Chapter 16 Section 3 Liang Sicheng: Benefactor of Kyoto and Nara, Japan

The trip to Yan'an of the six senators was unfortunately confirmed by Chen Yinke 9 months ago. Although the strategist team headed by Huang Yanpei tried their best and came up with housekeeping tricks and turning around, it was still "" Without Lu Jia's achievements, there is no Li Sheng's ability." It can be said that there is no gain and a crushing defeat. On July 7, the first session of the Fourth National Political Council opened. Chu Fucheng, Huang Yanpei, Fu Sinian, etc. took this opportunity to meet with Chiang Kai-shek in the afternoon, report the results of the talks in Yan'an and submit the "Talks Record".Jiang laughed and flipped through it a few times, then coldly put it aside and ignored it, still insisting on the guiding ideology of one-party dictatorship.This practice made Chu, Huang and others very embarrassed, and also aroused great displeasure from the Communist Party.Based on this, the CCP firmly believes that the Kuomintang is bluffing and deliberately confusing the public, and even feels that it has been fooled by the Kuomintang authorities again.

On the fifth day after Huang Yanpei and others returned to Chongqing, that is, on July 10, Mao Zedong, who had learned of Chiang Kai-shek's real thoughts through underground channels, decided to implement countermeasures in a rage, and published the famous "Hurley and Chiang Kai-shek" in Yan'an. The "Shuanghuang Has Been Bankrupt" campaign campaign launched a crusade against Hurley, the agent of the Kuomintang and the United States who went to China to mediate the friction between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.As soon as this article came out, the third party of the Democratic League, living in wishful thinking and illusions, not only failed to reach the level of the Su-Qin alliance, "the country where it is located is important, and the country where it is going is light" and "the world fears when it is angry" The miraculous effect of closing, hooking and pliers made his face look ashamed. Zhu Bajie looked in the mirror—he was not a human being inside and out.In the end, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, the two giants of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, became angry and feared. In the end, they returned home and lost both boats, and ended up in an embarrassing ending in the turbulent muddy water.Faced with such a predicament, strategists from all walks of life had to turn around and show their favor to the Kuomintang.Chiang Kai-shek and his advisors saw the balance and change very clearly. Tang Zong made the following record in his diary "Last Month's Reflection" at the end of July: "Parties, the Democratic League, and the Youth Party want to take advantage of the CCP's problems to gain self-respect. However, since Sino-Soviet diplomatic relations improved, American public opinion improved, and after the troops from northern Shaanxi occupied Chunhua and were repulsed, the attitudes of all parties gradually leaned toward the central government and were unwilling to continue to follow the Communist Party in order to complain to their own party....At the Political Council The various parties in China did not fully agree with the CCP’s ideas as the CCP expected, and the adoption of the National Assembly bill made the CCP play a role in separating the parties.”

Although both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party are ready to launch an open hand-to-hand fight with resentment and suspicion in their hearts, they did not expect that the world situation is changing too fast. The international anti-Fasian war has made amazing progress, and the naivety that has been dark for eight years is about to light up.The excitement of the Chinese people has once again been diverted to the two major battlefields of the East and the West, and the "turnaround" plan of the KMT-CPC friction and the manipulation of several opposition parties has been temporarily put on hold.

At this time, the Japanese army had almost completely lost its strategic offensive capability, and the Allied forces had fully mastered air and sea control, and launched counterattacks from various fields and strategic points.The original Japanese military believed that after the Battle of Pearl Harbor, the United States would not be able to recover its vitality in the Pacific region until at least 1943, and Japan could consolidate the front line before the United States regained its strength.But the facts were quite unexpected. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, President Roosevelt, who was enraged, ordered the whole country to develop the air force and the navy capable of amphibious operations, that is, the Marine Corps.Relying on its strong economic and technological strength, the United States quickly produced a number of modern warships and fighter planes. The power in the Pacific region was quickly restored and strengthened, and it quickly seized air and sea control, turning the war situation around.

In June 1942, the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island, but was desperately resisted by the U.S. naval and air forces. The Japanese army had four aircraft carriers, many destroyers, and battleships sunk. In August, the US military landed on Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands and launched a counter-offensive.Since then, the Japanese army suffered repeated setbacks in the Pacific Ocean and retreated steadily.The U.S. military, which was gradually controlling the situation in the Pacific Ocean, began a large-scale counterattack in the Solomon Islands and northern New Guinea starting from Guadalcanal Island.Due to the desperate resistance of the Japanese army, the progress of the US military was slow, and it took half a year of hard work to barely capture Guadalcanal Island.Afterwards, the U.S. Navy and Air Force learned from the painful experience, changed the traditional textbook-style combat methods, and implemented a new strategy. This strategy was like Genghis Khan's use of cavalry mobile tactics on the grasslands. It was unprecedentedly revolutionary and made the Japanese army at a loss.At first, Japan thought that the U.S. counterattack was coming from one island to another. Little did they know that the implementation of the new U.S. strategy was to treat the Pacific Ocean as Genghis Khan’s Eurasian grassland, and to use the tactics of driving thousands of miles across the fortress and attacking the island, that is, not attacking the Japanese army for the time being. Some islands with stubborn defenses rely on powerful warships to cross the islands. In the northern part of New Guinea, they adopt frog-like leap-forward fast-attack tactics, drive straight into the Japanese mainland, and thus make some defensive islands isolated and helpless. The role of Dead Island.In addition, the Japanese military thought that when the U.S. Navy approached all its land and air bases, it would be the time for it to succeed.Little do they know that the strength of the U.S. navy and air force has increased at an unprecedented rate, and the gap between the naval and air strength of the United States and Japan is getting wider and wider.In 1943 alone, the United States had 39 aircraft carriers manufactured and incorporated into active service, while Japan had only 25 aircraft carriers used for war until its defeat in 1945.

In July 1944, the US military in the Central Pacific captured the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands one after another. In November, the U.S. military dispatched B-29 long-range bombers, took off from Saipan and Guam in the Mariana Islands, and went straight to Tokyo to carry out continuous large-scale bombing.On the other hand, the U.S. Army attacked from the Western Pacific along the northern part of New Guinea. After joining forces with the British, Australian and Dutch armies, they captured the western part of New Guinea. In February 1945, the two groups of U.S. troops successfully joined forces and returned to the Philippines. In June, the U.S. military approached the gate of Japan. The Yamato, the most invincible warship known as the world's most invincible, was sunk and the entire Japanese navy was destroyed.

Almost at the same time, on the battlefield in Burma, which attracted international attention, the Chinese Expeditionary Force regrouped elite troops from the United States, Britain, India, East Africa, and West Africa after initial setbacks, and launched a counter-offensive in northern and western Burma in October 1943.With the victory of the Allied Forces, the Burmese National Army and guerrillas launched a general uprising at the end of March 1945. On May 1, the capital Yangon was recovered, and the Japanese army's strategy in Burma was completely defeated. On China's mainland battlefield, thanks to the unremitting resistance and counterattack of the Chinese army and civilians, the Japanese army's plan to use war to support war was finally shattered, and the plan to turn China's occupied area into a "military base" for the Pacific War was effectively supported and supported by the Allied forces. Japan launched a full-scale counter-offensive.

Under such a brand-new strategy, tactics and political structure, in order to protect the cultural heritage of each theater from war, the national government specially established the China Battlefield Cultural Relics Protection Committee to cooperate with the Allied Forces in the protection of ground cultural relics.Liang Sicheng, the head of the China Academy of Construction and an ancient architect who lived in Lizhuang, was recruited to Chongqing. As the deputy director of the committee, he was responsible for compiling a set of cultural relics in the occupied areas, including temples, ancient pagodas, cemeteries, archaeological sites, museums, etc. important cultural heritage of humanity.At the same time as Liang Sicheng, his assistant Luo Zhewen came to Chongqing.

Luo was a trainee recruited by the China Construction Society in Lizhuang at the end of 1940.At that time, Liang Sicheng and others had just moved from Kunming to Lizhuang. They were in urgent need of a young man to help the colleagues in the society with chores and drawing, so they decided to recruit a young student who could be cultivated locally to work.According to Luo’s own recollection: “At that time, I was still a young man less than 20 years old. I had just graduated from middle school, and I saw an advertisement in a newspaper in Yibin for the recruitment of trainees for the China Architecture Institute. As for this unit I didn’t know what I was doing. I saw writing, drawing, art, etc. in the exam questions. I was very interested in it, so I went to apply for the exam. I was overjoyed, and I was admitted. I found out later that among the many candidates I was the only one admitted."

After Luo Zhewen came to the Construction Society, he first helped Liu Dunzhen to copy and sort out articles and illustrations, and then served as Liang Sicheng's assistant to do data sorting and surveying and mapping.Luo's original name was Luo Zifu. After joining the Architecture Institute, the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and middle countries formed a military alliance to jointly fight against the three evil axes of Germany, Italy, and Japan. American President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Churchill, and the Soviet Union The names of figures such as Stalin are widely known.The young Luo Zifu has a homonym for American President Roosevelt, so the staff of Zaozao Academy and other scientific research institutions in Lizhuang, even the people of Lizhuang Town and bare-bottomed children, always shouted "President Luo" to Luo Zifu after meeting.Such a "respectful title" made Luo Zifu smile bitterly.Later, when a group of Liang Congjie's classmates came to play in the construction society and shouted "President Luo", Liang Sicheng felt a little awkward when he heard it. After sending the children away, he smiled and said to Luo Zifu: "Zifu, this' President Luo's nickname sounds very loud, but being the president behind closed doors in the small town of Lizhuang always gives people a feeling of "fake". Now China has enough fake things. What kind of fake government, Puppet Chairman, Puppet Army, Puppet Peking University, Puppet Central University, etc. Wang Zhaoming established a puppet Chinese government, which made people angry, like a mouse crossing the street, and everyone shouted and beaten. If you want to create a puppet American government, the world will not be It’s going to be even more chaotic. I don’t think we should be the president in our courtyard, but change our name and become an ordinary Chinese draftsman.” So, under Liang Sicheng’s suggestion, Luo Zifu changed his name to Luo Zhewen, which was very easy. Some literati taste of Confucianism.Later, the title of "President Luo" gradually disappeared, and the word Luo Zhewen was spread in the ancient architecture circle.

This time, after arriving in Chongqing with Liang Sicheng, the draftsman Luo who was shrunk from the shrinkage of "President Luo", first compiled the catalog of cultural relics one by one, and then carefully marked the exact location on the military map.The catalog is compiled in both Chinese and English, with photos attached, printed in several copies, and sent to commanders in each theater and Allied pilots for reference to prevent artillery fire and bombs dropped by aircraft from burning down these targets.According to Liang's friend Fei Weimei, "one copy of the catalog of cultural relics compiled by Liang Sicheng was passed on to Zhou Enlai, which obviously caught his attention."A few years later, when the civil war broke out, the People's Liberation Army approached the city of Beiping, and the CCP army secretly sent people to sneak into the Tsinghua University. Liang Sicheng was asked to draw a map of national key cultural relics, which was inspired by this compilation of the catalogue. While Liang Sicheng was compiling the catalog of the occupied areas, the Allied Command, which attached great importance to the achievements of human civilization, asked Liang Sicheng through China to list the important cultural relics and historical sites in Japan and mark the locations on the map so that he could pay attention to them during the bombing and try to be protected.Liang Sicheng and Luo Zhewen worked for more than a month to complete the task. When handing over the map, Liang made it clear through the Chinese representative: If the devastating bombing of the Japanese mainland is inevitable, other cities can be bombed, but Kyoto and Nara cannot be bombed. The roots of Chinese culture remain in these two ancient cities.Today's Japanese nation is like a big tree in the Pacific Ocean that is torn by wind and rain and struck by lightning and is about to face an unprecedented devastating disaster. Culture is an indispensable part of the world's human cultural heritage, and we must pay special attention to the bombing to keep the roots. At this time, this work was carried out secretly without the knowledge of outsiders. According to the iron-clad confidentiality rule of "don't tell what you shouldn't say, don't ask what you shouldn't ask", Liang Sicheng and his assistant Luo Zhewen completed the work. After this task, he immersed himself in the planning of other cultural and cultural relics protection matters. He didn't ask how his suggestions were implemented, and it was inconvenient to ask.At this time, because the Allied forces encountered the tenacious resistance of the Japanese army in Japan, they had to expand the intensity of air power bombing again. Almost all large and medium-sized cities on the four islands of Japan were devastated by the bombs dropped by the US military. The famous Tokyo Metropolis The bombing also intensified, and the whole city was soaked in the whirlpool of blood and fire.Within three days near the end of the war, US bombers dropped 2,000 tons of bombs on Tokyo. The fire took place for three days and nights, killing 20,000 people, burning 270,000 houses, and leaving 900,000 people homeless.At the same time that Tokyo was being bombed, Nagoya and Osaka were also being bombed violently. The same scale as Tokyo, with 2,000 tons of bombs, the entire city was in flames.Amidst the roaring of planes, howling of shrapnel, out-of-control fires, chaos, and bursts of screams and wailing, almost all Japanese believe that world-famous cities like Tokyo and Osaka are in ruins. Then, the ancient Kyoto , Nara is bound to face destruction.In this regard, the shrewd Japanese kid made the worst plan. In addition to imitating the Chinese way of demolishing antiquities, he moved a large number of precious cultural relics from the two ancient cities to the remote mountains for secret storage. , all demolished and relocated, and restored according to the prototype after the war.Due to the large number of architectural monuments, the huge project, and the panic among the people, the progress of the demolition project was slow. However, it is unbelievable to all the little ghosts that in the overwhelming bombing of the Allied forces, only the two ancient cities of Kyoto and Nara have miraculously never been subjected to real air raids.After the little ghosts exhausted all their efforts to demolish the entire wooden corridor of the famous Kyoto Imperial Palace, the war came to an end, and all the palaces, ancient temples, ancient pagodas and other ancient buildings scattered in the two cities were spared. How many years have passed, because Liang Sicheng, who was well-informed, rarely mentioned this past event, and no one linked the preservation of Kyoto and Nara with a historian of Chinese architecture.Luo Zhewen, a young assistant who accompanied his mentor to Chongqing for the first time, but had no chance to enjoy the scenery of the mountain city, has gradually forgotten the scene of himself sweating and drawing for it. In 1986, Luo Zhewen was invited to Japan to participate in the International Symposium on "How to Protect Cultural Relics and Historic Sites in Urban Construction" held in Nara.Sugaya learned that Luo was a student of Liang Sicheng in his early years and was with Liang around 1944, so he enthusiastically told him some anecdotes during World War II.Guan Gu said: In the latter part of World War II, when the U.S. military bombed Japan, Kyoto and Nara, which have the most ancient architectural relics, survived. This matter may have a great relationship with Liang Sicheng.According to Professor Su Bai, the director of the Department of Archeology of Peking University who visited Japan the year before last, Liang Sicheng gave a lecture at Peking University in 1947. When talking about cultural relics and historic sites as the common cultural heritage of mankind, he once cited the protection of the ancient capital of Japan during the Anti-Japanese War. He once suggested to the U.S. military not to bomb Kyoto and Nara, so as to preserve the roots of the Japanese nation and the roots of human culture in the world.This time, Sugaya wanted to learn more about what happened from Luo Zhewen. After hearing this, Luo Zhewen was very surprised, and immediately recalled the scene in Chongqing that year.Luo said: "When we arrived in Chongqing, we lived in a small building in the Academia Sinica of Shangqing Temple, and I was given a separate room. The husband brought a bundle of blueprints every day, and asked me to follow the blueprints he drew with pencils. The symbols are formally drawn with drawing ink using compasses and a settable. Although I have not studied the content in detail, I generally know that it is a map of the Japanese occupation area, marking the location of ancient cities, towns and ancient architectural relics. There are also some maps that are not from China. To distinguish them in detail, but I know of two places in Japan, Kyoto and Nara. Because when I joined the Architecture Institute, I read the article written by Mr. Liu Dunzhen on Tamamushi cabinets at Horyuji Temple in Nara, and Japan is also working with Why did we draw it on the map of Japan when we fought? I didn’t ask too much, because I thought it was inappropriate to know more about it.” Through the joint analysis and deduction of Luo Zhewen and Sugaya, it is believed that Liang Sicheng was born in Japan and lived there for a long time. He is very familiar with the ancient cities of Kyoto and Nara, and has deep feelings for the cultural relics and historic sites here. Cultural relics and cultural relics are the common wealth of mankind, and mankind has a common responsibility to protect them.The pictures marked and drawn at that time were not only related to cultural relics and historic sites, but also related to Kyoto and Nara. Therefore, his suggestion of protection was logical, and it was also in line with his temperament and philosophy.In this regard, Luo Zhewen also quoted an example that Zheng Xiaoxie, an ancient architect, told himself: One day in 1951, Liang Sicheng who was in Tsinghua Garden suddenly stopped the young Zheng Xiaoxie, and said in a sad mood: "Xiaoxie, Let me tell you some unfortunate news, Horyuji Temple in Nara, Japan was not destroyed in the war, but it was burned down, what a pity!" After saying that, his eyes filled with tears. It is difficult to establish a single evidence, but with Luo Zhewen's memories, combined with what Su Bai and Zheng Xiaoxie said, we can see that what Liang Sicheng said when he lectured at Peking University was true.Liang Sicheng at least played a role in saving Kyoto and Nara from being bombed.The truth finally came to light after 42 years of annihilation. When the Japanese government and the public learned of this, they all admired Liang Sicheng's character and knowledge. Japanese media wrote articles and reported that Liang Sicheng became "the benefactor of the ancient capital".At this time, it has been 14 years since Liang Sicheng passed away.