Chapter 37 Section 1 Wen Yiduo Standing on the Opposite Side of the Revolution
Liu Wendian was not invited to attend the graduation ceremony of Southwest Associated University. He just stood alone and sadly in front of the humble house he rented, watching his former colleagues and students quietly go away.Wen Yiduo, who kicked Liu away, also did not attend the ceremony. For him, the graduation ceremony of the UNU is not important, but how to express his political opinions to young students.At this time, he was giving an impassioned speech at the "Youth Movement Review Meeting" at the Zhigong Hall of Yunnan University by the Kunming Student Federation led by the CCP's underground party, his beard shaking.
In his speech, facing a student’s question “What should Chinese youth do in the future”, Wen Yiduo habitually heheed a few times before replying: “At last year’s May 4th commemorative party, I proposed that May 4th should be Our historical lesson is that in the early days of the May 4th Movement, the teachers and students were consistent. Later, the attitude of the professors gradually changed, and they did not sympathize with the students, and even oppressed the students. Their ideal was that the movement was gradually controlled by the political party. At that time, the political party did not use It is the Kuomintang... What we rejoice in reading history today is exactly what the professors cursed and regretted at the time. In fact, any movement that starts with a political struggle must end with a political struggle, otherwise the movement will fail and be in vain. Exactly five The 4th Movement was led by the Kuomintang and received the fruits of the National Revolutionary Army’s Northern Expedition. The 12.9 Movement also received the results of the July 7th War of Resistance because of the leadership of the Communist Party. At the same time, the 12.9 Movement was criticized Being used by the party is the same as being criticized for the May Fourth Movement. Today’s history has proved that the accusations twice are equally stupid and ignorant, but today’s history is repeating itself, and the stupid and ignorant are still clamoring.” He added: "We should recognize the laws of history, accept the lessons of history, and boldly invest in politics. Anyone who uses 'politics' to slander or intimidate young people is either ignorant or shameless. These guys will definitely become the laughing stock of future history. May Fourth and their counterparts in the December 9th era have been the same in past history."
Speaking of this, Wen Yiduo put his hands on the table and stretched his head to look around, heheheed twice, and then said: "Actually, people are political animals, so don't be afraid. Middle school students are too young, I don't approve of you joining any political party; But college students, especially those in the third and fourth grades, are about to leave school and go to the society. You should quickly decide which political party you want to join, whether you join the Kuomintang or the Communist Party. China is the only two strongholds. I am the Democratic League Yes, I don’t sell plasters, and I don’t persuade you to join the Democratic League.”
Wen's speech caused an uproar in the audience. Some people applauded and cheered, some people dismissed it and scoffed; some opponents criticized on the spot, and then wrote articles in "Guangming Weekly", "Democracy and the Times" and other publications They lashed out at him, persuaded Wen Yiduo to follow Qu Yuan's method, and quickly jumped into Kunming Lake to commit suicide, and even attributed Wen's irritable personality and violent remarks to his unhappiness in family life.At the same time, large slogans and posters signed by the "Great Alliance of Freedom and Democracy" were successively posted in Kunming's Jinjin Building, Qingyun Street, Wenlin Street, etc. In order to assassinate the company, the chairman is Wen Yiduo, and there is a guy named Li Gongpu, who has "been ordered by the CCP to bring a huge sum of money to Kunming to plot a riot." ", "Wu Hannov", and posted a list offering a reward of 400,000 yuan to buy Wen Yiman's head, Yun Yun.
On May 5, 1946, Wen Yiduo attended the 25th Anniversary Gala of the Xinyou Class of Tsinghua School at No. 42 Xunjin Street. Meng Xianmin, Huang Ziqing, Li Jitong, Luo Longji, Pan Guangdan and others in Kunming Attended the meeting, Mei Yiqi was invited to attend.During the meeting, Wen Yiduo delivered a strongly worded speech, "loudly asking everyone to break with Tsinghua University and the education in the United States, and to be a student again."Everyone was stunned.
On May 7th, Wu Han and his wife Yuan Zhen left Kunming and Feiyu. Wen Yiduo's family saw him off, and both parties were quite sad.A year later, Wu Han recalled in "Mr. Yiduo's Anniversary Ceremony": "The day I bid farewell to you was the early morning of May 7th. You and your family sent us to the gate of the courtyard. You saw me leaving first. A little sentimental. He said to see you in Peiping in two months. From the look on your face, I understand your sadness, your smile is forced, and the last sentence is that when I go back to Tsinghua University, I will first look at the bamboo in your old residence."
Just before and after Wu Han left Kunming, Wen Yiduo took over the post of president of Democracy Weekly sponsored by the Yunnan Branch of the Democratic League.
On the afternoon of July 15th, Wen Yiduo and his son Wen Lihe came out from Democracy Weekly. About ten steps away from their house, gunshots rang out. Wen Yiduo was shot and fell to the ground dead.
Wen was less than 48 years old when he died. In Liang Shiqiu's words: "Wen Yiduo's short life, except for the sensational death, was mostly peaceful and stable. He lived the life of a poet and scholar. He is a turning point. After he arrived in Kunming, he seemed to be a different person, and became a "fighter" besides poets and scholars." He also said that after the rise of the Anti-Japanese War Army, most of them were in Kunming, and I was in Chongqing. We met and corresponded only once, so, "I don't know how Wen Yiduo became a fighter, how he fought, who he fought with, how far he fought, and what he achieved. All I know about Wen Yiduo was before the War of Resistance Hearing a lot, that is, hearing a lot of poets and scholars".
Liang Shiqiu was a classmate and friend of Wen Yiduo when he was in Tsinghua University and the United States, and a colleague of Qingdao University before the Anti-Japanese War. The memories of Wen Yiduo, many of his contemporaries, are often mixed with partisan colors and improvisational elements, even as Wu Han in There are too many personal prejudices and political elements mixed in with some empty slogans.And Liang Shiqiu's recollection is undoubtedly the most rational and common sense precious historical document among all published articles, and its value cannot be underestimated.
Wen Yiduo, born in 1899, was admitted to Tsinghua University from Xishui, Hubei Province in 1912 when he was 13 years old.Luo Longji, Wen’s classmate, later joked and said, “Tsinghua was nine years old, and the principal was thrown out three times.” After hearing this, Wen Yiduo said, “What is that? I stayed in Tsinghua for one year before and after, for a total of ten years.” He did not read English before enrolling in Tsinghua University. In the first year of Tsinghua University, he failed his homework and was repeated once.Wen Yiduo, who was repeated, was enrolled in the 1921 class, also known as the Xinyou class, and became a classmate of the same class as Luo Longji, who was originally a lower class.When the May 4th Movement broke out, although Peking University, which was located in the city, was the source, Tsinghua University, located in the suburbs, followed closely and became the backbone of active participation.Tsinghua's student leader was originally Chen Changtong, who had a clear mind and natural charisma, and was later replaced by Wen Yiduo's classmate Luo Longji. Luo became Tsinghua's new generation of student leaders.Luo's thinking is quick, his eloquence is good, and he is good at maneuvering, and he is very popular. He is a natural politician who engages in politics.Although Wen Yiduo is enthusiastic about the movement, he is not an open leader. Most of what he does is writing telegrams, manifestos, and making slogans and other paperwork.At that time, Wen Yiduo still had the air of a Hubei country bumpkin. He was not good at speeches, and was easily agitated. When he was nervous, his face would turn red, like pouring dumplings into a teapot—there was something in his stomach, but he couldn’t pour it out.Under the pressure of the government and various parties, the school authorities became more and more dissatisfied with the behavior of the students in the movement. Zhang Yuquan, then the principal of Tsinghua University, ordered the lights to be turned off during a student assembly, and wanted to send people to forcibly disperse the students. Ignore it, light the candles that have been prepared and continue the meeting.A few students who were watching the wind and sentry suddenly found a few suspicious-looking people outside the venue, so they rushed to arrest them on the spot. After interrogation, they found out that they were special agents specially invited by the school to suppress the students. ——Although this incident was a bit strange, it still aroused the anger of the students and triggered a wave of expulsion from the principal.After Zhang Yuquan left, another Jin Bangzheng came, and the students were dissatisfied, so they rushed and left again.Luo Zhongyi, the third principal sent by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, had not yet taken office, but news spread to Tsinghua University that he was an opium addict, not doing his job properly, and that he was a politician or a street gangster.As a result, public opinion was in an uproar, Tsinghua students publicly expressed their opposition, and Luo Zhongyi resigned without taking up the post.In just a few years, the principal of Tsinghua Sanyi is rare in the education field.Originally, Tsinghua students could graduate after eight years of study at the school and "go abroad", but on June 3, 1921, the Beiyang government sent troops to suppress the struggle of professors from eight schools in Peking headed by Ma Xulun, and beat the representatives who demanded salary, which became the "six Three" tragedy.Faced with the tragedy that Hu Shi called "Ma Yichu led everyone to run around and go to hell", the Beijing Federation of Students decided to strike the whole city to show their resistance.Luo Longji, Wen Yiduo and other 29 Xinyou-level graduating students insisted on strike and refused to take the big exam before going abroad. As a result, they were punished by the school to withdraw from school, and they were allowed to go to the United States one year later based on their remorse.Therefore, Luo Longji has the self-proclaimed "Nine Years of Tsinghua, Three Overtakes the Principal", and at the same time there is a special case of Wen Yiduo's ten-year Tsinghua.
In February 1922, Wen Yiduo succumbed to family pressure, reluctantly and helplessly returned to Wenjiapuzi Village by Wangtian Lake in Bahe Township, Xishui, Hubei Province, and married an aunt, Miss Gao Xiaozhen, from a neighboring village.Gao was born in a small bureaucrat's family in the countryside. He grew up in a small environment in his hometown. He received little education and was proficient in writing. If you want the name "Zhen", you can see the painstaking efforts of the person who named it and what kind of ideological and cultural tempering he has suffered.A month later, Wen Yiduo returned to Tsinghua alone, and continued his life as a single poet in the "Tsinghua Literature Society" founded by himself, Liang Shiqiu and others.Liang Shiqiu, who had become poetry friends with Wen at that time, recalled: "Yiduo didn't want to talk about his marriage, but friends all knew what kind of general experience it was." Half a year later, on July 16, Wen Yiduo and Luo Longji and other 29 Tsinghua students who were forced to repeat their grades in the Xinyou class boarded a ship bound for the United States and began their career of "going abroad".
After arriving in the United States, Wen entered the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and began to receive traditional Western art education.A year later, I went to Kequan University, New York Academy of Art and other colleges and universities. My major is still art, but I put more energy into the study and creation of poetry. Poems such as "Laundry Song" and "Song of the Seven Sons" and the anthology "Red Candle" came out in China, which aroused the popularity of young people, thus establishing its position in the modern poetry circle.
In June 1925, Wen Yiduo finished his studies but did not get any degree, so he left the United States and returned to China with Yu Shangyuan, Zhao Taimo and other classmates with a trace of melancholy and nostalgia for his homeland.Not long after, under the recommendation of Xu Zhimo, a good friend and poet friend who was editing the supplement of "Morning News" at that time, he entered the Beijing National Art College as the dean.Liu Baizhao, Zhang Shizhao’s confidant, was the principal of the Art Academy at that time, who was later called by Lu Xun “leading male and female military generals” to forcefully drag Liu Hezhen and other students out of the school during the Women’s Normal University incident and the “March 18” tragedy. ".Although Wen Yiduo looked down on the appearance of Liu Baizhao's flamboyant teeth and claws, he didn't dare to make a mistake. Just as Liang Shiqiu said, "It's hard to be a bird when you return to the country for the first time", so I had to endure it temporarily as an expedient measure. In April 1926, the army of the Feng Faction broke out of Shanhaiguan and invaded Beijing. During the period, they shot and killed famous journalists Shao Piaoping and Lin Baishui, and persecuted cultural celebrities wantonly.Coupled with the arrears of wages at the Eighth School of Peking and the internal turmoil of the Art Academy, factional strife and disputes intensified. Wen Yiduo was at a loss, so he resigned and returned to his hometown in Hubei for a temporary stay.Later, he went into exile in Shanghai. With the help of his friend Pan Guangdan and others, he went to Wusong National Political Science University founded by Zhang Junmai as the dean of training. After half a year, he left and traveled around the country looking for jobs. Chief of the Department of Art, Director of the Foreign Languages Department of Central University, and Dean of Literature of Wuhan University. In the summer of 1930, invited by Yang Zhensheng (named Jin Fu), he went to teach at Qingdao University with his good friend Liang Shiqiu who had returned from studying in the United States.Wen is the dean of literature and the head of the Department of Chinese Literature at Qingdao University, and Liang is the head of the library and head of the Department of Foreign Literature.
As early as when he was studying in Tsinghua University, Wen Yiduo was influenced by progressive reformism, and he was very disgusted with anarchism and communism. He believed that this kind of doctrine only taught people how to destroy and smash the world without building it. It was a complete prodigal and nonsense tower.Waiting to "go abroad" to the United States, he soon founded the "Dajiang Association" with a "nationalist" color with a group of like-minded Tsinghua students, edited and published "Dajiang Quarterly", and declared his political and literary ideas. Famous poems such as "Song of the Seven Sons" and "Laundry Song" were published in the quarterly magazine. After returning to China in 1925, Wen still maintained great enthusiasm for politics. He once joined forces with Li Huang, a famous nationalist, one of the leaders of the Chinese Youth Party, and an anti-communist and anti-Soviet vanguard, to strongly oppose communism.According to Li Huang, who later moved to Taiwan, recalled: "After I arrived in Beiping in the autumn of the 14th year of the Republic of China, I worked as a teacher at the National Academy of Arts for a while. He saw the "Lion Wake Weekly" canceling the advertisement for the launch of the Federation of Nationalist Organizations. , and together with Yu Shangyuan came to my door. When he saw me, he explained that the Dajiang Association, which was established by the nationalists on behalf of American classmates, was here to join the federation. The purpose of resisting power is good, but you have to do it for real. How do you do it?" I replied: "First unite the patriots, let's discuss it." He said: "Okay!" After a pause, he said again : "Now the Communist Party in Beijing is making a fuss, so we have to do something with them first, and sing the colorful face! I think my brother is a white-faced scholar, so I'm afraid he's not the one who sings the colorful face!" I laughed and said, "You can sing the colorful face." Let's go! How?'"
At this time, although Wen Yiduo said that Li Huang was a scholar on the surface, he actually respected him quite a lot, and once called him the most outstanding hero of the Chinese nation, "the country's unparalleled scholars". He was determined to follow this " "Heroes" took on the Communists on the road of counter-revolution.Wen said in his letter to Liang Shiqiu: "The red disaster is rampant in the country, and our generation of nationalists has a particularly heavy responsibility for this, and it is becoming more and more difficult to carry out. Nationalism and communism are bound to have fierce battles in the near future. I not only hope that You come back quickly, and I hope that most comrades will come back quickly. My generation has joined hands with various groups of the Lion Dance Club to organize a Beijing Nationalist Group Federation, and the momentum is growing day by day. If there is no large number of new troops coming back to do practical activities, I am afraid that the people will disappointment."
Before the arrival of a large number of fresh troops, Wen Yiduo single-handedly participated in anti-Soviet and anti-communist conferences held by nationalist factionists at Peking University several times with fanatical passion, and almost every time he had fierce conflicts with the Communists until Big fight.Wen described this incident vividly in his letter to Liang Shiqiu: "The former Federation of Nationalist Organizations launched an anti-Soviet Russia march to the Eastern Provincial Conference... (someone) used their tricks to make trouble, and none of the proposals were established. As a result, The nationalists and the communists scolded each other, like two armies confronting each other. They scolded until late at night, and then chairs and stools fought hand in hand. Some lesbians lined up and shouted, and their words were rude, like a big man screaming and everyone was silent. .So when the army was in chaos, a chair flew in, and it was a common practice to carry the weight, and it was just a broken nose..."
Went around like this for a few years, and came to Qingdao University in a circle. Wen's political thinking and situation have not changed. On September 18, 1931, the Japanese army captured Shenyang, and the September 18th Incident that shocked China and the world broke out.The warlord Zhang Xueliang secretly ordered his troops to retreat without a fight, and the entire Northeast fell under the iron hoof of the Japanese invaders.Facing the groans of the elders in the Northeast and the splashing of blood and tears, the people of the whole country were outraged, and the teachers and students in the academic circles lamented generously.Students from Pingjin went on strike and went south in groups, petitioning the Nanjing Nationalist Government, demanding that the authorities abandon the non-resistance policy and immediately send troops to the north, fight outside the pass, and regain the entire Northeast.Under the leadership of the CCP’s underground party, the left-wing students of Qingdao University also joined this torrent, propagandizing the Anti-Japanese War in various forms, calling on the vast number of patriotic youths to unite and actively join the united front to resist Japan and save the country.In December of the same year, Qingdao University's "anti-Japanese and national salvation" led by the underground party of the CCP organized a "petition group to Beijing" composed of 179 students to Nanjing to petition the national government. ——This was the first anti-Japanese cry from the people of Qingdao and righteous teachers and students when the Chinese nation was invaded by foreign enemies.
Unexpectedly, this move was thwarted by the school authorities. Principal Yang Zhensheng, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu and other people in power publicly expressed their opposition to the students' patriotic action.According to Liang Shiqiu's recollection: "During the school affairs meeting, Wen Yiduo expressed that he would 'kill Ma Su with tears' and decided to expel the ringleaders who caused the incident." This kind of reckless remarks that ignored the interests of the nation and did not understand the general situation immediately angered Students, detonated a large-scale student unrest, and the conflict between the two sides became more acute.Liang also said that when "the notice of expulsion of students was posted, it was torn up by the students, followed by surrounding the principal's mansion, posting slogans, shouting slogans, and a full set of demonstration tricks. The students were controlled by some leftists. Their meeting place It is the so-called "District Party Headquarters" in the school, which is in a room downstairs in the student dormitory. It is very common in China to have a party organization attached to the school, and sometimes it will cause conflicts with the school authorities. Mr. Hu Shizhi in At China Public School in Shanghai, there was a conflict with the school’s party committee. The district party committee and the school authorities fought against each other in open writing. The situation in Qingdao University’s district party committee went a step further. The school authorities later called the security police to expel the troublemakers, but the police did not dare to enter the party headquarters to arrest them. At this time, Mr. Daofan was angered. His face was pale, his hands trembling, and he led the police to the center of the playground, facing the student dormitory, sternly Declared: 'I am a member of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, I want you to come out, and I will bear all the responsibilities.' As a result of his coming forward, the students were discouraged, the police were courageous, and the problem was solved. Afterwards he told me, 'I have never been afraid of trouble, I can shoot with both hands at the same time.' We all know that without his tenacity of right from wrong, it would not have been easy to calm down like that."
In Liang Shiqiu's pen, Zhang Daofan's appearance is as vigorous and heroic as the heroes in martial arts novels or movies.But in many people's writings, Zhang Daofan is a politician, clown and pervert. Apart from using power and money to seduce Xu Beihong's wife Jiang Bihui and speculate to become the head of the Central Propaganda Department, everything else is dirty and insignificant.But in this wave of Qingdao University, Zhang Daofan's suppression was not as great as Liang Shiqiu boasted. The final result was that Yang Zhensheng announced his resignation as president and left Beiping to calm the wave temporarily.It's just that the good times don't last long. With Chen Mengjia's entry into Qingdao University, the whole situation has reversed again.