise with Japan. This This attitude has long been unjust. Before the Yalta Conference, Churchill deliberately exaggerated the US’s aid to China. Clearly carrying China, which is an ally of the United Kingdom, is totally dishonorable." While exposing the injustice of the American and British imperialists, "Protest" denounced the conspiracy and evil deeds of the Soviet Union in a large number of pages: "The request of the Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference completely violates the principle of joint fighting against the aggressive fascist countries. Purpose. Violation of the new foundation of Sino-Soviet friendship jointly built by Mr. Lenin and Mr. Sun Yat-sen. Violation of the Soviet Union’s many foreign declarations, especially the declaration of abandoning the unequal treaties of the imperial Russia era with China. Violation of the spirit of various important documents since the Atlantic Charter. It advertises the overthrow of imperialism, but how can the Soviet Union demand the restoration of its "Russian Empire's rights" today? How can it explain itself? The Soviet Union took advantage of the difficulties of others to make such a request. How is it different from what imperial Russia did to China? This behavior is inevitable Factors that will cause future wars in the world. For China and the world, we have to lodge a stern protest..." Finally, Fu Sinian and others warned the Chinese government authorities: "This issue and the recent shocking developments in Northeast China should be fully disclosed, and the United Nations should be asked to investigate, so as to prevent any possible secret diplomacy in the future and prevent Northeast from becoming a world leader again." Factors of the Great War. With regard to the current situation, the Chinese government must not take any action to lose national sovereignty and interests, except that the Soviet Union fulfills its treaty obligations under the condition that the Soviet Union also fulfills its treaty obligations. "At the same time, he called on: "The whole country, regardless of party affiliation, is united, supervises the government, and urges the government to strive for China's equal status in the international community, as well as its sovereignty, territorial and administrative integrity." On February 25, Fu Sinian, who was still angry, published a long article in Chongqing's "Ta Kung Pao" "China Must Live and Die with the Northeast", pointing out the serious consequences of China's loss of the Northeast: Without the Northeast, China will never be a real first-class country , will never be able to develop heavy industry, fiber industry, chemical industry and electric power industry, and China will always be a country of poverty, disease and ignorance, and will never be able to embark on the road of active construction.Therefore, "China does not hesitate to kill tens of millions of people and lose nine tenths of national wealth for the Northeast, and it does not hesitate to gamble on the prosperity of the country and the survival of the nation for the Northeast." At the time when Chongqing students were demonstrating and Fu Sinian and other academic leaders were writing articles in newspapers and periodicals criticizing the Soviet troops stationed in the Northeast, teachers and students of the Southwestern Union also took action.First, 110 professors jointly issued the "Declaration on the Northeast Issue", advocating the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Northeast.Then, more than a thousand teachers and students held a lecture on Northeast issues on the lawn of the new campus of the United Nations University for the crimes of the Soviet army moving machines and raping women in the Northeast. Professors Fu Enling, Feng Youlan, Cha Liangzhao, Lei Haizong, Yan Shutang, Gao Chongxi and others gave speeches respectively, attacking a series of crimes including the assassination of Zhang Xinfu by the Soviet Army.After the meeting, teachers and students walked out of the campus to parade in the streets and alleys of Kunming, shouting slogans such as the withdrawal of the Soviet army from the northeast to strengthen their prestige.A large number of intellectuals, some officials, and the masses from all over the country also took to the streets to march and call for action. Such a national upsurge of resistance has naturally aroused high vigilance and concern in the international political circles and public opinion. First, the Soviet Union used the name of protest to forcibly quibble about its evil actions, saying that the demonstration was instigated by someone from within the Chinese government, and why not Asking the US to withdraw its troops but asking the Soviets to withdraw?But the Chinese people didn't buy it, and they still chanted the slogan "Russians get out".Under the pressure of public opinion, the commander of the Soviet Army stationed in Shenyang publicly admitted that many Northeast machinery and equipment had been shipped to the Soviet Union, but this was done in accordance with the three-nation agreement and there was nothing wrong with it.The U.S. side was very upset when they heard this, and the Secretary of State issued a statement, saying that the Soviet Army's actions were purely arbitrarily asserted and had no basis in any agreement. The commander was so mad and talking nonsense because he drank too much vodka. Because students and intellectuals from all over the country were holding on to the evil deeds of the Soviet Army, the Soviet Army stationed in Changchun had to issue a statement saying that the Soviet Army in the Northeast was in the process of retreating, and that the withdrawal period would not be later than that of the U.S. Army.So, whether the Soviet army is retreating or not at all, is the United States retreating at the same time? Who is the murderer of the Zhang Xinfu incident?A series of sensitive issues such as how to punish the murderer have created new differences and disputes among the intellectuals and students.During the Southwest Associated University professor's signing operation, the "notorious Kuomintang members" mentioned by Wu Han refer to Feng Youlan, Cha Liangzhao, Yan Shutang and others, and the "intermediate element who was fooled and signed" It is Xiang Da, a professor of history.Xiang Da later issued a statement in the newspaper, pointing out that "the mimeographed manifesto he was given to sign was different from the manifesto published in the newspaper, and he said that when he signed his signature, he also asked the United States to withdraw its troops. Professor Feng Wenqian and Professor Tang Yongtong agreed with this opinion" and so on. Because of these incidents, the left, center, and right factions among teachers and students of the Southwestern Union, as well as alternative factions, have gradually split and merged into two political and violent factions that are clearly separated and incompatible. Color faction.In the opinion of Wen Yiduo, Wu Han and others, the reason why the Kuomintang supported this parade was not only to prompt the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops, but also to oppose and prevent the Chinese Communist Army from taking over the Northeast. To expose the conspiracy of the Kuomintang reactionaries", Wu Han also ran to the front desk, went into battle with his shirtless shirt, issued a call for action, and attacked the anti-Soviet professors and scholars represented by Fu Sinian in the way and tone of cursing.Wu Han said: "In the 'national' anti-Soviet atmosphere created by the imperial court, a few history professors who usually kept silent and kept saying that 'the emperor is wise, and the crimes of the people should be punished' finally seized the opportunity. Perhaps, it would be better to say, It’s so easy to have such an opportunity to show off their decades-old, moldy historical views! One dog barking shadow, a hundred dogs barking, raising a dog for a thousand days, using it in one dynasty, making a big splash on historiography The macro theory proves that the Soviet Union is 100% imperialist from a historical point of view, and from the evolution of Chinese and Western cultures, proves that the Soviet Union is 100% imperialist, and claims that the Northeast incident is the manifestation of the aggressive ambitions of its imperialists.” After scolding , Wu Han scolded with fighting passion: "History professors, listen up! Imperial Russia is by no means the Soviet Union, and it cannot be equal to the Soviet Union! Imperial Russia's aggression cannot be counted in the Soviet Union's account, it is like the loss of power and humiliation of the Qing Dynasty and the Beiyang warlords. It is the same reason that the excessive debts of the Nationalist Government cannot be counted in the accounts of the National Government.” And “As far as Sino-Soviet relations are concerned, Imperial Russia was China’s enemy in the past, but the Soviet Union after 1917 was 100% China’s friend. The signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. Misinterpreting the Soviet Union as Imperial Russia not only slandered the Soviet Union, slandered the Chinese people, but also slandered history.” At this time, Wu Han, as a "fighter", was no longer the time to turn to Fu Sinian for help when he was frustrated when he transferred from Yunda to UNU a few years ago. Different political ideals and life pursuits made him farther and farther away from Fu Sinian. Until the open confrontation challenge, a complete break.Because of this incident and reason, two years later, Fu Sinian led 3,000 disciples across the sea to Taiwan, and Wu Han took over Peking University and Tsinghua University as an upstart of the CCP, which no longer made people feel abrupt and dazed. Regarding this incident, Xia Ji'an, a young teacher who taught in the Department of Foreign Languages ​​of the United Nations University at the time, used his special vision and thinking to make an "alternative" judgment on the performance of various factions and the political situation at that time.Xia said in his diary on February 21, 1946: "In addition to thinking about her, the Northeast issue also worries me a lot, so I can't sleep in the afternoon nap. I don't have enough rest for days, and my spirits are not good. I care about state affairs, but it is out of my heart I am not in the position, and I still care so much. Once I really become a high-ranking official, wouldn’t I be worried all the time? The Northeast issue cannot be solved by a dozen non-American sodas. I see it very clearly, but I am still supporting The country is in a hurry. The Soviet Union is expanding in all directions, and the opportunity to fight is really urgent. Whether Pingjin can be opened this autumn is still a question. If the Soviet Union wins, I have cast my life in vain, and I don’t have to live. But I don’t believe in my fate. If it is so bad, if I do something in the rest of my life, the United States can probably win." The "she" who misses her mentioned in Xia's diary is a beautiful girl from Hunan in the Department of Foreign Languages ​​and Literatures of the Lian Da Lian University. Xia is currently infatuated with and fantasizing about this girl.The next day, in the early morning of February 23, while worrying about the country and the people, Xia Ji'an wanted to ask another young teacher in the same dormitory, Qian Xuexi, to be his love counselor, and said, "Today he got up early, I will go to bed first." I was very excited to invite him to eat noodles and talk about accompanying the students in the anti-Soviet parade in Beijing. If there is such a parade in Kunming, I will definitely participate. Then, I took him to take a walk in Cuihu” and started talking about “I’m thinking of women” and wanted to ask Professor Xiang Da to be a matchmaker. Xiang is from Hunan and "it is easier to talk". On February 25, Xia Ji'an wrote again: "One hundred and ten professors of the United Nations University issued a declaration on the Northeast issue. There are still many people who did not sign it, such as Bian. They were initiated by the Kuomintang for this matter, and they are unwilling to join forces. Therefore, in my heart, I may advocate that the Northeast should belong to China, but I am unwilling to make a public statement to show that it will not be used. Woohoo! A country is not a country. It’s so stupid.” The “Bian” here refers to Bian Zhilin, an associate professor of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​and Literature of the United Nations University.Xia went on to describe: "There was a public lecture on the lawn of the United Nations General Assembly in the afternoon (this time Wen Yiduo did not show his face, and rightist professors such as Cha Liangzhao, Lei Haizong, Yan Shutang, etc. participated), and there was a parade after the meeting, and the number of people in the parade It is estimated that there were less than a thousand people (I can't count, but it seems that it is much less than the last time and this month, the big parade for the massacre at the entrance of the school yard). , I stood outside the door to watch, but I didn’t have the courage to participate. I once said that I would participate, but I flinched at the moment. What are I afraid of? I am afraid of "clear discussion". Although today’s parade may not be launched by the Kuomintang, it was received The KMT’s sponsorship is not a problem, since it has the KMT’s share, it seems unclear to join in. People who care about feathers, although they agree with this matter, but they don’t have the courage to stand out.” The "Xiaochangkou bloody incident" that Xia mentioned happened on February 10, 1946, when more than 20 groups from all walks of life in Chongqing jointly held a meeting to celebrate the success of the CPPCC in the Xiaochangkou Square.More than 10,000 people attended the meeting.CPPCC representatives Zhou Enlai, Shen Junru, Liang Shuming, Luo Longji, Shao Lizi, etc. were invited to attend the meeting.At the beginning of the meeting, the Kuomintang authorities dispatched a large number of agents to forcibly enter the venue in the names of the Chongqing Workers' Association, the Agricultural Affairs Association, and the Commerce Association to seize the rostrum.The host of the meeting, Li Gongpu, stepped forward to stop him, but was surrounded by spies. He was knocked to the ground with violent punches, and then kicked off the stage like sweet potatoes and corn cobs. Li was slandered on the head and bleeding profusely.The speakers Guo Moruo, Ma Yinchu, Zhang Naiqi, Shi Fuliang and others who attended the meeting were also reviled and beaten. Guo Moruo, who had a high self-esteem, fought with the secret service personnel, and was mercilessly kicked on the stage after receiving several loud slaps on the spot. Down.In order to show that he was different from his predecessors and that he came from a dramatist, when Guo was lifted up in disgrace, he imitated the heroes in dramas and movies and looked up. He laughed "haha" to show his extreme contempt for the secret agents. .Facing the violence of secret agents, Shen Junru waved his small fists and shouted repeatedly: "Don't be afraid, don't be afraid!" He called on bloody people and real heroes to fight with him, to fight with him, to fight with violence with violence.As a result, the two forces wrestled together, entangled in one place, blood spattered, wailing continued, and the scene was chaotic for a while.Agents and thugs used iron bars and bricks prepared in advance to knock down the rostrum personnel to the ground, or photographed them off the stage. During the scuffle, journalists and some spectators were also knocked to the ground. A total of more than 60 people were killed. Beatings - this is the famous "Xiaochangkou Bloody Case" in Chongqing.During the scuffle, CCP representative Zhou Enlai and Kuomintang general Feng Yuxiang rushed to the venue after hearing the news, stopped and reprimanded them, and the secret agents and hired thugs scattered away. The incident was played up by the media and the CCP’s underground forces secretly created momentum, which attracted national attention. Those who had the same political ideology and path as the beaten had sent telegrams to protest the atrocities committed by the Kuomintang agents, demanding that the murderer be punished and the injured be given an explanation.Under the campaign and instigation of the CCP’s underground branch and supporters Wen Yiduo, Wu Han, etc., on February 17, ten groups including the Kunming Federation of Students and the Kunming Association for Arts and Culture held a meeting of ten thousand people on the lawn of the new campus of Southwest Associated University to celebrate The Political Consultative Conference was successfully concluded, protesting against the Nationalist government's creation of the "Xiaochangkou Massacre".At this time, Li Zonghuang, who had packed up his bags and left Yunnan during the denunciation by the teachers and students of the United Nations, and fled back to Chongqing, took up his new post arrogantly. Everyone came to the venue to crusade with anger towards Li and dissatisfaction with Chiang Kai-shek. .这也是夏济安日记中所表露的此次会议参加人数较多的一个深层原因或者说巧合。 针对联大师生对“校场口血案”和“东北问题”游行所表现的不同阵势和不同心理，夏济安在日记中总结性地说“参加反政府的游行，虽然有手榴弹的危险，却容易博'勇士'、'烈士'之名，故参加之人多。参加受政府赞助的游行，虽然（或因为）有宪警的保护，却易蒙动机不纯之嫌疑，洁身自好者不去。真正有勇气的人，只问自己良心无愧，工作的本身有没有意义，既不怕手榴弹，亦不怕清议——然而清议比手榴弹更可怕。我就是个怕清议的人。谣传发起一百十教授宣言的蔡维藩等曾领到三百万赏金。若果有此事，蔡等之心不可问；若无此事，则左派分子造谣手段之恶劣，实在可怕。我们现在所需要的，就是不畏造谣中伤的真心爱国人。” 夏济安其心可感，但毕竟是一典型的文人书生，每在纸上说得头头是道，一到实际就因怕“清议”而变得缩手缩脚，不敢动弹了。因了这政治的缘故也牵涉到生活中的是非观念，夏济安如痴似狂地暗恋的那个湖南籍女生，若同是湖南籍且德望甚高的向达出面做媒，或许有成功的希望，但事情没有按这个轨道行进。2月26日，夏济安日记载：“我预定代我去做月老的向先生，近来因为东北问题，我同他意见很不合，我不高兴多麻烦他。”此后，不但夏济安费尽心机所追求的女生成为黄粱美梦一场空，夏氏与向达也成了陌路之人（南按：经此变故，夏终生未娶，赴台后英年早逝）。而在心理上，夏氏与闻一多、吴晗等人形成的距离，则不是用一个“陌路”可以表达的了。