Chapter 41 Appendix 1 Genghis Khan Family
In the very cold northern part of China, people in the mountains, grasslands, deserts, and forests live by hunting, fishing, and nomadic animal husbandry.They were divided into many different tribes, all later called Mongols.
There are two brothers, the elder brother has good eyesight, so it is said that he has three eyes and one in the middle of his forehead.One day, the two brothers were standing on a high mountain looking out, and saw a group of people coming along the river.The elder brother said to the younger brother, "There is a beautiful girl sitting in the car over there, who can be your wife." The younger brother walked over and saw that the girl was really beautiful.The two brothers snatched the girl, Ya Lanhua, and made her brother's wife.
Yalanhua gave birth to two sons.Then her husband died.She gave birth to three more sons.The two elder sons secretly discussed: "Father died, but mother gave birth to three sons. There is only one servant in our family, so these three children are his sons?" Ya Lanhua knew what the two elder sons were talking about.One day in spring, she cooked cured mutton for her five sons to eat, and then asked them to sit side by side, and each gave them an arrow to break, and they broke it easily; Get up and tell them to break the arrow. The five brothers took turns trying to bend the arrow, but they couldn't break it.
Ya Lanhua said: "Eldest child, second child, you doubt how the three younger brothers were born and whose children they are. I don't blame you. You don't know that every night, there is a light shining into my tent from the skylight, turned into a yellowish man, came to touch my belly, and then the man became a light, and went out through the skylight. These three children are the sons of the gods. All five of you were born from my belly Yes, if you scatter one by one, it will be broken by anyone like an arrow. If you love each other and work together, it will be as strong as five arrows joined together, and no one will be able to break you."
After the death of their mother Ya Lanhua, the five brothers were not in harmony.The four elder brothers said that the younger Boduanchaer didn't like to talk, he was a fool, and he didn't give him any livestock.The little brother had to ride a skinny horse with a bald tail and sores, and went out hunting along the Onon River to make a living, picking up the leftover meat left over after the wild wolves had eaten it.
But Buduanchaer is not a fool, but a wolf.He robbed other people's livestock, took a pregnant woman as his wife, married another woman as his wife, and captured people from other tribes as slaves.He is the ancestor of Genghis Khan.
Boduanchaer and his four elder brothers have many descendants, they have been reproduced from generation to generation, and they are divided into many tribes of Mongolians.
Among the many tribes formed by the descendants of Butanchaer, one of the chiefs was called Yesugai.One day, he was hunting falcons in the wild, and saw a man passing by with his beautiful new wife.Yesugai returned home and called his elder brother and younger brother to chase after the couple.
The man's name was Chiliedu, and he was from the tribe of Merkid. He was very frightened when he saw the three men chasing fiercely. Turn around and go back to the car where his wife is sitting.His wife Hoerlun (meaning "cloud") said: "Those three people came after you and wanted to kill you. As long as you save your life, it is not difficult to get another wife. There are women in every car seat, and there are women in every car seat." You can find your wife. If you miss me, marry another wife and ask her to use my name. Now you run away, smelling my fragrance and running away." Take off the shirt on your body and give it to him.Just as Chiliedu took over the shirt, he saw the three men chasing after them around the mountain pass, so he patted his horse and fled away.
The three brothers chased him for a while, but they couldn't catch him, so they came back and took Ho'erlun away.She cried loudly, but there was nothing she could do.Ye Su should take her home and marry her.
Yesugai and Hoelun had four sons and a daughter.The eldest son was born holding a clotted blood clot in the palm of his left hand.At that time, Yesugai fought against the enemy, and one of the captured prisoners was named Temujin, so he named his son Temujin to commemorate this victory.
Temujin was later Genghis Khan.
When Temujin was nine years old (some books say that he was thirteen years old), his father also took him to his grandmother's house to propose marriage, and met a relative Dexue Chan on the way.
Seeing Temujin's bright eyes and radiant face, Dexuechan was very happy and said that he had a daughter and invited his father and son to see it.Seeing the little girl's delicate features, Ye Su should propose to De Xuechan.De Xuechan agreed.The little girl's name was Pu'ertie, and she was one year older than Temujin, ten years old.
Yesugei took the horses he had brought as a gift, left his son at De Xuechan's house, and went back.On the way, I met a group of Tatars at a banquet.The Tatars offered him wine, but remembering that Yesugai had robbed them before, they put poison in the food.
On the way home, Yesugei felt very unwell. He barely managed to walk for three days. When he returned home, he died of poison.
According to Yesugai's instructions, Menglik went to bring Temujin back home.Seeing that his father was dead, Temujin threw himself on the ground and cried loudly.
Yesugai was the leader of the tribe. After his death, his son was young, and the tribe abandoned Mrs. Hoerlun, mother and son, and joined another tribe, the Taiyichiud.Mrs. Ho'erun rushed up and begged, but it was useless.A loyal clansman advised everyone not to leave, but hacked them to death with a knife instead.
Mrs. Hoelun's family had a hard life. She picked wild fruits and vegetables and raised her children.
Yasugai's other wife had two sons, Bekti and Belgutei, who also lived with Mrs. Hoelun and Temujin.
One day, Temujin went fishing with his brother Khasar, who was two years younger than him, and Beket and Belgutei.Temujin and Khasar caught a whitebait, but the other two brothers snatched it.Brother Temujin was very angry and went back to tell his mother.Mrs. Hoerlun advised them to make up, saying that we are all sons of the same father and should not quarrel, but should work together to avenge the Taiyichiud people.
Temujin and Gasaer did not listen to their mother's words, and said, "Yesterday we shot a sparrow and they snatched it, and today we are here to snatch the fish. We can't be bullied by them all the time." The two brothers ran away angrily. out.
Beket was sitting on the hill grazing horses, when suddenly he saw Temujin hiding from behind, and Khasar coming from the front, both holding bows and arrows, knowing that something was wrong, he said: "We are being attacked by the Tayichiud people. Humiliation, revenge has not been repaid, why do you treat me as a thorn in the side? We are all alone, with no other friends except the shadow; no other whip except the horsetail. Why do you want to kill each other? Please Don't kill my brother Belgutei." After saying that, he sat cross-legged and did not resist.Temujin and Khasar shot him dead one after the other.
The two brothers go home.As soon as she entered the door, Mrs. Hoerlun understood the expressions of the two of them. She became very angry and scolded them severely.
When Temujin grew up, the Tayichiuds captured him and tried to kill him, but he escaped.
Later, Temujin went to marry Puerte, the wife his father had given him when he was a child.Pu Ertie brought a valuable sable fur coat as a dowry.Temujin took the ermine jacket to his father's old friend Wang Han.
Wang Han thought of Ye Sugai's old love, took good care of Temujin, and recognized him as his adopted son.
One day in the middle of the night, the Merkids came to attack suddenly. Fortunately, Mrs. Hoelun's maidservant had good ears and heard it from a distance, and quickly woke them up to run away.Temujin hid in Burkhan Mountain, and the enemy couldn't find him.But Temujin's wife, Puerte, who had no horse to ride, hid in an ox cart and was discovered by the Merkids.
The Merkids were the tribe of Chiledu, Madam Hoerun's ex-husband, and they attacked in the middle of the night in order to retaliate against Madam Hoerun's loss.They captured the young and beautiful Pu'erte, and their vengeance had been avenged, but they could not find Temujin, so they withdrew their troops and returned, and gave Pu'erte to Chiliedu's brother as his wife.
Temujin went to seek help from his adoptive father, Wang Han.Wang Han mobilized his troops, and invited another adopted son, Jamuka, to join forces with Temujin on three routes to attack the Merkids.After fighting for a long time, the Merkid tribe was defeated.Temujin was very happy to take his wife back.
Pu Ertie gave birth to a son on the way home, and wrapped him in flour without a baby.This son was born to the Merkid marauder by her.Temujin didn't mind, he regarded the child as his own son, and named him Jochi, which means "guest".
Tiemuzhen was smart, brave, and knowledgeable. He became more and more powerful, defeated countless enemies, and became the common leader of many tribes in Mongolia.Everyone respects him as Genghis Khan. "Genghis" means "the sea", praising him as great as the ocean.
He had three sons and several daughters by his wife Puerte.
Genghis Khan took revenge and wiped out the Tayichiud tribe and the Tatar tribe who killed his father.
Genghis Khan discussed with his subordinates how to deal with the prisoners of the Tatar tribe.Everyone said that all the men in the Tatar tribe were killed if they were taller than the axle, and the women and children were given to everyone as slaves.
Genghis Khan's half-brother Belgutei came out of the tent after the meeting.Someone in Tatar's department asked him, "What did you discuss?" Belgutai said, "It is decided to kill all of your men who are taller than the axle." suffered a great loss.Genghis Khan was very angry and gave an order that Belgutei would not be allowed to attend a family meeting in the future.
Genghis Khan married Yisugan, a beautiful girl from the Tatar Department, as his concubine.Isugan said: "My sister is also more beautiful than me." Genghis Khan said: "If I find your sister, will you give her seat?" Isugan said: "Yes." Genghis Khan sent someone to look for it.
Ye Sui and her husband took refuge in the woods and were finally captured by soldiers, but her husband ran away.Ye Sui was indeed very beautiful, and Genghis Khan loved her very much.
One day, when Genghis Khan was sitting between the two sisters Ye Sui and Yi Sugan drinking, Ye Sui let out a long sigh with a gloomy look on his face.He became suspicious, called the two generals, Borshu and Mu Huali, and ordered: "Separate all the people one by one. No one from other departments is allowed in your own department."
After this separation, there was a young man left without a place to go. After investigation, it turned out that he was from Tatar, that is, Ye Sui's husband.Genghis Khan said angrily: "This man has malicious intentions and is here with us. What does he want to do? Any man in Tatar's department who is taller than the axle will be executed. What else can I say? Kill him quickly." He killed him.
Genghis Khan still loved Ye Sui the same.
Genghis Khan's expedition to the east and west took many prisoners.
He distributed 10,000 households of people to his mother and younger brother Wo Chijin as slaves.Mrs. Hoerlun, his mother, thought it was too small, but she didn't make a sound.To the eldest son Shuchi 9,000 households, the second son Chahetai 8,000 households, the third son Wokuotai 5,000 households, and the youngest son Tuolei 5,000 households.Four thousand households were given to the second brother Hesaer, two thousand households to the third brother Hechiwen, and fifteen hundred households to the half-brother Belgutei.
His uncle once surrendered to the enemy, and Genghis Khan wanted to kill him regardless of the prisoners.Generals Bo Ershu, Mu Huali and others persuaded him hard, saying that his uncle and his father lived in the same tent and ate in the same pot since childhood.Genghis Khan thought of his father, so he spared his uncle from killing him.
When Genghis Khan's father was also dying, he entrusted his wife and children to Menglik to take care of him.Monrique had seven sons.He married Mrs. Hoerlun as his wife and became the stepfather of Genghis Khan.
Among Menglik's seven sons, one named Kokuchu was a wizard and the most learned man among the Mongols. The title "Genghis Khan" was proposed by him.He pretended to be mischievous and claimed that he often rode to the sky on horseback, so the patriarchs of all Mongolian tribes respected him very much.Kuo Kuo Chu became more and more arrogant. Once he united six brothers and captured Genghis Khan's younger brother Khasa'er, hung him up and beat him severely.
Hesaer is a famous warrior on the grassland. It is said that he is stronger than three bulls and can shoot arrows as far as five hundred feet.He was so tall that they said he could eat a calf at a meal.That was exaggeration, of course, but he was always a great man.
Genghis Khan was in a bad mood at that time, and when he heard the news that Hesar was hanged and beaten, he scolded him and said, "People say that all living things in the world can't beat you. Why were you defeated by others?" The son was very sad, and left with tears in his eyes. He didn't see his brother for three days.
Kuo Kuo went out to challenge Genghis Khan, saying: "God has an order: Let Temujin be in power this time, and Khasar will be in power next time. So if you don't beware of Khasar, you will have serious troubles."
Genghis Khan believed it, and immediately set off to arrest Khasar.
Mrs. Hoerlun got the news, hurriedly took a white camel car, drove all night, and arrived at dawn, only to find that Genghis Khan had bound Khasar's sleeves, took off his hat, and was interrogating him severely. to kill him.When he saw his mother coming, he avoided it.Mrs. Hoerlun angrily got out of the car, untied Khasar's sleeves with her own hands, sat down cross-legged, unbuttoned her shirt, exposed her two breasts, and said, "Child Temujin, did you see that? Are you eating this milk?" I have grown up. Your third and fourth younger brothers have not finished eating one milk, but your second brother Khasar has already eaten both of my breasts. He has eaten the milk of both of my breasts and made my chest feel comfortable. I am happy in my heart. Hesaer is extremely powerful, and his arrow skills are good, and he has defeated countless enemies. Now that the enemy is over, don't you want Hesaer?"
In order to appease his mother's anger, Genghis Khan said: "My mother blamed me, I am ashamed, and I will not dare to do this in the future."
Although he did not kill Khasar, he was always worried that Khasar would snatch his power, so he secretly captured most of the people led by Khasar. Of the original 4,000 households, only one thousand remained for him. Four hundred households.Later Mrs. Hoerlun found out, she was very depressed, she grew old very quickly, and died soon after.Many of Khasar's subordinates were frightened, and they all ran away quietly.
The power of the wizard Kuo Kuo gradually expanded, and many tribes went to him and embraced him as their leader.Some of the slaves of Genghis Khan's younger brother Wo Chijin fled to Kuo Kuo Chu, and Wo Chijin sent people to ask for them back.Kuo Kuo beat his envoy, forbidding him to ride a horse, and told him to carry a saddle on his back and return on foot.
Wu Chijin went to reason in person.Kuo Kuo's seven brothers surrounded him and wanted to beat him.Wo Chijin was so frightened that he had to admit his mistake.The Seven Brothers forced him to kneel in front of Kuo Kuo Chu to repent.
The next morning, before Genghis Khan got up, Wo Chijin went to the tent and knelt down and cried.Mrs. Puertie, who was sleeping with Genghis Khan, sat up and pulled the quilt to cover her naked chest. Seeing Orchijin crying bitterly, she couldn't help but also shed tears, and said to her husband: "They hanged Khasar, and Forcing Orchijin to kneel down and bully your good brother. After you die in the future, the vast land you left behind will of course be taken away by them." Genghis Khan said to Orchijin: "Kuokuo will come here, you He will know how to take revenge." Wu Chijin wiped away his tears, went outside the tent, and prepared to dispatch three strong men.
Not long after, Genghis Khan's stepfather Menglik led his seven sons into the tent together.Wo Chijin grabbed Kuo Kuo's collar and said: "Yesterday you forced me to kneel down and repent, now we wrestle." Kuo Kuo turned around and twisted Wo Chijin's collar.Genghis Khan said: "Go outside, you will have a fight." Wo Chijin pulled Kuo Kuo Chu out, and the three strong men who had laid down in advance came up to him, grabbed Kuo Kuo Chu, and broke his waist.Wo Chijin went back into the tent and said, "Kuo Kuo wrestled with me, and when I was defeated, I played foolishly, lying on the ground and refused to get up."
The old man Menglik understood the reason, and said to Genghis Khan: "When your vast land is still like a small clod, I will be your companion. When the raging river is like a stream, I will be with you." We got acquainted. Why don't you miss your old relationship?"
His six sons blocked the tent door, surrounded the brazier, and rolled up their sleeves to fight.Genghis Khan became anxious, and shouted: "Get out of the way!" He rushed out of the tent, and all the guards came up to protect him.
When Genghis Khan saw Kuo Kuo's body, he ordered someone to fetch an old tent and put it on the body.
The next morning, the closed skylight of the tent was opened, but the door of the tent was still closed, but the dead body disappeared and could never be found again.
Genghis Khan said to everyone: "The wizard Kuo Kuo beat my brother and said bad things to separate us brothers, which violated the will of God, so God took his life and body."⑤
Genghis Khan blamed Menglik again for not punishing him and his other sons for his mother's sake.
Genghis Khan led an army to crusade against Khwarazmo.It was a large Muslim country in the west of the Mongols, with a vast land, a large population, and a strong military force⑥.Sultan Mahmo of Khwarazmo was arrogant and confused.
On the eve of Genghis Khan's army, the concubine also said to him: "The Great Khan climbed higher mountains, crossed great rivers, and made long-distance expeditions. If your golden body like a mountain suddenly collapsed, who will govern your Mongolian country? You are like a pillar. The golden body suddenly collapsed, who will hold your majestic banner high? Who will be in power among your four sons? Please leave the will of the Great Khan."
Everyone had already thought about this matter, but no one dared to mention it.She was also Genghis Khan's favorite concubine, so she spoke out.
Genghis Khan convened the crowd and said: "Although Ye Sui is a woman, what she said is quite right. Don't tell me about my younger brother, son, Borshu, and Mu Huali. I don't know that I am old. You will die, and you forgot about it. Jochi, you are my eldest son, what do you say?"
Before Jochi could speak, the second son, Chagatai, said loudly, "Father asked Jochi to speak, what do you want him to do? Can we let Merkid's bastard rule?"
Hearing what Cha Hetai said, Jochi jumped up and grabbed his lapel, angrily said: "My father and king never treat me as an outsider, why do you always go against me? What are you doing better than me? You It’s nothing but being irritable and proud. I will compete with you for arrows, and if I lose, I will cut off my thumb. I will compete with you, and if I lose, I will fall to the ground and never get up. Please order, my father.” The two brothers pulled each other Wear the placket.Bo'ershu rushed forward and grabbed Jochi's hand, while Mu Huali grabbed Chagatai's hand.Genghis Khan turned pale and remained silent.
The minister Kuo Kesi said: "Chagatai, why do you say such a thing? Before you were born, people from all tribes and ethnic groups were fighting in the dark, and they didn't even have time to sleep. Everyone just fought and plundered day and night. Chagatai Ah, your words make your mother sad. You are both the sons of Mrs. Poultier, brothers of the same country. If you say this, you will forget the great kindness of your mother and make her cry. How much did your wise father and king have at the beginning of the founding of the country? Difficulties, hardships, hunger and thirst, and sweat on the soles of your feet. Your mothers endure hardships together, leave you delicious food and drink, and wash your excrement and urine until you can stand and ride horses. What your mothers look forward to is the happiness of your beloved son, and you Don't make her sad."
Genghis Khan said: "You can't say that about Jochi. Of course, Jochi is my eldest son, so don't say that again."
Chagatai smiled and said: "Jochi is capable. Jochi and I are both the eldest son of the father. We will work together to help the father. The third brother O Kuotai is kind. I recommend him to succeed the father in the future. King's great cause."
Genghis Khan asked Jochi, "What do you say?" Jochi knew that he had no hope of succeeding to the throne, so he said, "Chagatai's words are good. The two of us will work together for you. I will also recommend Okuotai." Genghis Khan said: " The world is vast, and there are many rivers and rivers. As long as you do your best to attack foreign countries, if there is plenty of land, you can take it and use it as a pasture. Jochi and Chagatai, you two must be harmonious in the future, and you must not be ridiculed." Both of them replied Allowed.
Genghis Khan asked Wo Kuotai: "What do you have to say?" Wo Kuotai said: "Given by my father and recommended by my two elder brothers, I can only do my best. If my descendants can't do it, even though they are covered with grass, the cows will not eat them. Even though it is wrapped in oil and dogs don’t eat it, then there will be children and grandchildren of brothers to hold up the banner of the father.”
Genghis Khan nodded in agreement, and asked his fourth son, Tuo Lei, "What do you have to say?" Tuo Lei and Wo Kuotai had always been very friendly, and said, "I would like to help the third brother Wo Kuotai with all my strength. He forgot, let me remind you." Him. He fell asleep, and I woke him up. He went out to fight, and I was always by his side."
So Genghis Khan made Wo Kuotai his successor.
When attacking Khwarizim, Shuchi and Chagatai were still at odds, the two armies could not coordinate, and the battle was disadvantageous.Genghis Khan sent Wo Kuotai as the commander-in-chief to lead the two armies, and only then did he win steadily.
Shuchi, Chagatai, and Wokuotai attacked Khwarazmo's capital Yulongjiechi Great City⑦.The three brothers took the common people and craftsmen in the city, but did not leave it to their father and king.When the three brothers came back, Genghis Khan was very angry and did not see him for three days.
Generals such as Bo Ershu and Mu Huali persuaded him: "In order to teach the Sultan of Khwarazmo a lesson, we have beaten him to death. Although Yulong Jiechi's people were divided by the three sons of the Great Khan, they are also separated from the Great Khan. Khan himself is the same. Our army has won a great victory, and everyone is very happy. Why should Khan be angry? My sons have done something wrong, and they are very afraid. They will be careful in the future, please allow them to have an audience."
Genghis Khan accepted the advice, ordered his three sons to come in for an interview, quoted old sayings from his ancestors, and scolded him heavily.Jochi, Chahetai, and Okuotai stood there, sweat dripping down their faces, feeling ashamed and afraid at the same time.
The three guards who guarded the quiver persuaded the Khan: "The sons have won the battle, and the Khan took such a heavy responsibility, which made them discouraged. The sons have already realized their mistakes. From the place where the sun rises to the place where the sun sets, there are still many enemies. Let us attack them, the Sultan of Baghdad, and rob them of their gold, silver, and silk. Please be appeased, Khan."
Genghis Khan's anger calmed down, and he rewarded his generals and three guards to reconcile with his three sons.
Genghis Khan had many queens and concubines, and he let them live in five places. The Mongols lived in tents, so they were called five Orduo, and Orduo means "palace tent".
The first wife of Orduo is Empress Puertie, followed by five empresses, and many concubines below.The situation of each Orduo is the same, but there are more or less concubines.Empress Puertie gave birth to four sons, Jochi, Chagatai, Wokuotai, and Tuolei, and five daughters.
The queen of the second Orduo is Queen Hulan.Her father was a chieftain of the Merkid tribe, who originally followed Tayang Khan of the Naiman tribe to fight against Genghis Khan.After Tayang Khan was defeated and died, the chief took his daughter to surrender to Genghis Khan, dedicating his beautiful daughter to him.Walking on the road, I met Na Ya'a, a general under Genghis Khan.Naya'a said: "The battle is fierce now. If you father and daughter meet the army on the road, you may suffer and your daughter will be insulted. You stay with me. When the war is over, I will escort you to the Great Khan." So the father and daughter lived in Naya's tent for three days before going to see Genghis Khan.
Genghis Khan was furious and wanted to kill Naya'a, saying that he shouldn't have kept such a beautiful girl in the tent for three days.Hulan and Naya are busy explaining what happened.Genghis Khan found out that Hulan was still a virgin, he doted on her very much, and made great use of the loyal Nayaa, thinking that such a beautiful girl was still a virgin after living in his tent for three days, this person can entrust great things .
Genghis Khan liked Hulan very much and called her "my petite beauty".Queen Hulan gave birth to a son named Kuolejian.Genghis Khan treated him like four legitimate sons.Later, Kuolejian followed Batu to the west and died of an arrow in Russia.
The second queen of Orduo is called Gu'er Basu, and she is the stepmother of Tayang Khan.When Tayang Khan and Genghis Khan were fighting, Guer Basu once said that the Mongols stink.This sentence was heard by Genghis Khan, and later he captured her and asked her: "Do you think we Mongolians stink?" He married her that night, and probably asked her to smell whether he stinks.
The third Orduo's queen is Ye Sui.Among the queens, she and Queen Hulan are the most favored.When Genghis Khan went out to fight, sometimes he took Hulan with him, and sometimes he took Yesu with him.
The queen of the fourth Orduo is Queen Yisugan.She is the younger sister of Empress Ye Sui.Because she recommended her sister, Genghis Khan got the Queen.She married Genghis Khan earlier, but she was willing to be under her sister.
The third empress of the fourth Orduo is named Empress Heda'an, and she is the younger sister of Chi Laowen, one of the four great heroes.Genghis Khan was captured by the Taiyichiud people when he was young, and he escaped and hid in the woolen cart of Chilaowen's house to escape.Later, Genghis Khan destroyed the Tayichiwuti tribe, Heda'an's husband was killed by the rebels, and she was captured by the Mongolian soldiers.She saw Genghis Khan from a distance, and shouted: "Tiemuzhen, save me." Genghis Khan took her as his wife.
In addition to the four great Orduo, there is another "Princess Orduo", who is the princess of the Kingdom of Jin.Genghis Khan led his troops to besiege Yanjing, and the emperor of the Kingdom of Jin sent his daughter Princess Qiguo to seek peace.At that time, there were seven unmarried princesses in the palace of the Kingdom of Jin. The princess of the Qi Kingdom was the most beautiful and intelligent, and she was called "Miss Sister" in the palace.After this "little sister" married Genghis Khan, she was very respected, and the Mongolians called her "Princess Queen".Genghis Khan specially set up a "Princess Orduo" for her.
The five Orduo are located in different places, far apart⑨.
Genghis Khan conquered Xixia and killed a large number of Xixia people. He died in Xixia on July 12, the Year of the Pig (Dinghai, 1227), at the age of seventy-three.The place where he died was Qingshui County in eastern Gansu.The queen also accompanied him all the time.
The cart carried the golden coffin of the Great Khan back to the east, and when it came to a place, the wheels sank into the ground and did not move, and many horses could not pull it.A good singer sang: "O Khan, you have abandoned the world and gone. Your queen, prince, relatives, and homeland are all waiting for you to go back. The hometown where you were born is still far away. Your Pu Empress Ertie, Empress Hulan, your companions Bo Ershu and Mu Huali are all waiting for you to go back. Since the girls in Xixia are beautiful, have you forgotten your relatives in Mongolia?"
After singing like this, the car moved and sent Genghis Khan's body back to Mongolia.The generals strictly kept secrets, and killed all pedestrians they met on the road, so as not to leak the news.
The coffin of the Great Khan was displayed one by one in the Orduo of each queen, and finally buried in Burhan Mountain.
When Genghis Khan was young, he was chased by the Merkids and escaped into Mount Burkhan, where he escaped the catastrophe.Burhan Mountain is the birthplace of Onan River and Qilulian River.Genghis Khan once meditated under a big tree in the valley for a long time, and said that he would be buried under this big tree.His sons obeyed his will.After the burial, the tomb was not built, and the Mongolian soldiers rode a large group of horses to level the land, and then dense forests grew around it.The real location has not been found yet⑩.
The great empire conquered by Genghis Khan ran from the center to the four directions on horseback. It is said that it took a year to gallop from the southeast to the north and south to reach the border.He divided this great empire among his four sons.
The fiefdom of the eldest son, Jochi, is called the "Qipchak Khanate" in the area of the Alkaline Sea, the Don River, and the Volga River in today's Soviet Union.Because at that time these places were called Kipchak.
Jochi was the eldest son, but he was not allowed to inherit the great position, and the fief was far away, so he was unhappy, and later fell ill.Genghis Khan sent him to conquer the northern regions of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, but Jochi was not dispatched soon, and Genghis Khan was very unhappy.Later, Genghis Khan conquered the Western Regions and returned to Mongolia, and called Shuchi to meet him several times along the way.Jochi was ill and could not come to see him.At that time, a Mongol came from the territory of Jochi, and Genghis Khan asked about Jochi's condition.The man said that the eldest prince was in good health, and he saw him hunting with a large team before he left.Genghis Khan was furious, so he led his troops to punish the crimes, and sent Wo Kuotai and Chagatai as vanguards.Just as the army was about to set off, the news of Jochi's death arrived on a fast horse.Genghis Khan was very sad, and when he asked about the cause of death, he found out that he had been ill for a long time, and it was actually Jochi's subordinates who went hunting that time.The Great Khan wanted to arrest and punish the person who spread false news, but the person had already fled.
Jochi was forty-nine years old when he died, and had fourteen sons.The eldest son Erda, the second son Batu.Erda knew that he was not as talented as his younger brother, and the two brothers were friendly, so he gave Batu the right to inherit the father's throne.
Chagatai's eldest son is called Motugen.Among his many grandsons, Genghis Khan loved Motugen the most.When attacking Khwarazmo, there was a siege, and Motugen was shot to death by the enemy.Genghis Khan was very sad. After the city was broken, he killed all the people in the city to avenge his grandson.
At that time Chagatai didn't know that his son was dead, and no one else dared to tell him.One day, Genghis Khan had dinner with his sons and pretended to lose his temper, saying that his sons were disobedient, especially angry with Chagatai.Chagatai was very frightened and said, "If I don't obey my father's orders, I am willing to be executed by my father." Genghis Khan said, "You will obey whatever I tell you, right?" Chagatai said: "Yes. My son is determined not to disobey his orders." Genghis Khan said: "Then you listen to my orders. Your son Motugen is dead. I tell you not to be sad." Chagatai was shocked, desperately holding back tears, pretending not to be sad. Sad, I finished my meal quietly, and then went to the wild alone to cry loudly.
Chagatai has a bad temper, but he is very good at distinguishing right from wrong. If there are any disputes in the army, if there are unresolved problems, he will judge them, and they are always very fair.
Wo Kuotai was able to inherit the big position, and Chagatai made the greatest contribution.After Wo Kuotai succeeded to the throne, he always sent someone to seek advice from his second elder brother when encountering major events, and he respected him very much.
The fiefs of Chagatai are located in Xinjiang, Afghanistan, and the Uzbek Republic of the Soviet Union. They are called the "Chagatai Khanate" and have a very large area.
Wokuotai's territory "Wokutai Khanate" is near Lake Balkhash in Central Asia, Soviet Union.He is the co-lord of Mongolia, ruling Mongolia and northern China, so the "Ogodei Khanate" as a special territory has a very small area.
Wo Kuotai was a profuse sweater for thirteen years, and died at the age of fifty-six, suffering from alcoholism.He has a bright and upright personality, magnanimity and gentleness. He once publicly reviewed himself, saying: "Since I inherited the throne of my father, I have done four good things. First, I conquered the Kingdom of Jin; Thirdly, wells were dug in many places without water, so that the people had abundant water plants to breed livestock; fourthly, governors were set up in the conquered cities so that all the people could live and work in peace. I also did four wrong things. First, I inherited a great position and was ordered to rule all nations, but I was drunk all the time. Second, I forcibly married a woman from the tribe of my uncle Wo Chijin, which is unreasonable ; thirdly, I mistakenly believed in slander, and killed my father's hero, Dohelehu. He was a loyal man, and I regretted it very much; .”
Tuo Lei is the youngest son of Genghis Khan, and he is the most beloved.Genghis Khan often asked Tuo Lei to accompany him when he went to war, calling him "companion".After Genghis Khan's death, he handed over most of the elite soldiers and generals to him. Therefore, among the four sons, the Tuolei family has the strongest troops and the most powerful.Tuolei is wise and popular.When Genghis Khan passed away, Chagatai and Okuotai were both leading troops outside, and only Tuolei was in the headquarters of Mongolia. Therefore, he decided all military and state affairs, and he was called "Jianguo".
According to the Mongolian custom, the king is jointly elected by the princes and generals. This meeting is called "Kuriertai".Although Genghis Khan had a will for Wo Kuotai to succeed him, according to traditional habits, he still had to hold a "Kuriertai" to formally elect him.
During the meeting, the princes, son-in-laws, and generals all tried their best to recommend Tuo Lei.Wo Kuotai didn't dare to take over the position.Tuo Lei advocated respecting his father's will.The meeting lasted for more than forty days without a decision.In the end, under Tuo Lei's insistence, Wo Chijin and Chagatai also agreed to support Wo Kuotai, and Wo Kuotai was recognized by Kuriltai.
In the Year of the Rabbit (Xinmao, 1231), Wokuotai Khan personally conquered the Kingdom of Jin, broke through Juyongguan, occupied many cities, and suddenly fell ill and could not speak.After divination, the wizard said: "Because there are too many people killed in the Kingdom of Jin, the gods of the mountains and rivers are haunting the Great Khan. One of the relatives must die on his behalf, otherwise the disease will not be cured."
Tuo Lei said: "I promised my father that I will help the emperor wholeheartedly, and I am willing to die on behalf of the emperor. Wizard, please recite the curse." The wizard recited the curse and gave Tuo Lei a drink of divine water.Tuo Lei said: "Brother Huang, please take care of my orphan and wife." He died soon after.After Tuo Leidai's death, Wo Kuotai's illness really recovered⑾.
The Mongols admire Tuo Lei very much.Wo Kuotai was even more grateful, and once said that after his death in the future, he would pass on the throne to Tuo Lei's eldest son, Meng Ge.
In the seventh year of Wo Kuotai's reign as the Great Khan, various Russian ministries rose up to rebel.Wo Kuotai obeyed Chagatai's advice and ordered the kings, son-in-law, Wanhu, and Qianhu to send their eldest sons to fight.Because each eldest son has many soldiers and generals under his command, his strength is particularly strong, with a total strength of about 150,000 troops.This Western Expedition was called the "Eldest Son's Expedition".
Batu was the successor of Jochi, the eldest son (actually the second son) among the eldest sons, and he was the commander in chief.察合台部派长子莫图根（已死）的长子不里统军，窝阔台部由长子贵由统军，拖雷部由长子蒙哥统军。统军的是长子，但别的儿子也有不少参加远征。
大军西征，势如破竹，平定了钦察、北俄罗斯、南俄罗斯，攻克莫斯科、基辅等大城。
在征服俄罗斯等十一个国家之后，拔都决定分兵三路西征，于是搭起大帐设宴。在宴会中却发生了一场大争吵。
拔都是长兄，又是大军统帅，宴会还没有开始，便拿起酒杯来先饮了几杯。察合台的孙子不里、窝阔台的儿子贵由十分不满，吵嚷起来。不里骂道：“拔都为甚么先饮酒？他自以为是元帅，其实是个生胡子的婆娘，早就该将他踏在脚底下。”贵由说：“这是个带弓箭的婆娘，我们二人早就该用棍子狠狠的打他一顿。”还有一个大将附和二人。大吵之后，宴会不欢而散。
他们为甚么骂拔都是“婆娘”？拔都很会打仗，对待部下将士很好，人人叫他为“赛因汗”。“赛因”在蒙古话里是“好”的意思，说他是“好王子”。不里和贵由对部下却很凶，他们觉得拔都婆婆妈妈，不够威风，像个女人。
更重要的原因，是察合台系和窝阔台系的王子们心中对朮赤系的王子都瞧不起，总记得朮赤并不是成吉思汗的亲儿子。
拔都派人去禀告了大汗。窝阔台很是恼怒，等贵由回来朝见报告战况时，痛骂他：“听说你在出征途中，把有屁股的人都打了屁股，把军人的脸都丢光了。你自以为征服了俄罗斯，就可对兄长不敬吗？其实那又不是你的功劳。”把他送去给拔都处分，把不里交给察合台处分。
拔都自然不敢当真处分大汗的儿子贵由，但这场怨仇互相结得很深。
拔都和贵由、不里两人争吵后，兵分三路。北路军察合台部队，由察合台的另一个儿子贝达尔任统帅，攻打波兰。中路军朮赤部队，由拔都自己任统帅，攻打匈牙利。南部军窝阔台部队，由大将速不台及窝阔台另一个儿子合丹（贵由的弟弟）共任统帅。
北部军击破波兰大军，打得波兰王布莱斯狼狈逃命，渡过奥得河，在莘尔斯达特大平原上和波兰日耳曼联军遭遇，一场大战，波德联军全军覆没。贝达尔命部下在战场上割下敌军的耳朵，收集在一起，共有九巨捆之多。这是世界史上有名的一个战役。
中路军和南路军也都节节胜利。北、中、南三路军队在多瑙河畔会师，只杀得欧洲人尸骨如山，蓝色多瑙河变成了红色多瑙河⑿。
拔都大军一路打到亚德里亚海的威尼斯国边界，一路打到离维也纳三十里的地方，正要征服全欧洲，忽然接到窝阔台大汗逝世的消息，于是拔都下令班师。
这次西征一共打了六年，吓得欧洲人心惊胆破，称之为“黄祸”。
拔都班师回到俄罗斯，在自己汗国都城中驻守。从东到西，几万里的大片土地都是他的势力范围。他统治的钦察汗国，欧洲人称为金帐汗国。俄罗斯侯王在金帐前战栗听命，达四百年之久。当元朝在中国的统治结束后，金帐汗国仍然统治着俄罗斯。直到十六世纪中叶，俄国彼得大帝兴起，蒙古人在俄国的统治才衰退而消失⒀。
拔都的哥哥鄂尔达让位给拔都，所以拔都将东方锡尔河一带地方分给哥哥，鄂尔达一系建立了“白帐汗国”。拔都的弟弟昔班（朮赤第五个儿子）西征有功，拔都也分给他一片领地，建立的汗国叫做“青帐汗国”。这两个汗国都远不及金帐汗国重要。
窝阔台死后，皇后和诸王大臣召开“库里尔台”。几次召拔都来参加，拔都始终不来。大会决定立窝阔台的长子贵由接位。
贵由作了大汗，便要统兵去征讨拔都，朝中大臣极力劝阻，才打消了这主意。这是聪明的决定，如果出兵，多半打不过拔都。
贵由喜欢喝酒，手足有痉挛病，接位后第三年春天就死了。
短命的贵由死后，王公大将开“库里尔台”大会推举大汗。大会的地点是在拔都所管辖的地方。会中王公大将都推举拔都。在成吉思汗的许多孙子中，拔都年纪最长，兵力强盛，西征的威名很大，仁慈而得人心，何况大会在他势力范围之内举行。
然而拔都不肯当大汗，极力主张由拖雷的长子蒙哥接位。拔都很精明，知道自己如做大汗，别的三系会联合起来反对，自己寡不敌众，一定抵挡不住。
蒙哥在西征之时和拔都很合作，堂兄弟间感情很好。察合台系的不里、窝阔台系的贵由联合起来反对拔都，拖雷系的蒙哥却一直支持统帅。
库里尔台大会尊重拔都的意见，推举蒙哥当大汗。
这时朝中大权是在贵由的皇后海迷失手里。她想叫自己的儿子做大汗，派人去对拔都说：“大会议向来是在东方蒙古本部举行的，这次在西方开，不合祖宗规矩，而且许多王公大将都没有参加，会议的决定不能算数。”拔都说：“那么明年在东方再开大会好了。”
到了明年，拔都派自己的弟弟统领大军，护送蒙哥到蒙古本部开会，自己驻在西方作后援。开大会之时，窝阔台与察合台两个系统的王公知道争不过拔都和蒙哥，都不到会。拔都传下命令：哪一个不遵大会决定，国法从事。朮赤和拖雷两个系统的兵力很强，两系联合，窝阔台系和察合台系的力量及不上。蒙哥做大汗的决定，在东方的大会中又通过了。国家大权于是从窝阔台系转移到了拖雷系的手里。
窝阔台曾经说过将来要让蒙哥做大汗。但窝阔台的性子随随便便，说过的话不大放在心上。他养了几头小猎豹，没有奶吃，就叫人牵了一头母牛来，让小猎豹吃母牛的奶。窝阔台有一个小孙子，名叫失烈门，就说：“爷爷，你叫小豹吃母牛的奶，这头母牛自己的小牛就没有奶吃了，不是要饿死么？”⒁窝阔台很感动，说道：“失烈门这话很对。你很有仁爱心肠，将来可以继我的位做大汗。”所以失烈门一直认为自己有权继承大汗的位子。失烈门不是贵由的儿子，是他的侄儿。
蒙哥做了大汗，失烈门和贵由的两个儿子都不服。贵由的两个儿子在车中藏了兵器，想发动政变，结果被破获了。蒙哥把这三人送到荒僻地方去监禁起来，后来都杀了他们。
察合台的孙子不里和贵由交好，曾在宴会中一起骂过拔都，也参与了贵由儿子侄儿的政变密谋。政变失败后，蒙哥将不里送去交给拔都。拔都就把他杀了。
蒙哥英明果毅，善于处理政务，他灭了大理，征服今西康、西藏、印度支那一带土地，派兵远征，攻克今伊拉克的首都巴格达，遣兵攻朝鲜、印度，掳掠了大批百姓和财物回来。他做了九年大汗，在攻打四川重庆时而死⒂。
蒙哥的胞弟忽必烈接任大汗，灭了南宋，统一全中国，是元朝的开国皇帝⒃。
忽必烈做了二十年大汗后征服中国，统治了十五年，到八十岁才死。他治理国家的本事，是蒙古所有大汗之中最好的⒄。他曾派兵去攻打日本、缅甸、越南等国。
攻打日本的大军十余万人，乘船在海中遇到飓风，全军覆没。蒙古兵天下无敌，但不懂海战。征日本的大军在阴历八月初一出发，那正是飓风季节，只要迟得两个月出发，日本人一定也给蒙古人征服了⒅。蒙古兵从成吉思汗兴起到忽必烈去世，一百年中只打了一个大败仗。不是败在敌人的手里，而是败给了飓风。
元朝在中国统治了八十九年，一共十个皇帝，都是拖雷的子孙。
拖雷有十一个儿子，其中两个做皇帝，那是长子蒙哥，四子忽必烈。第六子旭烈兀也是大大有名之人，他比忽必烈小两岁。
蒙古人有三次大西征。第一次西征是成吉思汗率领，第二次是拔都率领，第三次西征的统帅是旭烈兀。
忽必烈九岁时，成吉思汗从西域凯旋回来，忽必烈和七岁的弟弟同去迎接祖父。成吉思汗率众打猎，忽必烈射死一只兔子，旭烈兀射死一只野山羊。蒙古人的习俗，儿童第一次射杀禽兽，要将猎物的血涂在长辈的手指上表示敬意。旭烈兀握住成吉思汗的手涂血，出力很重，成吉思汗怪他太粗鲁。忽必烈却捧住祖父的手轻轻涂拂，成吉思汗很是欢喜。
这件事显示两兄弟从小就性格不同。
蒙哥做大汗的时候，里海、阿母河一带的回教徒木剌夷教派行凶作乱，派遣刺客到处杀人。蒙哥派六弟旭烈兀西征，将这个实行暗杀政策的教派灭了⒆。旭烈兀又再西行，攻破回教大教主哈里发的总部巴格达⒇。
旭烈兀在巴格达城中，见到大教主哈里发的宫殿华美之极，一座又高又大的藏宝塔中珍宝堆积如山，感到十分惊异，把哈里发叫来，说道：“你积聚了这么许多金银财宝，到底用来做甚么？你为甚么不把财宝分给部属，叫他们为你出力死战，保住你的性命和巴格达？”哈里发不知道怎样回答才是。旭烈兀道：“你既然这样喜欢财宝，这许多财宝我就都还给你。”于是把哈里发关在藏宝塔里，不给他饮食，对他说：“这些财宝都是你的，你要吃便吃好了，没有人来干涉。”
哈里发对着满塔的金银财物，但宝石珍珠是不能当饭吃的，困顿了七日就死了（21）。
旭烈兀再派部下的汉人大将郭侃（22）西征，攻打天房（今沙乌地阿拉伯），天房苏丹投降。郭侃再渡海攻富浪（今地中海中的塞普鲁斯岛），岛上的苏丹也投降。那时蒙哥去世的讯息传到，旭烈兀便停止西攻。
旭烈兀在伊朗、叙利亚、伊拉克、土耳其、沙乌地阿拉伯一带建立一个大汗国，称为“伊儿汗国”。伊儿汗国包括了中东当代所有的石油出产国家，边境与埃及相接。埃及抵抗蒙古人入侵，各地回教难民纷纷涌到，所以埃及就成为回教的文化中心。
旭烈兀曾向东罗马帝国国王求婚，要娶他女儿。东罗马王不敢拒绝，但知道蒙古男人娶很多妻子，不舍得把公主嫁给他，于是送了自己的私生女儿玛丽亚给他。玛丽亚到时，旭烈兀刚逝世，旭烈兀的儿子阿八哈就娶了她。阿八哈瞧在妻子的面上，对待天主教徒很好，不加虐待，又和教皇、法兰西等国建交，互通使节（23）。
拖雷的第七个儿子叫阿里不哥，当大哥蒙哥大汗逝世时，四哥忽必烈在攻打中国，六哥旭烈兀在西征，他自己在老家蒙古的和林大本营留守。他得到一批王公大将的拥戴，立为大汗，而忽必烈则在上都开平立为大汗。
两兄弟争夺大位，拥护阿里不哥的王公大将较多。但两兄弟领兵打了几仗，弟弟打不过哥哥，连战连败，终于投降。忽必烈问他：“你倒平心而论，到底是该你做大汗，还是该我做？”阿里不哥说：“以前是该我做，现今当然是你该做了。”他意思是说，我是根据蒙古祖传的规矩，由王公大将开“库里尔台”推举的，你是用刀枪弓箭打出来的。
成吉思汗女儿很多，其中一个叫做阿剌海别吉，最有本事。她先嫁汪古部酋长的儿子，丈夫死后，改嫁丈夫的哥哥的儿子，丈夫又死，改嫁赵王孛要合。成吉思汗西征，四个儿子都带兵随行，派这个公主留守老家，称为“监国公主”。这位监国公主处理政事很有见识，经常判断得很对。监国公主的办公厅有数千名女官和侍女，奉她命令办理政务。那时在东方负责攻打金国的大将是木华黎，遇到军国大事，都要向监国公主请示。
成吉思汗另有一个女儿布亦塞克，成吉思汗将她许配给宏吉剌部的酋长。那个酋长嫌她相貌太丑，不肯娶她，成吉思汗就将这酋长杀了。
宏吉剌部是蒙古各部中专出美女的地方。那个酋长平生美女见得多了，竟连大汗的公主也感到不能忍耐。
成吉思汗的妻子蒲儿帖就是宏吉剌部人，他的许多媳妇、孙媳也都是这部的女子。到了忽必烈时，更定下规矩，每两年一次，到宏吉剌去选妃嫔和宫女（24）。
旷古未有的蒙古大帝国，到成吉思汗的孙子手里才建成。但基础是成吉思汗奠定的。无敌于天下的蒙古军队的一切军事制度和军事技术，也是成吉思汗一手建立的。他是人类历史中位居第一的军事大天才。他的西征南伐虽然也有沟通东西文化的功劳，但对于整个人类，恐怕终究还是罪大于功。
所颂扬的英雄，是质朴厚道的平民郭靖，而不是灭国无数的成吉思汗。
1 元史（宋濂等）
2 新元史（柯绍忞）
3 蒙古秘史（外蒙古策·达木丁苏隆编译，谢再善译）
4 冯承钧：成吉思汗传
5 王国维：皇元圣武亲征录校注
6 马可波罗行纪（冯承钧译注）
7 李思纯：元史学
8 Henry H. Howorth：History of the Mongols
9 Jeremiah Curtin：The Mongols，a history
10 Gabriele Mondel：The Life and Times of Genghis Khan
11 成吉思汗（苏联杨契维茨基著，邵循岱译）
Notes: ①别勒古台据说有子孙八十人。 ②蒙古人译名非常复杂。本文译名大致上依照《新元史》，但也有若干改动。《依速甘》在《新元史》中译作“也速干”，和成吉思汗的父亲也速该的名字太接近了。 ③斡赤斤在蒙古语中是“灶君、火王”的意思。蒙古习俗，由幼子守家，看管家财。 丘处机西去见成吉思汗时，途中曾受斡赤斤的款待。斡赤斤知道他是大汗所召，不敢先向他请教长生的秘诀（见《长春真人西游记》）。斡赤斤寿命很长，后来忽必烈和弟弟阿里不哥争位时，蒙古多数王公支持阿里不哥，斡赤斤却拥护忽必烈。据说他有一百个妻子、一百个儿子，妻儿走到他面前，有许多他竟不认识。 ④合赤温早死，没有留下甚么重要事迹。 ⑤成吉思汗知道阔阔出得族人崇信，说他的生命和尸首都被上天取去，族人就认为连上天都处罚他，不会因此而反对成吉思汗。猜想阔阔出的尸体一定是成吉思汗暗中派人取去的。这是蒙古部族中军权、政权对抗神权、文化权的一场斗争。 ⑥花剌子模的领土包括今苏联中亚细亚南部、伊朗、阿富汗等地。 ⑦玉龙杰赤在今苏联乌孜别克共和国的阿母河畔，现名乌尔根赤。 ⑧金歧国公主的母亲姓袁，是汉人。但蒙古历代大汗、皇帝的后妃中无汉人，只有朝鲜人。 ⑨日本人箭内亘著《元朝怯薛及斡耳朵考》（陈捷、陈清泉译）对四大斡儿朵的所在地有所考证，但没有提到“公主斡儿朵”。 ⑩叶奇《草木子》中说，蒙古诸汗葬后，以万骑踏平墓地，在上面杀一只小骆驼，以千骑守墓。等明年青草生长，守军移去，草原上一望平野，已无丝毫墓地的痕迹。要祭墓的时候，把小骆驼的母亲牵来，母骆驼来回悲鸣的所在便是葬所。但等母骆驼死去，以后就谁也找不到墓地了。 成吉思汗陵寝的所在地，学者意见不一。宋人彭大雅、徐霆所著《黑鞑事略》，言陵墓在外蒙古克鲁伦河侧。近人屠寄亦主此说。张相文《成吉思汗陵寝发见记》一文，根据蒙古人近世传说和清朝官方文书，认为陵墓在河套的榆林附近。以主张外蒙古说的较多。 ⑾也许这只是巧合，更可能是巫师在神水中下了毒。《新元史》的作者却大赞拖雷诚心感动了鬼神。 ⑿拔都远征军于一二四一年三月十八日在Chmielnik大破波兰王Boleslaw统率的军队；当年四月九日在Liegnitz大破波德联军，杀了西里西亚（德国南部、捷克北部）国王亨利二世；另一个战役中在战场上杀了布希米亚国王（今捷克）Wenceslas，打败了乌高林大主教所统率的匈牙利军。大将速不台打败了匈牙利王贝拉所统率的匈牙利、克罗兹、日耳曼、法国联军。 ⒀蒙古人统治黑海里的克里米亚半岛，直到一七八三年才给俄国人占去，离开现在还不到二百年。 ⒁失烈门这几句话，或许是提醒祖父：“你如让拖雷的儿子蒙哥继任大汗，你自己的儿子、孙子却没有奶吃了。” ⒂在中，改写为死于攻襄阳之役。 ⒃在中国历史书中，成吉思汗为元朝“太祖”，窝阔台为“太宗”，贵由为“定宗”，蒙哥为“宪宗”，忽必烈为“世祖”。也速该和拖雷没有做大汗，但因子孙做了大汗，所以追尊也速该为“烈祖”，拖雷为“睿宗”。 ⒄忽必烈在历史上的评价很高。《新元史》说他：“混壹南北，纪纲法度灿然明备，致治之隆，庶几贞观。”极力赞扬他任用儒生；又说唐太宗玄武门之变，把哥哥和弟弟杀了，忽必烈也和弟弟争位，但把弟弟捉来后没有杀他，所以在这件事上还胜过唐大宗。《元史》说他：“度量弘广，知任善使，信用儒术，能以夏变夷。”马可波罗说他是：“自有人类祖先亚当以来，迄于今日，世上从来未见如此广有人民、土地、财货的强大君主。”又Yule本《马可波罗行纪》中引波斯历史家Wassaf的评论，说：“从我国（波斯）境到蒙古帝国的中心，有福皇帝公道可汗驻在之处，路程相距虽有一年之远，但他的丰功伟业，传到了我们的地方。他的制度法律，睿敏智慧，贤明判断，可惊可羡的治绩，据可信的证人如著名商贾和博学旅人的述说，都是远远超过了迄今所见的伟人之上。单以他的功业和才能而言，已使历史上所有的名人都黯然失色。罗马、波斯、中国、印度、阿拉伯等国所有的君主都及他不上。”这些歌颂当然是未免太夸张了。但忽必烈所统治的土地之广，确是亘古未有。屠寄《蒙兀儿史记》说他：“目有威棱，而度量弘广，知人善用，群下畏而怀之……一变祖父诸兄武断之风，渐开文明之治。”但忽必烈歧视汉人，征服中国后虐杀甚众，横征暴敛，元朝的规模制度远不及清朝。 ⒅忽必烈派去征日本的统帅，是右丞相蒙古人阿剌罕、中书右丞汉人范文虎。范文虎是吕文焕之兄吕文德的女婿。吕文焕就是守襄阳多年的宋朝大将，后来投降了蒙古。遇到飓风而覆没的蒙古主力部队由范文虎统带。范文虎落海后，漂流一昼夜，幸好抓到一块船板而逃得性命。忽必烈很是宽大，说遇到飓风不是他的过失，继续重用他。 ⒆木剌夷是回教的一个狂热教派，起源于波斯，正统回教认为他们是异端邪派。这教派的领袖称为“山中老人”，以暗杀作为主要手段，总部设在高峰的顶上，称为“鹫巢”。在山谷中建立了一座大花园，花木庭榭，美丽无比。宫殿辉煌，装饰有无数金银珍宝，到处有管子流通美酒、蜜糖、牛乳。园中充满各族美貌的少女，能歌善舞。山上养了一批幼童，从小就教导他们，说为领袖而死，可以上升天堂。等他们到了二十岁时，在他们的饮料中放入迷药，于他们昏迷中每次四人、或六人、或十人一批抬入花园，任由他们在花园里无所不为，所有美女都温柔的服侍他们。这些青年尽情享乐，舒服之极，相信确是到了《可兰经》中所说的天堂乐园。过了一段时候，再用迷药将他们迷倒，抬出花园。他们转醒之后，甚是失望，山中老人召他们来见。这些青年自幼深受教育，确信山中老人是回教圣经中所说的大预言家，对他绝对崇拜。山中老人问他们从哪里来，都答称来自天堂乐园。山中老人于是派他们去行刺，说为教尽力，死后可入天堂。这些青年为了返回天堂享乐，行刺时奋不顾身，但求早死，所以往往成功。各国君主对山中老人都十分害怕，对他所提的要求不敢不答应。刺客所服的迷药是大麻一类，突厘语称为Haschachin，西欧历史家称这个教派的教徒为Assassini。英文Assassin（刺客、暗杀者）一字就由此而来。旭烈兀攻破了该派在高峰上的城堡，一举而将之歼灭，不分老小，全部杀光。但这教派分布甚广，总部被摧毁后仍在别的地方继续恐怖活动。 ⒇那时回教徒在中东一带势力极大。回教的大教主称为哈里发，驻在巴格达（今伊拉克首都），就像基督教的教皇驻在罗马一样。哈里发统率大军，兼管政治。当时在巴格达统治已近五百年，又占领了基督教的圣城耶路撒冷。西欧的基督徒组织“十字军东征”，一次又一次的和回教徒作战，规模巨大的东征共有八次，但终于打不过回教徒而失败。旭烈兀的西征却只打一仗就摧毁了回教的大本营。 （21）那个哈里发名叫木司塔辛，爱好音乐，是大食朝的第三十七代哈里发。一说旭烈兀将他裹在毛毡中，放在巴格达大街上，命军士纵马践踏而死。 （22）郭侃的祖父郭宝玉是郭子仪的后裔，成吉思汗手下大将，随大汗西征，功劳很大，在攻打撒马尔罕城时身受重伤，流血不止。成吉思汗命人剖开一条大牛
Notes: ①别勒古台据说有子孙八十人。 ②蒙古人译名非常复杂。本文译名大致上依照《新元史》，但也有若干改动。《依速甘》在《新元史》中译作“也速干”，和成吉思汗的父亲也速该的名字太接近了。 ③斡赤斤在蒙古语中是“灶君、火王”的意思。蒙古习俗，由幼子守家，看管家财。 丘处机西去见成吉思汗时，途中曾受斡赤斤的款待。斡赤斤知道他是大汗所召，不敢先向他请教长生的秘诀（见《长春真人西游记》）。斡赤斤寿命很长，后来忽必烈和弟弟阿里不哥争位时，蒙古多数王公支持阿里不哥，斡赤斤却拥护忽必烈。据说他有一百个妻子、一百个儿子，妻儿走到他面前，有许多他竟不认识。 ④合赤温早死，没有留下甚么重要事迹。 ⑤成吉思汗知道阔阔出得族人崇信，说他的生命和尸首都被上天取去，族人就认为连上天都处罚他，不会因此而反对成吉思汗。猜想阔阔出的尸体一定是成吉思汗暗中派人取去的。这是蒙古部族中军权、政权对抗神权、文化权的一场斗争。 ⑥花剌子模的领土包括今苏联中亚细亚南部、伊朗、阿富汗等地。 ⑦玉龙杰赤在今苏联乌孜别克共和国的阿母河畔，现名乌尔根赤。 ⑧金歧国公主的母亲姓袁，是汉人。但蒙古历代大汗、皇帝的后妃中无汉人，只有朝鲜人。 ⑨日本人箭内亘著《元朝怯薛及斡耳朵考》（陈捷、陈清泉译）对四大斡儿朵的所在地有所考证，但没有提到“公主斡儿朵”。 ⑩叶奇《草木子》中说，蒙古诸汗葬后，以万骑踏平墓地，在上面杀一只小骆驼，以千骑守墓。等明年青草生长，守军移去，草原上一望平野，已无丝毫墓地的痕迹。要祭墓的时候，把小骆驼的母亲牵来，母骆驼来回悲鸣的所在便是葬所。但等母骆驼死去，以后就谁也找不到墓地了。 成吉思汗陵寝的所在地，学者意见不一。宋人彭大雅、徐霆所著《黑鞑事略》，言陵墓在外蒙古克鲁伦河侧。近人屠寄亦主此说。张相文《成吉思汗陵寝发见记》一文，根据蒙古人近世传说和清朝官方文书，认为陵墓在河套的榆林附近。以主张外蒙古说的较多。 ⑾也许这只是巧合，更可能是巫师在神水中下了毒。《新元史》的作者却大赞拖雷诚心感动了鬼神。 ⑿拔都远征军于一二四一年三月十八日在Chmielnik大破波兰王Boleslaw统率的军队；当年四月九日在Liegnitz大破波德联军，杀了西里西亚（德国南部、捷克北部）国王亨利二世；另一个战役中在战场上杀了布希米亚国王（今捷克）Wenceslas，打败了乌高林大主教所统率的匈牙利军。大将速不台打败了匈牙利王贝拉所统率的匈牙利、克罗兹、日耳曼、法国联军。 ⒀蒙古人统治黑海里的克里米亚半岛，直到一七八三年才给俄国人占去，离开现在还不到二百年。 ⒁失烈门这几句话，或许是提醒祖父：“你如让拖雷的儿子蒙哥继任大汗，你自己的儿子、孙子却没有奶吃了。” ⒂在中，改写为死于攻襄阳之役。 ⒃在中国历史书中，成吉思汗为元朝“太祖”，窝阔台为“太宗”，贵由为“定宗”，蒙哥为“宪宗”，忽必烈为“世祖”。也速该和拖雷没有做大汗，但因子孙做了大汗，所以追尊也速该为“烈祖”，拖雷为“睿宗”。 ⒄忽必烈在历史上的评价很高。《新元史》说他：“混壹南北，纪纲法度灿然明备，致治之隆，庶几贞观。”极力赞扬他任用儒生；又说唐太宗玄武门之变，把哥哥和弟弟杀了，忽必烈也和弟弟争位，但把弟弟捉来后没有杀他，所以在这件事上还胜过唐大宗。《元史》说他：“度量弘广，知任善使，信用儒术，能以夏变夷。”马可波罗说他是：“自有人类祖先亚当以来，迄于今日，世上从来未见如此广有人民、土地、财货的强大君主。”又Yule本《马可波罗行纪》中引波斯历史家Wassaf的评论，说：“从我国（波斯）境到蒙古帝国的中心，有福皇帝公道可汗驻在之处，路程相距虽有一年之远，但他的丰功伟业，传到了我们的地方。他的制度法律，睿敏智慧，贤明判断，可惊可羡的治绩，据可信的证人如著名商贾和博学旅人的述说，都是远远超过了迄今所见的伟人之上。单以他的功业和才能而言，已使历史上所有的名人都黯然失色。罗马、波斯、中国、印度、阿拉伯等国所有的君主都及他不上。”这些歌颂当然是未免太夸张了。但忽必烈所统治的土地之广，确是亘古未有。屠寄《蒙兀儿史记》说他：“目有威棱，而度量弘广，知人善用，群下畏而怀之……一变祖父诸兄武断之风，渐开文明之治。”但忽必烈歧视汉人，征服中国后虐杀甚众，横征暴敛，元朝的规模制度远不及清朝。 ⒅忽必烈派去征日本的统帅，是右丞相蒙古人阿剌罕、中书右丞汉人范文虎。范文虎是吕文焕之兄吕文德的女婿。吕文焕就是守襄阳多年的宋朝大将，后来投降了蒙古。遇到飓风而覆没的蒙古主力部队由范文虎统带。范文虎落海后，漂流一昼夜，幸好抓到一块船板而逃得性命。忽必烈很是宽大，说遇到飓风不是他的过失，继续重用他。 ⒆木剌夷是回教的一个狂热教派，起源于波斯，正统回教认为他们是异端邪派。这教派的领袖称为“山中老人”，以暗杀作为主要手段，总部设在高峰的顶上，称为“鹫巢”。在山谷中建立了一座大花园，花木庭榭，美丽无比。宫殿辉煌，装饰有无数金银珍宝，到处有管子流通美酒、蜜糖、牛乳。园中充满各族美貌的少女，能歌善舞。山上养了一批幼童，从小就教导他们，说为领袖而死，可以上升天堂。等他们到了二十岁时，在他们的饮料中放入迷药，于他们昏迷中每次四人、或六人、或十人一批抬入花园，任由他们在花园里无所不为，所有美女都温柔的服侍他们。这些青年尽情享乐，舒服之极，相信确是到了《可兰经》中所说的天堂乐园。过了一段时候，再用迷药将他们迷倒，抬出花园。他们转醒之后，甚是失望，山中老人召他们来见。这些青年自幼深受教育，确信山中老人是回教圣经中所说的大预言家，对他绝对崇拜。山中老人问他们从哪里来，都答称来自天堂乐园。山中老人于是派他们去行刺，说为教尽力，死后可入天堂。这些青年为了返回天堂享乐，行刺时奋不顾身，但求早死，所以往往成功。各国君主对山中老人都十分害怕，对他所提的要求不敢不答应。刺客所服的迷药是大麻一类，突厘语称为Haschachin，西欧历史家称这个教派的教徒为Assassini。英文Assassin（刺客、暗杀者）一字就由此而来。旭烈兀攻破了该派在高峰上的城堡，一举而将之歼灭，不分老小，全部杀光。但这教派分布甚广，总部被摧毁后仍在别的地方继续恐怖活动。 ⒇那时回教徒在中东一带势力极大。回教的大教主称为哈里发，驻在巴格达（今伊拉克首都），就像基督教的教皇驻在罗马一样。哈里发统率大军，兼管政治。当时在巴格达统治已近五百年，又占领了基督教的圣城耶路撒冷。西欧的基督徒组织“十字军东征”，一次又一次的和回教徒作战，规模巨大的东征共有八次，但终于打不过回教徒而失败。旭烈兀的西征却只打一仗就摧毁了回教的大本营。 （21）那个哈里发名叫木司塔辛，爱好音乐，是大食朝的第三十七代哈里发。一说旭烈兀将他裹在毛毡中，放在巴格达大街上，命军士纵马践踏而死。 （22）郭侃的祖父郭宝玉是郭子仪的后裔，成吉思汗手下大将，随大汗西征，功劳很大，在攻打撒马尔罕城时身受重伤，流血不止。成吉思汗命人剖开一条大牛