Chapter 7 Section 2 From Peking University to Berlin

On May 4, 1919, the most famous large-scale student movement in Chinese history broke out in Beijing—with "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai" as the platform, the anti-imperialist patriotic movement opened.At this time, the entire Beijing college campuses and streets and alleys are full of wind and waves, mud and sand are falling, heroes and heroes rise together, and warriors are like clouds.Fu Sinian, Hu Shi's number one hero, has not yet become a "sea turtle" exuding a Western flavor, but is only "a rare cricket" (in Luo Jialun's language) that is slightly more advanced than "earth turtle".But it is precisely because of its rarity that it spreads its wings in this tide of the century to make waves and make waves.After the student movement broke out, I saw a mighty Shandong man walking in front of everyone in the "mighty parade" holding a high flag. Several students chatted in low voices. ——He is the commander-in-chief of this parade, a student of Peking University’s Guoxue School, and Fu Sinian, who is known as a "cannon". Slogans such as "Abolish the Twenty-One", "Take back Shandong's rights", and "Give me back Qingdao" and other slogans, after demonstrating in front of Tiananmen Square, rushed to the Zhaojialou to beat the traitor Cao Rulin, and set fire to the Zhaojialou. It caused a great shock in all social strata, and the great patriotic movement known as China's new democratic revolution opened a glorious page.Regarding Fu Sinian's specific identity and status in the "May 4th" Movement, especially in the demonstrations, Fu himself rarely mentioned it to others in his life, although on May 4, 1944, which was the 25th anniversary of the "May 4th" Movement At that time, a reminiscence article "Twenty-five Years of the 'May Fourth'" was published in "Ta Kung Pao", but the details have not yet been touched.This high paper hat of "commander in chief" was undoubtedly forced on him by people in the society and younger generations to show their admiration for his deeds.Judging from the memories of student leaders such as Zhang Guotao, Xu Deheng, Luo Jialun, and Duan Xipeng, who had personally experienced the "May 4th" Movement, there is still room for discussion on the issue of Fu being the "commander in chief".Luo Jialun said: After burning the Zhaojia Building and beating up the traitors, the parade students held a meeting in the courtyard of Peking University. "Everyone was going to push Fu Sinian to be the interim chairman, but suddenly a student from Zhejiang named Tao punched Fu Sinian." , This punch made Fu Sinian quit. Since then, the May 4th Movement has never had anything to do with Fu Sinian. Because he is an emotional person, he was beaten with one punch. There were too many contacts, so I didn't want to do the fixed things at the venue. After everyone thought about it, Duan Xipeng was finally introduced, and he was appointed as the representative of the Peking University Student Union, and he turned out to be the chairman of the Beijing Student Union." The difference is that Fu Lecheng, Fu Sinian's nephew, said that the person who beat Fu was a Shaanxi native named Hu Pili.Hu first punched Fu's glasses flying away. Fu was furious. He shook his tall body and kicked Hu Pili off the stage with one kick. Then he jumped down the steps, in the shape of Wu Song beating a tiger, and rode on Hu's back to aim at him. The other party slammed several "thunderbolt punches" on the head, and Hu was knocked unconscious on the spot.Later, someone asked about Fu Sinian's tactics to win a fight. Fu Hao arrogantly thought that he relied on his fat size multiplied by his speed. This combination would erupt an invincible force that could overwhelm the opponent in one fell swoop.

Why Fu Sinian stopped abruptly after being beaten, and broke with the great anti-imperialist and patriotic actions, of course, cannot be simply summarized and explained by someone surnamed Tao or Hu Pili, or a "all thoughts are lost".Based on the situation at that time, Fu Shi must have had more and more complicated considerations or worries, but these many thoughts suddenly burst out in an instant.Many years later, Jiang Menglin recalled: "I knew Meng Zhenyuan in 1919. He was one of the leaders of the May Fourth Movement. At that time, someone wanted to destroy him and made a rumor that he was subsidized by a certain tobacco company. A certain tobacco company The company has shares in Japan, and the whole country was anti-Japanese at that time, so the traitor made this rumor. I saw this news in the newspaper in Shanghai, so I wrote a letter to comfort him.” If Jiang’s statement is true, it is also after the May Fourth Movement The matter seemed to have nothing to do with Fu Shi being punched and resigned that day and giving up continuing to participate in sports, and there must be something else hidden in it.

Another theory is that there are several student secret societies, most of which are anarchist organizations, intending to organize demonstrations in late April, and held a secret meeting on the eve of the "May 4th Movement", and decided to severely punish Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang, etc. He flattered the Japanese bureaucrats, and made a plan to bring small cans of fuel and matches to burn down Cao's house in Zhaojialou (South Note: Later, when Cao sued the Presidential Palace for the burning of Zhaojialou, he believed that the students used gasoline and other fuels burned).At that time, an old member of the Tongmenghui, which was associated with anarchist organizations, in order to enable the students to identify Zhang Zongxiang, obtained Zhang's photo and passed it on to members of the group so that they could identify the target during the beating.Fu Sinian, one of the leaders of Peking University students, was kept in the dark about this secret activity, and the other leaders were also unaware of it.As time went by and the situation deteriorated further, the anarchist organization was afraid that the secret would be leaked, so at the emergency meeting on the evening of May 3, it used various methods to persuade other students to take action the next day, that is, "using the The general mood of the masses wins the opportunity to unleash the riot.” If this fact is true, the student team will go from Peking University to Tiananmen Square and then transfer to Zhaojialou, until they break into the Cao’s house and suddenly become angry. Fu Sinian and others The fact that several student leaders were unable to control the situation, etc., received a corresponding and reasonable explanation.But in any case, at that time and afterwards, Fu always disapproved of the students going to Cao's house for beating, smashing, looting and burning.Luo Jialun also personally said to Zhou Cezong, a researcher on the history of the "May 4th Movement" and a Chinese-American scholar: "Most of them did not approve of riots from the beginning." It happened unexpectedly.At that time, there were five students who jumped out of the window, which soon became a legendary speculation. It is said that the first person to climb the wall and jump out of the window to enter Cao's house in Zhaojialou was Fu Siyan. The 32 students who failed to catch up with the retreating team were arrested by the authorities.When Fu Sinian was fighting with Tao or Hu Pili on the podium of the Peking University campus, Fu Sinian was locked up in prison and did not know whether he was alive or dead. Moreover, this movement has signs and dangers of being used by parties and politicians with ulterior motives ——All of these should be the root cause of Fu Sinian's withdrawal from the student movement, which is in the limelight.

Throughout Fu Fu Nian's life, he who claims to "never participate in politics" is not a muddled and reckless politically, and has many cleverness.This kind of ingenuity comes not only from the influence of his childhood living environment, such as the Liangshan heroes who started their careers as rebels, but also from the spiritual immersion of "only fighting against corrupt officials, not against the emperor" (South Note: Fu's hometown Liaocheng was born in Wuhan University, Wu Song , Ximenqing, Pan Jinlian and other "Water Margin" characters, Jingyanggang where Wu Song beat the tiger is located in Yanggu County, which belongs to Liaocheng), and also comes from the blood inheritance of his big family in Liaocheng, that is, "orthodoxy" and "orthodox" in Confucianism. Loyalty to the King" thought values.This hybrid culture of Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, etc., which has the same goal by different routes, has a profound influence on him. From the fact that he later treated the Jiang family dynasty, a government team that was put together in the form of a joint-stock partnership, he did not catch the top, but only the bottom; he did not beat Chiang Kai-shek himself. He pinched the heads of his two subordinates (Kong Xiangxi and Song Ziwen), making it obvious that Chiang Kai-shek cried out in pain and was happy all day long.And when it was liberated, he, as a hardcore "loyal man", followed the Kuomintang government across the Taiwan Strait, and finally "returned to Tian Heng's island", which is even more proof.Some researchers believe that the pity of Fu Sinian's life is that he read too much, otherwise he will do a great career that shakes the world, and he will not be able to become Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, but he should be better than Song Jiang. "It's just Chen Sheng and Wu Guang"'s achievements are much more brilliant, and the last time they won't be passed down to later generations with the reputation of "the rarest cricket in China", a "Fu Dapao" or "a crocodile in the academic world". ——But there are no assumptions in history, the world is diverse, and the situation is stronger than others. It is a pity that the heroes who frequently appear on the big stage of history are not the only one who is lamentable!

The reality seen by the world is that just when the "May 4th Movement" set off a turbulent wave and had not subsided, the Beiyang government was very dissatisfied with Cai Yuanpei and others who supported the student movement, and believed that the student movement had a lot to do with the ideas and "fallacies" advocated by Peking University. , planned to use color and clean it up, and even came up with a secret action plan to seal up and disband Peking University, punish the principal, and so on.The principal Cai Yuanpei has become the target of public criticism and is in a difficult situation.Fortunately, Mrs. Cai is an outstanding figure who has seen great storms. He is calm and courageous. He is not afraid of power and dealt with government bureaucrats to ease the pressure of all parties, appease the students, and persuade them to resume classes.At the same time, the principals of national universities in the Pingjin area were contacted and called for the rescue of the students arrested by the authorities.After repeated negotiations, I finally got my wish.When all the arrested students were released, Cai Yuanpei submitted his resignation letter on the night of May 8, quietly left Beijing, and went far away in order to avoid the front and dispel the grievances of the Beiyang government.

Cai Yuanpei left, and Fu Sinian also graduated and left school this summer. He returned to his hometown of Liaocheng with mixed feelings of sadness and recuperation.Looking forward to the future, I am at a loss. Just when Fu Sinian was distracted and his sword was empty, a new door of destiny opened to him again. In the autumn of this year, the Shandong Provincial Department of Education recruited government-funded international students from the province. Fu Sinian went to the provincial capital Jinan to take the exam and ranked second in the province with an overwhelming advantage.Even so, not only did the examiners not take this "No. 1 Talent in the Yellow River Basin" seriously, but Fu Sinian immediately became a thorn in the eyes of the dignitaries because of his great power, which ruined the good thing that he wanted to use the back door to install cronies. Stab in the flesh and suppress the target of attack.Those in power refused admission on the grounds that Fu was a "fierce member of the May 4th Movement, not a student who followed the rules" and was also "the leader of vicious student demonstrations" and "a dangerous radical who beat, smashed, looted and burned".Whether this remark, which sounds full of grief and indignation, is the subject of Fu Sinian's thoughts and worries after burning Zhaojialou remains to be verified, but in terms of the situation at that time, most bureaucrats Intellectuals are disgusted and annoyed by the May 4th Movement.He Jian, then acting chairman of the KMT's Hunan Province, publicly expressed his resentment.It is said that Hu Shi and his like "advocated the so-called New Culture Movement, put forward the slogan of overthrowing the Confucian family shop, and incited the ignorant youth" and so on. This shows the complexity of the social and political situation and the many opposites of the May Fourth New Culture Movement.If Fu Sinian had such an ominous political sense, he would have a further reasonable explanation if he quietly withdrew after being punched by Hu Pili on the Peking University podium, otherwise it would remain a historical mystery.

No matter how confusing and unpredictable Fu Sinian's thoughts were at that time and later, when he stood outside the Jinan examination room and was about to take a long breath, with the sudden change of the situation, the brilliant dream in his heart instantly turned into a dog bites the urine bubble - all in vain.With this ending, Fu Shi felt deeply hit by a sap, and suddenly his head turned. At the critical juncture of deciding whether to be a "sea turtle" or a "ten turtle", a section chief named Chen Xuenan (named Yu) from the Shandong Provincial Department of Education, out of sympathy for Fu Sinian and for corrupt officials He insisted that the test results should prevail, and said: "If a student with such excellent grades is not allowed to study abroad, what kind of education is there?" Seeing that Section Chief Chen jumped out regardless of his own gains and losses. Criticized with those in power, and some officials with cultural conscience or conscientiousness also took the opportunity to speak out for Fu.There is also a group of those who follow the wind and want to go through the back door and lose in the end. They take the opportunity to fan the flames and make noises everywhere to put pressure on those with vested interests.Amidst the loud shouts, out of various considerations, those in power finally made concessions and included Fu Sinian in the list of government-funded international students.When Fu, who was in a small hotel in Jinan, was dejected, when he heard the good news, he yelled "My mother!" His eyes rolled, and he almost fainted from shock.Fu Sinian regained his composure only after the waiter in the waiter brought a bowl of cold water to pour, and quickly rubbed the wet sweat stains on his palms, and returned to his hometown Liaocheng in high spirits to prepare for going abroad.

On December 26 of the same year, Fu Sinian, swaying his huge and fat body like a small mountain bag, went to Peking University to say goodbye to his teachers and friends, then left for Shanghai, and then took a ship to the British Empire, starting a several-year study abroad career. Just before Fu Sinian's departure, Cai Yuanpei returned to work at Peking University amidst appeals from the academic circle and the support of public opinion. Teachers and students were able to meet in the ancient capital at the center of the storm.Cai specially inscribed the couplet "The mountains and rivers are far away, and the earth is open to Gu Zhong" as a gift to Fu Sinian, hoping that this young talent from Peking University will succeed in his studies after going abroad, and he will be shocked by the future. Great undertakings and great achievements in the world.Fu Sinian was deeply inspired and looked forward to the future with the same ambition.In his farewell speech to colleagues from Peking University's "Xin Chao", Fu revealed his attitude towards the current political situation and political movement, saying: "China's politics is not only bad now, but I also think it will be worse in the future." , and further asserted: "In China, it is absolutely impossible to change politics with politics, and sometimes it is extremely ineffective and stupid to care about politics." Therefore, Fu Sinian said that from now on, he made up his mind to devote himself to academics and not Don't care about politics anymore, don't care about politics anymore.He frankly and straightforwardly advised his colleagues in Xinchao:

(1) earnestly study; (2) go abroad to study after graduation; (3) do not serve in society until the age of thirty.The more chaotic China is, the more we must have the patience of mechanics.I only admit that there are human beings in the big aspect, and "I" in the small aspect, and they are real. All classes between "I" and human beings, such as family, place, country, etc., are idols.We have to develop a "true self" for the sake of humanity. After arriving in the UK, Fu Sinian first entered the University of London to study experimental psychology with Professor Spearman, and then he also studied physiology and mathematics, chemistry, statistics, mineralogy and other subjects. In September 1923, he traveled from England to Germany and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Berlin to study comparative linguistics and historiography with the disciples of Leopold von Ranke, the father of modern German historiography and a master of the school of linguistic research.An important reason why Fu went to Germany from England halfway was because two Chinese geniuses, Yu Dawei and Chen Yinke, studied here.

Fu Sinian met Chen Yinke when he was studying at Peking University and was introduced by his classmate Chen Dengke, Chen Yinke’s younger brother. The exact time is not available, but it was around the spring and summer of 1915, four years before the outbreak of the famous May 4th Movement.At this time, 20-year-old Fu Sinian was studying in the preparatory course of Peking University.Although Fu is full of courage and knowledge, he is very bullish in the small circle of Peking University campus. He does not look down on his classmates and ordinary professors. He always walks with his nostrils upturned. At first glance, but the reputation is limited to the campus of Peking University.The 26-year-old Chen Yinke has traveled and studied in Japan, Germany, Switzerland, France and other places for several years, and has a lot of Eastern and Western inks in his stomach.When the two met under such a background, it can be imagined that Fu Sinian deeply admired Chen Yinke's knowledge and insight.Many years later, when Fu Sinian in the UK heard that Chen Yinke and his aunt and cousin Yu Dawei were studying at the graduate school of the University of Berlin, he was very pleasantly surprised and immediately planned to transfer.At that time, Germany's modern physics attracted the attention of the world, such as Einstein's theory of relativity and Blanc's quantum mechanics, both of which were sensational theories.In the social sciences, comparative linguistics and textual research is a traditional and prestigious subject at the University of Berlin.Out of admiration for Chen Yinke's humanism and moral strength, as well as respect for the good academic environment, atmosphere and prominent reputation of the University of Berlin, Fu Sinian rolled up his bed and carried a bundle of books in English, German, Chinese and other languages. , plus a Chinese pottery teapot with its mouth knocked out, left the University of London where he had studied for nearly three years, entered the Graduate School of the University of Berlin in Germany, and worked hand in hand with Yu and Chen under the same roof for four years time.Before and after Fu Sinian transferred to another school, in addition to Chen Yinke and Yu Dawei, former Peking University classmates Luo Jialun, Mao Zishui, He Siyuan, etc. also moved here to study here from various places in Europe and America. Zong Baihua, Zeng Muhan, Xu Zhimo and others gathered in the streets and alleys of Berlin, forming a rather spectacular tribe of Chinese students studying abroad.This group relies on its own genius plus opportunity.After several years of hard study, no matter whether it is internal or external strength, they have become outstanding figures of a generation. After returning to China, most of them have become dazzling figures in the history of modern Chinese academics. The energy released has had a huge and far-reaching impact on modern Chinese academics. .

According to Mao Zishui’s recollection, as soon as he transferred to the University of Berlin to study, Fu Sinian came to him and said, “There are two Chinese students studying in Berlin who are the most promising seeds for studying in our country. One is Chen Yinke and the other is Yu Dawei.” Mao Zishui Hearing this, I don’t take Fu’s words seriously, but since I came into contact with Chen and Yu and tried a few tricks secretly, I quickly believed and admired the two people’s extraordinary genius and profound knowledge from the bottom of my heart. knowledge.Chen Yinke and Yu Dawei also admire Fu Sinian's talent, arrogance and superhuman insight.Yu Dawei studied philosophy when he was studying at Harvard University, and his grades were among the best.After coming to Berlin, my interest and direction of study gradually shifted from mathematical logic to literature and history, and I intend to make this my lifelong career.When he became friends with Fu Sinian, he felt that he was invincible, so he sighed to Mao Zishui: "If there is a fat man among those who engage in literature and history, we will never have a bright future!" He studied literature and history, devoted himself to studying mathematics and science, and eventually became a famous expert in mathematics and ballistics. Chen, Yu, and Fu when they were studying in Berlin, their talents, learning and friendship are a bit like Liu, Guan, and Zhang's friendship in Taoyuan in the Three Kingdoms era. , Yu, and Fu are classmates and close friends in the true modern sense.Later, Chen Yinke's younger sister Chen Xinwu married Yu Dawei, and it was Chen Yinke who facilitated it.The marriage of Yu Dacai, Yu Dawei's younger sister, to Fu Sinian also benefited from the deep friendship Yu and Fu formed at Berlin University.In 1970, many years after the three left Berlin, Yu Dawei, the former "Minister of National Defense" of the Kuomintang in Taipei, once said a few words about his own experience and his relationship with the Chen family: "I and Mr. University and Berlin University in Germany for seven consecutive years. Mr. Yinke's mother is my only aunt; Mr. Yinke's sister is my wife. His father, Mr. Chen Sanli (Sanyuan), was a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty ;His grandfather, Mr. Chen Baozhen (Mr. You Ming) was the governor of Hunan Province during the Reform Period of 1898. Mr. You Ming was talented and well-known. His shogunate also sent Mr. Youming a pair of couplets to show his admiration. Mr. Yinke lost his memory of the first couplet, and the second couplet was "Half a glass of wine to be warmed by the king", which he respected Mr. Youming. Mr. Zeng Wenzheng also Dissertation papers with Chen Youming (Bao Zhen) prefect, this article is included in Wang Xianqian's "Continuing Ancient Chinese Ci Classes Compilation". My mother is the granddaughter of Wen Zhenggong. My uncle, Mr. Yu Mingzhen (Keshi), and uncle, Mr. Zeng Guangjun (Chongbo) (They are all former Qing Hanlin), and all three gentlemen are good friends. I and Mr. Yinke can be said to be two generations of relatives by marriage, three generations of family friends, and seven years of classmates." The three-generation family friendship mentioned in Yu Dawei’s article refers to Yu’s great-grandfather Zeng Guofan’s family and Chen Yinke’s grandfather, Hunan governor Chen Baozhen, Yu’s father Yu Mingzhen and Chen Yinke’s father, Chen Sanli, the former head of the Ministry of Officials in the Qing Dynasty, and the poet Chen Sanli, Yu himself and Chen Yinke’s brothers, etc. Three generations of close relationship.The two generations of in-laws refer to the close relatives of Yu and Chen's family and Zeng Guofan's family, while Yu Dawei and Chen Yinke are both aunt cousins ​​and uncle Lang's relatives.Yu Dawei's aunt is Chen Yinke's mother, and Yu's wife Chen Xinwu is Chen Yinke's sister. In 1927, Yu Dawei's sister Yu Dawei returned to Zeng's family and married Zeng Guofan's great-nephew and great-grandson, the famous chemist Zeng Zhaolun (great-grandson of Zeng Guohuang's second brother Zeng Guohuang). In August 1934, Fu Sinian married Yu Dacai, Yu Dawei's youngest sister, and became uncle-in-law with Yu Dawei.From then on, Fu Sinian and the Yu family, the Chen family, and the Zeng family formed a circle of relatives and friends who were constantly chatting and closely connected.And this marriage all benefited from the occasional meeting in Berlin, Germany.The three students, Chen, Yu, and Fu, as well as Zeng Zhaolun and Zeng Zhaoluan's younger sister Zeng Zhaoyu and other figures in the circle, became more and more intimate in the decades to come, loving each other as brothers, taking care of each other, and overcoming difficulties together danger.Chen Yinke's experience before and after his blindness during the Anti-Japanese War shows the true love reflected in this relationship. In 1924, Zhao Yuanren and his wife Yang Buwei left the United States and returned to China. They passed through Berlin, Germany, and met Fu Sinian, Chen Yinke, Yu Dawei, Luo Jialun and other Chinese students and had a period of contact.According to Yang Buwei's recollection: "Meng Zhen and Yuan Ren had the best conversations. After he left, Yuan Ren told me that this man not only has extensive knowledge, but also has profound talents and insights. He will be of great use in the future. Someone thought of Yuanren by chance, and Yuanren always recommended him, because Yuanren knew that he was not as good as he was." Later, Fu returned to China and took a post at Sun Yat-sen University, which had a lot to do with Zhao Yuanren's indirect recommendation to Zhu Jiahua, who was in charge of school affairs at the time. In September 1926, after seven springs, autumns, winters and summers of studying hard against the wall, Fu Sinian was no longer what he used to be, as a giant academic "predator" more powerful than a "sea turtle". , bid farewell to the European continent, and sailed from the port of Marseille to the long-awaited motherland.Fu Sinian was 31 years old at the time, and it was he who set the age limit for "serving in society" before studying abroad. When Fu Sinian crossed the vast Indian Ocean with his boat, he had just landed on Hong Kong Island in the Far East, and before shaking off the salty water droplets all over his body, another heavyweight who lived in Guangzhou in the south was at Sun Yat-sen University. Zhu Jiahua, the vice-principal in charge of school affairs, got the information and immediately started writing a letter of appointment, inviting Fu to teach at Sun Yat-sen University.History has inadvertently linked Fu Sinian's future with Zhu Jiahua closely.