Chapter 38 Section 2

The top officials of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, headed by Guo Moruo, could not persuade Chen Yinke to return to the north. Fan Wenlan approached Chen Yinke's early disciple and then a professor at Tsinghua University, Zhou Yiliang, and wrote to Chen to express his appreciation on his behalf, but Chen did not respond.Later, Chen Yinke sent several poems to Zhou Yiliang, and asked to forward them to Chen's friend and Zhou's mentor, Professor Deng Wenru (Zhicheng).Among them is a poem "Article" written in 1951, which reads: Trial posting poems on stereotyped articles, Zong Zhu Songsheng has a rule.

The white-headed palace maid laughed, her brows were fashionable again. The last two sentences of another transcript read: "A white-headed pedant is secretly happy, and his eyebrows are back in fashion." The first sentence of Chen's poem refers to the intellectuals at that time writing articles, just like the ancient scholars who must praise the words of Confucius, Zhu Xi and other sages, they wrote official articles one after another.The "Zhu" in the second sentence "Zong Zhu" refers to the new regime or the leaders of the Communist Party of China. Articles written by intellectuals are inseparable from the quotations of Marx, En, Lenin, Sri Lanka, and Mao. "White-headed palace lady" or "white-headed pedant" should be Chen's own description.The last sentence may refer to the "new stereotyped writing" which has become a fashion throughout the academic circle.Because of this metaphor, Deng Zhicheng read it and said a meaningful sentence to Zhou Yiliang: "This is Mr. Chen's slanderous poem!" In 1957, Kim Ying-hee called the poem a "sarcasm of Marxism", and the high-level officials in Beijing were furious when they heard the poem, which led to a fierce criticism of Chen Yinke in 1958.This is something.

In addition, when the leaders of the Chinese Academy of Sciences were racking their brains on how to persuade Chen Yinke to return to the north, but they still couldn’t figure it out, Wang Zhen, who was studying at the Beijing Institute of Marxism-Leninism, heard the news and felt that this was an opportunity to show his loyalty to the party, so he volunteered. , wanting to act as a "messenger" to persuade the south.This request surprised Guo Moruo and others, who were in a dilemma, and immediately agreed to the trip.Therefore, the "star" Wang Jian, who has emerged in the field of Marxist historiography and is in the limelight, as the "ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary", carries two heavy handwritten letters written by Guo Moruo and Li Siguang, with enthusiasm and the belief that he will win, in the In mid-November 1953, he embarked on a journey to the south.For this trip to the south, Wang Zhen was full of confidence. He once told Zhou Yiliang, who advised him to be cautious: "I, an old student, invite him, and I will definitely be able to invite him." Too optimistic", the result was as expected.

After Wang Guan arrived in Guangzhou on November 21, he still lived in Chen Yinke's house directly like he did in Tsinghua Garden five years ago.At this time, following the national adjustment of colleges and departments in 1952, Lingnan University, which was originally a missionary school, had merged with Sun Yat-sen University, to be precise, it was swallowed up by Sun Yat-sen University.Chen Xujing, the president of Lingnan University who recommended Chen Yinke back then, was demoted to an ordinary professor. The staff of CUHK moved into the campus of Lingnan University and became the rulers. Lives in the Chen family in Building 1 of Kangyuan.

It’s just that Sun Yat-sen University at this time is no longer Tsinghua University. Both Chen Yinke and Wang Zhen’s thoughts and views on society are quite different from those five years ago.After living in Chen's house, the young and energetic Wang Zhen, who didn't know what to do, didn't realize that he was not qualified to start a formal dialogue with Chen Yinke in terms of seniority and status. "Messenger", how overconfident and confused this is.What is even more deadly is that, it is said that in the conversation with Chen, Wang Zhen, in the posture of the central organization and personnel department, used the minds of revolutionaries who had just been armed in the Marxist-Leninist Academy, and used "the tone of a party member" and "the tone of education and enlightenment". ", "I don't know the heights of the sky and the depths of the earth" had a serious talk with Chen Yinke.This action made Mrs. Chen furious, and blurted out the angry words "You are not my student, get out!"After being hit in the face by this, Wang Zhen suddenly realized that the big thing was not good, and his mind was a little clear in the panic and panic.But since the master and apprentice had turned against each other, it seemed impossible to recover, so Wang had no choice but to move out of the Chen residence in disgrace and to live in the Zhongda guest house temporarily.

In the next few days, although Wang Guan made many efforts to mend the situation, Chen Yinke was still not relieved.Of course, Chen's anger was not aimed at Wang Zhen himself, but at Guo Moruo or the background and atmosphere of a larger social and political group. The reckless Wang Zhen was just a punching bag.With Wang Zhen's best efforts to rescue and mediate, Chen Yinke and Wang Zhen had a formal long talk on the morning of December 1, which was regarded as Wang's official reply to Beijing when he left Guangzhou.Wang Jian made a detailed record of this "reply".Chen Yinke said: "My thoughts and opinions are completely found in the monument to Wang Guowei I wrote... I think the most important thing to study academically is to have free will and independent spirit. So I said 'Scholar's study and scholarship , Gai will get rid of the shackles of the conventional truth. "The conventional truth" refers to the Three People's Principles at that time. You must get rid of the "shackles of the conventional truth" before the truth can be exerted. By the "shackles of the conventional truth", there is no freedom If there is no independent spirit in thinking, that is to say, the truth cannot be carried forward, that is to say, academic research cannot be carried out.” He also said: “I will never oppose the current regime. I read the original text of "Das Kapital" in Switzerland in the third year of Xuantong. The views of Marxism-Leninism, and then study academics. The people I want to invite and the disciples I want to lead must have free thinking and independent spirit. No, that is to say, they are not my students. I don’t know if your previous views are the same as mine, but It’s different now, you are no longer my student, everyone Zhou Yiliang or Wang Yongxing, from my point of view they are my students, otherwise they are not. In the future, I will lead apprentices, so it is the same.” Next, Chen Yinke Two demands were made to Guo Moruo and others in Beijing:

Article 1: "Allow the Institute of Medieval History not to follow Marxism-Leninism and not to study politics."Special emphasis on "not just me, I want everyone to be like this." Article 2: "Please Mao Gong or Liu Gong to provide a certificate of permission as a shield." It means: "Mao Gong is the highest political authority, and Liu Shaoqi is the highest person in charge of the party. I think the highest authority should also If you have the same opinion as me, you should let me say it. Otherwise, there will be no academic research.” Finally, Chen Yinke turned his attention to Guo Moruo himself, and told Wang Jian that his thoughts had already been engraved in the monument to Wang Guowei in Tsinghua Garden.Chen said:

You shall take my opinion to the Academy of Sciences with no more and no less.Take the inscription and show it to Guo Moruo.Guo Moruo saw my Wang Guowei poems in Japan.Whether the monument is still there, I don't know.If it is not done well, it can be eliminated. It may be better to ask Guo Moruo to do it.Guo Moruo, an expert on oracle bone inscriptions, is one of the "four halls", and perhaps he understands Wang Guowei's theory better.Then I will be Han Yu, Guo Moruo will be Duan Wenchang, and if someone writes poetry again, it would be good if he is Li Shangyin.My inscription has been handed down and will not be lost.

The above conversation clearly reveals that Chen Yinke is very dissatisfied with the set of "Marxist-Leninist new historiography" developed by Guo Moruo and others, and the new theories and so-called "history" of so-called "new historiography masters" such as Fan Wenlan, which is also Chen Yinke's extreme psychology. In the midst of depression and mental anguish, there was a general outburst after a faucet was accidentally turned on and off, and there was great indignation and grief in it.After venting the worry and indignation in his heart, Mrs. Chen presented several poems to Wang Zhen, the most critical and important of which was "Answer to Bei Ke":

Thank you for knowing each other and building Tuqiu, but there is no crab and there is Jianzhou. The Liu family owes money and feet, so if they don't pick apple blossoms, they will be free. Wang Zhen, who has followed Chen Yinke for many years, can understand the allusions and metaphors in the poems better than others.Tuqiu, a place name, is located in Sishui County, Shandong Province.In the 11th year of Yin Gong in the "Zuo Zhuan": "Father Yu, please kill Huan Gong, and he will be the prime minister." .”’ After that, it refers to the residence for retirement.Chen Shiyu refers to the position of director of the Institute of Medieval History.Jianzhou, the official name of the Song Dynasty, was published in the second volume of Ouyang Xiu's "Return to the Field".Here it refers to the suffocating political atmosphere in Beijing, the alienation of academics, and the fact that it has become a political struggle tool used by those in power. "The Liu family bears both the yuan and the feet", the Liu family, that is, Liu Zongyuan, this code is related to Liu Zongyuan.Chen Yinke used the ancient Liu Zongyuan as a metaphor for himself, and said that he was academically self-reliant, and had a personal spiritual style and way of thinking.Liu Zongyuan has a poem "rewarding Cao Neishi Yu Guoxiang County to see the post": "the spring breeze is infinitely Xiaoxiang, and it is not free to pick apple flowers." Maintain the "spirit of independence, freedom of thought." This is Chen Yinke's strong voice from the bottom of his heart, and it is also a declaration to close the door to Beijing.

Holding the poem in his hand, Wang Zhen knew that all his efforts had come to an end, so he sighed and set off on his way home with fear, frustration and deep regret.The lonely and proud figure of Chen Yinke can no longer be seen in Beijing, the old capital. In 1957, three years after Wang Guan returned to Beijing from Sun Yat-sen University, the nationwide "anti-rightist" movement began. By 1958, the number of hat-wearing rightists in the entire mainland had reached more than 550,000.Chen Yinke, who hid on the campus of Sun Yat-sen University trembling all day long, walking on thin ice, for fear of getting burned, was not spared. Entry into the "centre right" is monitored.This special treatment is said to be the result of the secret care of Zhou Enlai and Tao Zhu, a senior official in Guangdong Province. In March 1958, with the rapid rise of the "Great Leap Forward", colleges and universities across the country launched a movement to criticize various titles such as "Baizhuan Road" and "Pull the White Flag" that cannot be found in "Ci Hai".As Peking University President Ma Yinchu's "New Population Theory" aroused the anger of the top leaders of the CCP, Peking University's genius-like foresight and programmatic instructions of "more people and more enthusiasm" immediately set off a wave of group fights to criticize horses and horses.Ma Yinchu, who was fighting alone, launched a debate and even a scuffle with the opponent with the tough posture of "the three armies can win the commander, but the man cannot win the will!" end.Because of this vivid drama, the whole country was shaken for a while, and scholars and celebrities all over the world were terrified.Just when people from all walks of life across the country questioned Ma Yinchu’s teacher and wanted to cook in a frying pan and then eat quickly, the academic circles in the north and south seemed to have not forgotten the existence of the huge projection of Chen Yinke who lived in seclusion in the south of the Five Ridges—even though his body was already thin Unbearable, walking has been deeply difficult.A few years ago, Guo Moruo, who sent Wang Zhen to the south to invite Chen Yinke, was ruthlessly rejected, and Fan Wenlan, the director of the third institute of the Institute of History, and others took the opportunity to attack the Chen family, and launched a siege and knock-on-the-mountain shocking tiger style. attack strategy.Fan Wenlan said publicly: "Hu Shi, after our large-scale criticism in recent years, generally speaking, our historians have seen it clearly. But there are still two kinds of people: one is the self-conscious disciple of Hu Shi, who still insists on The standpoint of academic independence, refusing academics to serve politics, that is, refusing to serve socialism and the 600 million people; that is, refusing to learn Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods to apply to their own academic research. Such people are extremely There are a small number of them, but we must wage war on them." He also said: "There must also be a struggle between the two lines of prospering capital and destroying capital and prospering capital and eliminating capital. It is impossible to compromise and coexist At this time, Fan Wenlan knew that he had eaten a few bowls of dry rice, and did not dare to directly smear dung on the Buddha's head, but pointed the finger at Chen Yinke with insinuations and accusations.But when he arrived at Guo Moruo's place, he became full of confidence and domineering, and directly named Chen Yinke for single practice. On May 16, 1958, Guo Moruo sent a letter to the teachers and students of the History Department of Peking University to send out a very gunpowder-flavored fighting essay, titled "About the Question of Appreciation of the Past and the Depreciation of the Present-An Answer to the Teachers and Students of the History Department of Peking University" A letter".The text says: The letter addressed to me on May 5 has been received. On the morning of the 15th, Uncle Jian also came to our place and talked about making a report.I am going to visit the Zhangjiakou area with my friends from the Federation of Literary and Art Circles soon, and I cannot come to meet you, so I am writing this letter to express my opinion. "Giving more attention to the present than to the past" was originally not Comrade (Chen) Boda's personal opinion. Chairman Mao has long suggested that we pay attention to the study of the history of the past century.In February of this year, at a top state affairs conference, the Chairman proposed a friend (Southern press: former Tsinghua professor, Zhang Xiruo, then Minister of Education) to criticize the Communist Party's sixteen-character words: "I am eager for great success, eager for quick success, despise the past, and superstitious about the future." , to be corrected, saying that the Communist Party is exactly like this, it is the greatness of socialism, and the merits of socialism, it is "underestimating the past and superstitious about the future", which is the so-called "emphasis on the present and underestimation of the past".Not only historical research should take this as the policy, but any research and any undertaking should take this as the policy. ... Today's Chinese society has achieved two stages of leap forward, thought and literature, although not so remarkable, have also developed by leaps and bounds.Chairman Mao's thoughts and poems are unprecedented.We still want to treat the past more lightly than the present today, that is simply the idiot among the "idiots"!Today our knowledge is much richer than that of the ancients. Even a three-year-old child knows, in some respects, far more than Confucius and Mencius.For example, today's three-year-old child knows that there is a third Soviet Sputnik, and the sages of ancient times never even dreamed of it. Just like Xiang Zhuang's sword dance in the Hongmen Banquet, Guo Moruo turned his sword around and stabbed at Chen Yinke after going around a few colorful circles: Bourgeois historians only focus on data, and we don’t blame such people for perfection. As long as he has skills, we can use his strengths, but we don’t want him to be complacent, let alone regard him as an unattainable peak.In fact we need to surpass him.Just as we will surpass Britain in steel production and other aspects within fifteen years, in terms of historical research, we will surpass Chen Yinke in the possession of materials in a not too long period of time.I can say this in front of Chen Yinke. "Don't let your teacher do your part."Chen Yinke can do it, why can't we who have mastered Marxism-Leninism do it?I do not believe.All authority, we must strive to surpass him!This is the law of development. This letter was published by "Guangming Daily" on June 10. Intellectuals across the country were astonished, because Guo's arrogance is no longer just a question of entering temples to prosecute Buddha, or wiping dung on Buddha's head, it has actually shown a murderous look. ferocious posture. In the early days, the campus of Sun Yat-sen University in the south of Lingnan was covered with hundreds of thousands of big-character posters. Naturally, there were criticisms and criticisms of Chen Yinke, but they were limited to academic attacks.As soon as Guo Moruo's "Xiongwen" came out, things immediately became serious. The "revolutionaries" of Sun Yat-sen University were like a pack of hungry and cold wolves in a dark night with a sudden snowstorm. Born, showing his ferocity, he jumped into the grass to hunt and bite his prey.On the big-character posters on the campus of CUHK, there appeared murderous slogans such as "Punch the old stubborn, kick the fake authority", "Fire burns the bones, and the genius doctor cuts the cancer".A group of teachers and students who had listened to Chen Yinke's class took the opportunity to make waves, and wanted to completely overthrow the Chen family who was extremely difficult to walk, and then set foot on the ground to show the courage of the "revolutionaries" to deceive their teachers and destroy their ancestors and to rebel. and pride.Another group of rogue proletarians saw that the "respected Mr. Guo" had publicly named and fired on the blind Chen Yinke, thinking that the era of opportunistic flattery and display of magical powers had come.Heaven will drop a great responsibility to man, and Sri Lankan people deservedly take on the title of hero in troubled times and the "revolutionary burden" of criticizing Chen and rebelling against Chen. Therefore, in addition to screaming in the big-character posters on the campus to punch and kick Chen Yinke, chop with knives and axes, cook and share food, and file bones and ashes, a group of CUHK historians who had listened to Chen Yinke's "Yuanbai Poetry and Evidence History" course The students of the department began to attack the former mentor and today's class dissidents.For example, students Li Chuntang, Lin Shunzeng, and Fang Zaocheng, in order to expand their influence and make themselves famous, and hope to be lucky enough to fall into the eyes of "respected Mr. Guo", so as to achieve the wishful thinking of rising to the top and soaring into the sky, began to create a Fafa made shells made of white paper and black ink, and borrowed the powerful power of national newspapers to launch a preemptive strike against Chen Yinke.One of the articles said: "A letter written by Mr. Guo to the teachers and students of the History Department of Peking University was very inspiring to us. We used to stand in front of Mr. Chen and think that his poems and books were extensive, which resulted in a sense of inferiority. This It is wrong...Professor Chen Yinke is a bourgeois authoritative scholar through and through. What he preaches in the course of "Yuanbai Poetry and Evidence History" is completely bourgeois." He also said: Chen himself never learns from Marxism-Leninism I don't believe in Marxism-Leninism, but with the bourgeois academic attitude of valuing the past and devaluing the present, I made some cumbersome textual research on the ancient history books of the feudal class.He is particularly interested in some trivial matters and the dignitaries, concubines and prostitutes of the old society, such as whether Yang Guifei is fat or thin, how much she weighs, whether she was a virgin before entering the palace, etc.He also specifically researched "whether there was any relationship between Concubine Yang Gui and An Lushan, and the dragon robe worn by the emperor was a dragon with five claws pierced, and the python robe worn by ministers was a dragon with four claws pierced" and so on.He also talked about some clichés thick and thin, and engaged in some boring research, such as when Yingying talked about "how to change light makeup and short eyebrows into heavy makeup and thin eyebrows".When talking about Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing", I actually found out that the merchant woman who was holding a pipa half-hidden in the bow of the boat, where was her ancestral home, what race, what year, what age entered the brothel, and belonged to the first brothel in Chang'an. How many prostitutes, when to retire to the second line, when to marry and what kind of businessman to do business with, whether they belong to the second house or the third house, whether they are women or concubines, etc.It was even revealed that Chen Yinkemao was secretly studying at home whether Concubine Yang Gui of the Tang Dynasty was a virgin or not, and whether she had had sexual relations with Tang Xuanzong's son before entering the palace.For a time, ridicule, sarcasm, and abuse, accompanied by shouts of "punching the old stubborn, kicking the fake authority", etc., were rampant. (Southern Note: Chen did research Yang's "virginity" issue, and concluded that a non-virgin entered the palace, but it was not as vulgar as the critical article said. Later, Chen's friend Zheng Tianting explained Chen's "virginity" incident. In late July 1958, Chen Yinke, who was full of grief and indignation, wrote to the president of the book with a tragic mood of "no more humiliation" and put forward two requirements: 1. Resolutely no longer start classes, so as not to "delay young people". 2. Immediately go through the retirement procedures, move out of the school campus, take what you don't see as a net, and don't hear it as a safety, hide yourself in a place to write books and talk about it, and live without seeing or hearing. After negotiations, the family failed to move out as desired, and still lived in Building 1, Southeast District of the CUHK campus, but classes were no longer held.Since then, Chen Yinke bid farewell to the platform of preaching and teaching for 32 years, and since the opening of the new course, most of the "Yuanbai Poetry and Evidence History" has been discontinued.Chen Yinke's figure faded out of the sight of the teachers and students of CUHK, and at the same time disappeared from the entire history circle of New China.Chen Yinke, who was in seclusion, exhausted the last strength of his dying years, focusing on the research and writing of Qian Qianyi and Jiangzuo literati group in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, especially Liu Rushi, a generation of famous prostitutes.Chen's fate and spiritual sustenance in the second half of his life are closely linked with the characters exuding historical tragedy at the time of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.