Chapter 29 Section 2 The first woman in field archeology

On April 23, 1949, Nanjing and the people of Nanjing were liberated. Regarding the situation and feelings of this day, Zeng Zhaoyu, who was in the preparatory office of the Central Museum, recalled: "We watched the Kuomintang bandit army retreat from Nanjing through the window grille, and we welcomed the advent of the new era with great excitement and seriousness. .” On April 24, Zeng Zhaoyu stood at the gate together with his colleagues who stayed in Nanjing, welcoming a platoon of officers and soldiers of the People's Liberation Army Crossing the River to guard the preparatory office of the Central Museum. On May 17, the Central Museum was handed over to the Nanjing Military Control Commission of the Communist Party of China.

On June 29, the Nanjing Municipal Military Control Commission decided to set up the Academic Affairs Committee of the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum, with five members including Zeng Zhaoyu, Xiao Wen, Gu Qilin, Wang Tianmu (Zhenduo), and Zeng Zhihong as standing committee members to fully take over the cultural relics and preside over the daily work. At 6 o'clock in the morning on October 2, Zeng Zhaoyu led 23 colleagues from the whole hospital to raise the first five-star red flag in front of the main hall of the museum.Since then, the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum has officially changed its banner. Whether it is Zeng Zhaoyu herself or her colleagues, the future life and career will be carried out under the new regime under the shining of the red star. Fortunately or unfortunately, whether they live or die depends on each other. How about luck and hitting the "eight" character.

On March 9, 1950, in accordance with the order of the Central Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China, the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum was officially renamed the National Nanjing Museum, which was directly led by the Administration of Cultural Relics of the Central Ministry of Culture.Appoint Xu Pingyu, director of the Culture and Education Department of Nanjing Military Control Commission and an expert in calligraphy and painting appraisal, as the president, and Zeng Zhaoyu as the vice president.After the order was issued, the Central Museum held a naming and listing meeting to replace the old and welcome the new. Zeng Zhaoyu fulfilled his new position and took an oath to become the backbone of intellectuals trusted and reused by the CCP and holding real power.Zeng Zhaoyu felt satisfied with this change and personnel arrangement. She wrote in her diary with the warmth and charm unique to a woman: "Today is the day when the name of Nanjing Museum is corrected. The new life of this promising museum is also my own career. It’s only eight months and a dozen days since June 29 last year. Last year’s takeover can be said to be the beginning of conception, but this year it really fell to the ground.”

Half a month after Zeng Zhaoyu presided over the daily work of the academy, he came forward to receive the visit of Kiselev, the most authoritative archaeological expert in the Soviet Union, to Nanjing Museum. On July 3, at the invitation of Nanjing People's Broadcasting Station, he broadcast a lecture on "U.S. imperialism invaded North Korea and Taiwan, and refuted Truman's lies!" Save the fate of the Kuomintang gang on the island"'.On the same day, upon notification from the Central Ministry of Culture, the Nanjing Museum was changed to be under the leadership of the East China Ministry of Culture, with Xu Pingyu concurrently serving as the dean, and Zeng Zhaoyu, the vice-president, in charge of daily work.In the new political environment, Zeng Zhaoyu ushered in the second career peak.

As early as December 1949, Zeng Zhaoyu invited Hu Xiaoshi, his mentor who taught in Nanjing, and Liu Dunzhen, formerly of the China Institute of Architecture (South Press: Hu and Liu are professors of the Chinese Department and the Architecture Department of Nanjing University, respectively), together with cultural relics and archeology expert Zhu Qi, He Changqun, Wang Zhenduo and other celebrities and scholars investigated 11 historic sites including the Six Dynasties Mausoleums and Qixia Temple near Qixia Mountain in Nanjing, and put forward practical protection plans. On May 1, 1950, Zeng once again invited five experts and scholars including Hu Xiaoshi to investigate the theft of the Second Tomb of the Southern Tang Dynasty in Zutang Mountain, Nanjing.In October of the same year, Zeng Zhaoyu presided over the official excavation of the Second Tomb of the Southern Tang Dynasty—this was the first feudal emperor's tomb excavated by scientific methods under the shining of the red star after the founding of New China.During the excavation period, Zeng Zhaoyu and all the staff lived together in the remote Youqi Temple on Zutang Mountain, and traveled between the residence and the construction site every day, leading a hard field archaeological life, working more than ten hours a day.As the archaeological excavation work progressed, the mystery of the two mausoleums was gradually revealed.

The capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty was Jinling (937-975). It was a country with a well-developed economy and culture in the south during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Ci has reached the pinnacle in the history of literature, such as "Ask how much sorrow you can have, just like a river of spring water flowing eastward", etc., have been praised by scholars of all ages and have been passed down.Wang Guowei said in the book: "Li Yu, the empress of Li, began to have a broad vision and deep emotions, and then changed the words of actors to the words of scholar-bureaucrats. ...... 'Naturally, people grow up hating water and Changdong' ("Meeting each other") "Huan"), "Flowing water and falling flowers, spring is gone, heaven and earth" ("Lang Taosha"), "Jin Quan", "Huan Hua" can have such a scene?" In addition to the amazing lyrics and music, Nan Nan at that time The Academy of Painting of the Tang Dynasty is also well-known in the world, and the handed down paintings are regarded as rare treasures and sought after by literati of all ages.

The Second Tomb of the Southern Tang Dynasty is located at the southwest foot of Zutang Mountain in Nanjing. It consists of the Qin Tomb of Li Bian, the ancestor of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the Shun Tomb of his son Li Jing.The joint burial mausoleum of Li Bian and his empress Song is located in the east, called Qin Mausoleum, which was built in 943 AD.The joint burial mausoleum of Li Jing and his queen Zhong is located in the west, called Shun Mausoleum, which was built in 961 AD.Li Bian's Mausoleum was built when the Southern Tang Dynasty was strong and prosperous, so it was larger in scale and rich in burial objects; Li Jing's Mausoleum was built in the Southern Tang Dynasty when its power was weak, and it was slightly smaller in scale and not rich in burial objects.

The "Ten Kingdoms" in Chinese history lasted a total of 89 years and produced 41 local "emperors".Only Wang Jian’s tomb in Chengdu’s “Qintai” and the Second Tomb of the Southern Tang Dynasty excavated in Nanjing are the only ones that future generations can see these “emperor” tombs. The excavation of these three emperor’s tombs is closely related to the staff of the Central Museum. The former’s participants There are Wu Jinding, Wang Zhenduo and others, and the latter has colleagues from Zeng Zhaoyu and Nan Bo.Because there are very few remains of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the buildings, colored paintings, sculptures, and unearthed pottery figurines of the two underground palaces excavated by Zeng Zhaoyu are very precious, providing important reference materials for studying the history of the Southern Tang Dynasty.

According to the administrative division at that time, the Nanjing Museum was a cultural institution under the East China Region, and its business scope covered the entire six provinces and one city in East China, which was quite extraordinary.After the successful excavation of the Second Tomb of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Zeng Zhaoyu’s confidence doubled. In March 1954, as the leader of the East China Cultural Relics Task Force, he led colleagues from Nanbo and the Shandong Provincial Cultural Management Committee to jointly excavate the famous stone tomb with portraits of the Han Dynasty in Yinan, Shandong. , a lot of harvest.The two important excavation results were compiled by Zeng Zhaoyu as the editor-in-chief, "Report on the Excavation of the Second Tomb of the Southern Tang Dynasty" and "Report on the Excavation of Stone Tombs with Ancient Portraits in Yinan" and published them separately.There are chapters written by Zeng Zhaoyu alone in the two big books. The solid foundation she laid down when she studied with Hu Xiaoshi at Central University and the new knowledge she learned while studying abroad at the University of London have been fully demonstrated in these two reports. The incisive insights and profound knowledge have greatly improved the academic status of the two reports, which are valued by the academic circles across the country.

The date when the stone tombs with portraits of the Han Dynasty in Yinan, Shandong were excavated was the time when the newly discovered Erligang Shang Dynasty ancient city site in Zhengzhou was about to be excavated on a large scale. During the excavation, Zeng Zhaoyu and Yin Huanzhang, director of the Archaeological Department of Nanjing Museum (according to the south: a participant in the excavation of the Yin Ruins before the Anti-Japanese War, one of the "Ten Brothers" of the Institute of History and Philology) led a team to Zhengzhou, and merged with the first team of the Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Work Team to form a team , Ren Zhengde and deputy captain, and jointly excavated the Erligang site in Zhengzhou. From 1955 to 1958, Zeng Zhaoyu and Yin Huanzhang led the cultural relics team to carry out archaeological excavations on the Beiyinyangying site in Nanjing four times.During this period, the tomb of Marquis Cai was discovered in Shouxian County, Anhui. From May to June 1955, Zeng led a team to Anhui to excavate and clean the tomb of Marquis Cai together with local cultural relics workers, so as to make effective research on the large number of precious cultural relics unearthed. Protection, collection. In 1960, Zeng once again led a team to Lianyungang, Jiangsu, and excavated the Erjian site for the first time... Archaeological excavations time and time again enabled Zeng Zhaoyu to fully utilize the knowledge he had learned at home and abroad, and also ushered in Nanjing Museum's history. The most glorious era.Not long after, Zeng Zhaoyu collaborated with Yin Huanzhang to complete the article "On Hushu Culture", and then systematically sorted out the archaeological materials in Jiangsu area, and wrote a long paper "Two Problems in the Ancient History of Jiangsu", which was published in "Jianghai Xuexue Journal".All of this means that the academic performance of Zeng Zhaoyu and the researchers of Nanjing Museum has entered a golden age. This is not only Zeng's personal luck, but also the glory of all colleagues in Nanjing Museum.

In order to make the published academic papers more mature and lay the foundation for new research topics, Zeng Zhaoyu believes that it is necessary to conduct actual investigations and visits in various places, extensively collect materials for identification and research, in order to achieve national and world-class academic standards.Two years later, Zeng and Yin started to act. They successively visited seven provinces and cities including Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shandong, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi. Finally, the first draft was revised and published as the "preface" of "Selected Collection of Unearthed Cultural Relics in Jiangsu Province".This thesis is the result of comprehensive research on archeology in Jiangsu since the founding of New China, and it is also a full discussion on the ancient history of Jiangsu by using archaeological data to verify relevant documents and records. Brilliant and enduring. At the same time, based on more than ten years of research and practice in the museum industry, Zeng Zhaoyu has successively written forward-looking plans such as "The Collection and Preservation of Museum Collections" and "Nanjing Museum's Twelve-Year Long-term Planning Outline" (draft), It has laid a solid foundation for long-term development.As a behemoth in the industry, Nanjing Museum squats on the bank of the Yangtze River, overlooking the south of the Yangtze River and the Central Plains to the north, and is superior to other heroes.The Nanbo Museum led by Zeng and the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which Xia Nai presided over daily work, echoed from the north to the south, and a new pattern has formed.Zeng Zhaoyue and Xia Nai, as the two only surviving "sea turtles" who studied in the UK and top scholars in this field, were known as a pair of neck-and-neck leaders by the cultural and cultural circles at that time, and they were known as "Zeng Zeng in the South and Xia in the North". On September 9, 1954, Zeng Zhaoyu, who was lucky enough to pass through the mysterious "organization" test like a dragon floating in the world without a tail, was "rectified" and officially became the director of Nanjing Museum, taking control of the whole world. The overall affairs of the hospital.Just like the young Xia Nai who joined the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zeng Zhaoyu's decision not to go to Taiwan but to stay in the mainland seems to be wise at this time. In 1956, Zeng Zhaoyu attended the meeting as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, during which he was invited to a banquet by Mao Zedong and other central leaders, and Zeng also had the opportunity to see the sky.At this banquet, Mao Zedong "clinked glasses and drank wine" with Zeng Zhaoyu and several other women, and talked freely.When asked about Zeng Zhaoyu's life experience and occupation, Mao Zi was very interested, and talked about the history and achievements of the Zeng family.Mao Zedong's mother was from Tangjiatuo, Xiangxiang. As a teenager, Mao Zedong lived and studied at his grandmother's house in Xiangxiang, and he highly respected the great sages of Xiangxiang, especially Zeng Guofan. In the spring of 1913, Mao Zedong entered the Hunan Provincial Fourth Normal School (which was then merged into the First Normal School) to study. During his five-and-a-half-year study career, under the guidance and influence of his teacher Yang Changji, the young Mao Zedong carefully studied the "three principles of morality, meritorious service and speech". To be immortal, to be a teacher, to be a general, and to be a perfect person" Zeng Guofan's thought.It can be seen from Mao's lecture notebook "Lecture Records" that he devoted himself to reading "Zeng Wenzheng Gong's Family Letter", "Zeng Wenzheng Gong's Diary", "Sage Portraits" and other books. On August 23, 1917, Mao Zedong wrote in a long letter to Li Jinxi: "The world is too big. The organization of society is extremely complicated, and it has a history of thousands of years. The wisdom of the people is filthy, and it is difficult to open up. . . . People, only obey Zeng Wenzheng. Watch him clean up Hong Yang, and he is perfect. If you change his position today, can he be as perfect as that?" This passage shows the young Mao Zedong's love and admiration for Zeng Wenzheng. Affection.It was this historical origin and turmoil that Mao Zedong left a deep impression on Zeng Zhaoyu, and he specifically mentioned Zeng Zhaoyu in a speech, saying that "the descendants of Zeng Guofan, there is another named Zeng Zhaoyu" and so on.