Chapter 39 Chapter 1 Notes

[l] According to Richard Elman's "James, Joyce" (Oxford University Press, 1983 edition, p. 117), the prototype of Mulligan is Oliver St. John Gogarty (1878-1957). [2] Here, Mulligan imitates the movements of a Catholic priest during mass.The bowl of soap suds he held in his hand was a rightful chalice.Mirrors and razors are crossed in the shape of a cross.The pale yellow bathrobe is reminiscent of the golden cloak worn by priests during mass.The original text of "I want... Taiwan" below is Latin. [3] Kinch was Mulligan's nickname for Stephen Dedalus.He likens Stephen to a sharp knife, using gold chi to imitate the sound of its cutting.

[4] The Jesuits are one of the Catholic congregations founded in 1534 by the Spanish nobleman Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556).The rules of the association are strict, and members are required to obey the president absolutely. [5] Refers to the circular turret located in Sandy Cove (transliterated as Sandy Cove) in the port area on the outskirts of Dublin.This is one of the bunkers built along the coast of Ireland between 1803 and 1806 in order to prevent the invasion of the French army led by Napoleon.Its shape imitates the coastal defense turret on the Cape Martello of French Corsica, hence the name Martello Tower.

[6] Catholic priests of some orders shave the top of their heads, leaving only a ring of hair around them.See note [125] in this chapter.Mulligan had not shaved his hair, only to look like a priest. [7] It should have been "Eucharist" here, but the author wrote the female name Christine (Christine).Both words contain the name of Christ.The idea is that it echoes the scene at the end of Chapter Fifteen when Father Malachi O'Flynn says the Black Mass on the woman lying on the altar of St. Barbara.See Note [956] and relevant text of this chapter.When Jesus and his disciples (according to Chapter 10, Section 1 of the New Testament Matthew, Jesus accepted twelve disciples including Peter and John) had a feast, he blessed them with bread and wine, saying That is one's own body and blood (see "New Testament Luke Gospel" Chapter 22 Sections 19-20).When mass was held in later generations, the wine the priest drank represented the blood of Jesus, and the communion (bread) received by believers represented the body of Jesus. "Blood and scars" is the abbreviation of a curse "God's blood and scars" in the Middle Ages.

[8] Chrysostom [about 347-407), the ancient Christian Greek godfather, named John.After becoming the archbishop of Constantinople in 398, he determined to carry out reforms.But he acted too hastily, offended the rich and powerful, and was imprisoned.He was rehabilitated after his death and was named St. John.He is good at preaching and preaching, and he is good at eloquence, so he is commonly known as "John Chrysostom". [9] According to Chapters 6 and 7 of Acts of the New Testament, the earliest martyr Stephen (? 35) was a Greek-educated Jew.The surname Dedalus comes from the mythical Greek architect and sculptor Daedalus.Ancient Greeks attributed buildings and statues of untraceable origin to Dedalus.

[10] Refers to his Christian name Buck, which translates as buck.Buck Malachi Mulligan is the full name.Buck is the Christian name (i.e. baptismal or first name).Malachi was a name in honor of his father or someone else in his family.Mulligan is a last name.Usually just Buck Mulligan, with the middle name omitted. [11] The original text is bad, and the original meaning is bard.Because it contains a sarcasm, it is translated as a great poet, and quotation marks are added to show the difference.The same below. [l2]Alger is the nickname of Algernon.This refers to the British poet and literary critic Charles Algernon Swinburne (1837-1909). The phrase "great and lovely mother" comes from his long poem "The Triumph of Time" (1866). "Great" is translated according to Hyde's version, and all versions are "gray".

[l3] The original text is Greek.Homer's "Odyssey" (translated by Yang Xianyi, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979, Fan Wei, page 23) has the phrase "the strong west wind is singing and blowing across the sea of ​​grapes". [14] The original text is Greek.The language comes from the "Expedition" written by the Greek historian Xenophon (431 BC-before 350 BC).The writer follows the expedition of Cyrus the Younger, who competed with his brother, the King of Persia, for the throne.After the failure, he led ten thousand Greek mercenaries to fight and retreat, and returned to Trapezus, a Greek city on the shore of the Black Sea, in 400 BC.This is what they blow when they see the sea.

[15] Kingstown (formerly known as Dan Larry) is a seaport area in Dublin.There are two large piers in the east and west extending into the sea, forming an artificial harbor. [16] The language comes from Russell (see "Religion and Love" in Note [109] of Chapter Three).In this essay he clarifies that "mighty mother" refers to the "spiritual aspect of nature".Mulligan's next words, "Aunt . . [17] The original text is "dog's body".In the mythology of the Celtic tribe (see Note [48] in Chapter Two), the dog has the meaning of "strictly kept secret", so Mulligan used this word to refer to the introverted Stephen.

[18] "Chuan Ji" is the name of the tavern that Stephen and others often go to. [19] Cornelius Norman (1858-1908), Irish psychiatrist.Dementia refers to the Richmond Insane Asylum, where Norman has been director since 1886. [20] Here, the phrase "Let us not be tempted" in the "Our Father" is used here, but "we" is changed to "he".See Luke chapter 11, verse 4. [21] The maid has the same name as the fourth-century saint Ursula.It is said that when the Huns invaded southeast Europe, 11,000 virgins were martyred in Cologne (in today's Guangzhou).Usui Sura was their leader.

[22] Caliban is an ugly and feral slave in Shakespeare's play The Tempest (1611).The words come from the preface to the novel "The Portrait of Dorian Gray" (1891) by Irish poet and novelist Oscar Wang Shuide (1854-1900).In this article, Wilde expresses his aesthetic point of view of art for art's sake.The original words are: "The disgust of realism in the nineteenth century was Caliban's anger when he saw his face in the mirror. The disgust of romanticism in the nineteenth century was Caliban's anger in the mirror." Anger when I can't see my face." Here, Mulligan compares Stephen to Caliban.

[23] The language comes from "The Decline of Lies" (1889) in Wilde's collection of essays "Intent".The whole sentence is: "I fully understand your objection to art as a mirror. You think that in this way, genius is reduced to the status of a cracked mirror. However, you have no intention to say that life is an imitation of art. Life is actually It's a mirror, art is real, right?" [24] The Oxford guy refers to Haynes who is collecting Irish proverbs. [25] The guinea is an old British gold coin, one guinea equals twenty-one shillings. [26] Medicine trumpet, also known as bulbous morning glory; the root can be used to make laxatives.

[27] The Zulu are an indigenous group of the Bantu tribe in southeastern Africa. [28] Hellenization here refers to the civilization of Ireland.Different from the modern metropolis, Dublin has the nature of a Greek city-state back then.Just as Odysseus didn't recognize the place when he first returned to Idaca because he had been away from home for many years, Stephen also felt out of place when he returned to his hometown.So he heard Mulligan's words about "Hellenizing" Ireland, and they didn't strike a chord. [29] In Chapter 5 of Joyce's other novel "A Portrait of the Artist in His Youth", Cranly (see Note [13] in Chapter 9) once walked arm in arm with Stephen.Cranly joined the Irish Independence Movement.Stephen said: "I'm not willing to work for something I no longer believe in, whether it calls itself my home, my country or my church, and I'm going to try to be in... some art form ...to express myself, and to defend myself with only those weapons I allow myself to use—that is, silence, exile, and wit.” (See page 297 of Huang Yushi’s translation, Foreign Literature Publishing House, 1988 edition.) [30] Seymour was a student at Macdalen College, Oxford University, UK. [3l] "Be tactful..." comes from the popular song "Tell the News to Mother" (1897) by American Charlie Harris.It is written that a soldier asked before his death that he should be more tactful when revealing the news of his death to his mother.Aubrey was one of Stephen's playmates when he lived in the town of Black Rock before he moved to Dublin, see Chapter 2 of The Artist as a Young Man. [32] A popular method of teasing classmates among students at Cambridge, Oxford and other universities: take off the other party's trousers, and use scissors to cut the shirt into strips. [33] Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), British poet and critic. [34] "Ourselves" was the slogan put forward by the movement to revive the Irish language and culture in the 1890s.Means: "Ireland of the Irish." "Centre," originally in Greek.The cultural ideal proposed by Matthew Arnold is the unity of ancient Greek humanism based on individualism and Hebrewism based on social ethics.Stephen associates Arnold's ideal with the self-help slogan demanding the independence of the Irish nation.He went a step further and thought of the neo-pagan teachings that blended paganism with Christianity.Finally, the word omphalos comes to mind.The word means center, which refers to a sacred stone in the valley at the foot of Parnassos, one hundred miles northwest of Athens, and translates to the center of the human body: the navel.The round tower where Stephen and others lived here is the birthplace of Irish art. [35] Headland Bligh is seven miles south of Sandy Bay. [36] Here, Mulligan borrowed the views of the British philosopher David Hartley (1705-1757).Hartley's main works include "Observations on Man and His Structure, Duties and Expectations" (two volumes, 1749) and so on.He believed that only ideas and feelings really existed in memory. [37] Our Lady is short for Hospital of Our Lady of Mercy.This is the largest hospital in Dublin, run by the nuns of the Catholic Order of Mercy.Richmond is short for Richmond Mental Hospital. [38] Sir Peter Tiazze is a character in the comedy The School of Rumors (1777) by the Irish-born British dramatist Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816).In his later years, the jazz married a young and lively country girl. [39] Refers to the founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius Loyola. [40] Saxon Conqueror, originally in Irish. [41] This is the seventh to ninth lines of the poem "Who Goes With Fergus" by the Irish poet William Butler Yeats (1865-1939).Fergus was the first Scottish king who is said to have removed from Ireland in the fifth century.The "shadow of the woods" and "the white breast of the misty ocean" below come from lines 10 and 11 of the poem. [42] Old Royce refers to the British comedian Edward William Royce (1841?). "The Terrible Turk" (1873) was adapted by the Irish writer Edwin Hamilton (1849-1919) based on the British fairy tale "The Magic Rose" (1868).King Turk is played by old Royce.When he discovered that the magic rose could teach him invisibility, he sang the following song with joy. [43] British theosist Alfred Percy Sinnett (1840-1921) proposed in his book "The Growth of the Soul" (1896) that all events and thought roots are stored in the memory of the universe middle.See Note [224] in Chapter VII. [44] Before receiving Holy Communion, Catholics are forbidden to eat or drink since midnight. [45] Originally in Latin.These are two sentences in the dying prayers that the believer reads for him (her) when he or she is dying.Stephen's mother was a devout believer.Before she died, Stephen never granted her wish and refused to pray for her. [46] These were the words Stephen reproached himself with.He realized that his suspicion and dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church had deeply distressed his mother during her lifetime, so he described himself as a ghoul in oriental mythology. [47] This is an old British gold coin, each worth one pound.Because there is a picture of a king (or queen) engraved on it, it is commonly called "monarch". [48] ​​Druids are learned people among the ancient Celts, usually serving as priests, teachers and judges.In Druidt's family, even Christmas cakes are forbidden. [49] From the song "Coronation Day" celebrating the coronation of Edward VII (January 22, 1901). "Coronation day" also refers to payday, because wages are converted into kronor. Crown (meaning crown) is an old coin engraved with a crown pattern, each worth five shillings. [50] Namely Klongows Forest School.In the book "portrait of the artist in his youth", Stephen attended this elementary school.The following "raised the censer" refers to Stephen serving as the deacon when the priest delivered the mass. [51] According to Chapters 7 to 9 of "Old Testament Genesis", after Noah's family escaped the flood by the ark, Noah got drunk and slept in the tent one day.When the second son Ham saw his father naked, he went out and told his elder brother Shem and his younger brother Japheth.Shem and Japheth covered their father with a robe.When Noah awoke, he said, "Cursed be Canaan [son of Ham], and he will be a servant of servants to his brothers." [52] This is "Congratulations Before Meals", quoted from "Sacred Day Lesson". [53] Originally in Latin.This is the second half of the "Holy Name Sutra", which is quoted from "Holy Church Daily Class". [54] Granny Grogan is a character in the Irish song "Ned Grogan". [55] Dendrum has two. (1) A port located sixty-five miles north of the city of Dublin. (2) Villages in the suburbs of Dublin. [56] The Mermaid God is a half-human, half-fish god believed by the ancient Philistines and Phoenicians. [57] Sisters of Destiny originally referred to the three witches in "Macbeth", but here it refers to Elizabeth and Lily, the sisters of the Irish poet Yeats.In 1903, Elizabeth founded Dunn Emer Publishing House in the village of Dendrum, and published "In the Seven Woods" for Yeats.The copyright page of the book states that it was completed on "July 16, Year of the Gale, 1903".In 1839, Ireland was hit by an unprecedented hurricane.Since then, the term "Great Wind Year" has become popular. [58] "Mabinogion" is the general term for the eleven Welsh stories in the Middle Ages. It is based on myths, folk tales and hero legends, and records oral stories from the second half of the twelfth century to the end of the thirteenth century. [59] "Upanishads" is a speculative work of the ancient Vedic teachings of Hinduism, written in prose or verse.It has been written successively since 600 BC, and is the basis for all schools of Indian philosophy in later generations. [60] Mary Ann was a secret society organized in Ireland around 1843 to frighten the harsh officials.The members are mainly women, but there are also men disguised as women.Therefore, the term was later used to refer to homosexuals.There are songs about Mary Ann, and the version that Mabel Worthington has found ends with: "Piss like a man." Fits the next three lines sung by Mulligan. [61] The collector of foreskins refers to Yahweh.Jews have a tradition of circumcision (circumcision of the penis).See Genesis 17, verses 10-14. [62] The quart is a unit of liquid volume, and one quart is one and four liters. [63] The ox with fur like silk, the most beautiful ox and the poor old woman are all ancient names for Ireland. [64] The conqueror refers to the British, here, represented by Haines.A happy traitor refers to an Irishman who is content with the status quo, represented here by Buck Mulligan. [65] Mu Wang Ba, the original text is cuckquean, referring to her husband having sex with other women. [66] In the first volume of "Odyssey", the goddess Athena interceded for Odysseus, so Zeus, the main god, agreed to let Odysseus return home.The goddess dressed up as a stranger and came to the island of Idaca to encourage Odysseus' son Telemacho.Here Stephen compares the old milkman to the goddess Athena, whom he suspects has come to condemn him for not fulfilling his mother's last wish. [67] In the following, Hyde's version has an extra line, ["Look, really," she said. ] There are no other headquarters. [68] That voice refers to the priest.Before the death of a Catholic, the priest anoints him (her) with fragrant oil to relieve the pain of the body and comfort the soul.This is called the final ceremony.However, according to Chapter 12 of "Old Testament Leviticus", God once said through Moses that women are unclean after childbirth and during menstruation, so they do not anoint their genitals with oil. [69] See "Genesis" Chapter 2, verses 22-23: "The rib which the LORD God took out of the man made a woman...the man said, 'She was taken out of the man. of.'" [70] Ibid., Chapter 1, Section 27 has the phrase "God created man in his own image... male and female". [71] Ibid., Chapter 3: Under the temptation of the serpent, Eve ate the forbidden fruit and gave it to her husband Adam.As punishment, Yahweh drove them both out of the Garden of Eden. [72] Gaelic is the language of the Scottish Highlanders and ancient Irish Gaelic. "Do you have a Gaelic temperament?" is a colloquial expression among farmers in western Ireland, meaning: "Do you speak Irish?" , history and folklore.At that time, Gaelic as a spoken language had declined except in remote farmland, and English had become the official and common language of Ireland.It was only when linguists found a way to translate ancient Gaelic manuscripts that people could read ancient books in Ireland. [73] Westside refers to the remote countryside in the west of Ireland.People there still speak Irish. [74] Pint is the name of liquid volume, and one pint is equal to 0.57 liters. [75] The shilling was the common currency unit in Britain at that time.Twenty shillings are one pound, and one shilling is twelve pence.After the British currency is changed to decimal system, it is ten pence. [76] The florin was a silver coin minted in Italy in the thirteenth century.Common in England since 1849, one florin equals two shillings. [77] These are lines 1 and 2 in the "Contribution" section of Swinburne's long poem "Song Before Sunrise" (1871).See lines 3 and 4 of the same stanza for "beloved... at your feet" below. [78] Here is a paraphrase of the speech given to the British Navy by Admiral Nelson (1758-1805) of the British Navy in 1805 when he fought French and Spanish warships at Cape Trafalgar.Just changed the "Britain" in the original sentence "Britain expects everyone to do their part today" to "Ireland". [79] That is, the Mexican Qingliu.It flows northeast, meets the North Atlantic drift off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, and continues northeast toward the British Isles and the North and Norwegian Seas. [80] The language comes from Shakespeare's tragedy "Macbeth", chapter 5, scene 1.After urging her husband to kill Duncan, King of Scotland, Lady Macbeth wiped her hands repeatedly in her sleepwalking, and said, "But there is still a little stain here." [81] In order to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus, the Catholic Church set up fourteen crosses in the church, and believers walked along the crosses, chanting scriptures and worshiping. "Being stripped of your clothes by the wicked" is one of the scriptures read before the tenth cross.Here, Mulligan, who is not religious, jokingly describes himself as Jesus. [82] "I am...contradictory" is the 51st, 6th and 7th lines of the long poem "Song of Myself" (1855) by American poet Walt Whitman (1819-1892). [83] "Eloquent and eloquent" can also be translated as "Mercurian-like", see Note [101] of this chapter. [84] The Latin Quarter is the area on the south bank of the Seine in Paris.There are many universities and cultural facilities, which have always been a gathering place for students and artists. [85] At that time, there were two farmers in the suburbs of Dublin named Maurice Bartley. "Luke Gospel" Chapter 22, Section 26: "So Peter went out and wept bitterly." This is a word game, "metButterly" (met Butterly) and "weptbitterly" (weeping bitterly) are homophonic. [86] Billy was William's nickname.William Pitt (1759-1806), British Prime Minister. [87] The phrase "the Frenchman is at sea" comes from "The Poor Crone".This Irish ballad of the late eighteenth century expresses the anticipation of the "poor old woman" (as Ireland was called) to the French supporters who came across the sea.Between 1796 and 1797, the French sent two expeditionary forces to support the Irish Revolution, but failed to arrive.Although the French landed in 1798, they were forced to surrender.The "centre" hereinafter is originally written in Greek. [88] Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Italian theologian and poet.After distinguishing the natural realm from the supernatural realm, he synthesized the thoughts of the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato, as well as the thoughts of Augustine and other early church fathers, and developed them into a complex and distinctive system of thought. [89] The sacrificial belt is the long and thin belt that the priest hangs when he is doing mass, hanging from the neck to the chest. [90] Lao Jin refers to Stephen's father. [91] Refers to a novel (1836) written by British naval officer Frederick Mariart (1792-1848) with the theme of finding his father.The father Japheth, the foundling, tried to find, turned out to be a grumpy military officer in the East Indies.According to "Genesis", when Noah was drunk, his sons Shem and Japheth went to him, see the note [51] of this chapter.Stephen's father was also an alcoholic.Here, Mulligan compares Stephen to Japheth. [92] Elsinore is a military port on the Danish island of Sheland.Shakespeare's tragedy "Hamlet" is based on this port. The phrase "on the verge of..." comes from what Horatio says to Hamlet in Act 1, Scene 4 of Hamlet. [93] "The ruler of the sea" refers to the British navy and merchant ships dominating the seas before 1914. [94] According to Chapter 1 (Gospel of Luke), the Jewish virgin Mary was betrothed to the carpenter Joseph, but before she got married, she became pregnant because the Holy Spirit came to her, and gave birth to Jesus.The Holy Spirit usually appears in the form of a dove, hence the term "bird". "Mark's Gospel" chapter 1 verse l0 says: "The Holy Spirit descended on her like a dove." [95] Refers to the twelve disciples of Jesus. [96] Golgotha ​​is the place where Jesus was crucified. [97] According to John Chapter 2, when Jesus and his disciples were invited to a wedding feast in Cana of Galilee, the wine ran out.There is a six-port cylinder there.Jesus said to the servants, "Fill the jars with water." And they filled them to the brim.Take it out and taste it, the water has turned into wine.This was the first miracle that Jesus performed.The last line of this doggerel refers to the drinking wine turning into urine. [98] It comes from Chapter 24, Section 46 of "Luke's Gospel": "On the third day I was raised from the dead." [99] The Mount of Olives is east of Jerusalem, where Jesus often came with his disciples. [100] Forty Step Pool is a natural bathing place in Shawan specially for men to bathe. [lO1] Mercury is the messenger of the gods in Roman mythology, equivalent to Hermes in Greek mythology.Mulligan has the same name as the prophet Malachi (active about 460 BC) in the last book of the Old Testament, "Malachi".The name is a transliteration of the Hebrew "My Angel", so he is compared with Mercury here. [102] "Funny Jesus" sung by Buck Mulligan is based on the satirical poem "Jolly Jesus Song" by Oliver St. John Gogarty. [103] The Personality of God means that God also has a personality, and Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the model of personality. [104] The code comes from Chapter 17 of "Divine Comedy Paradise".Dante's great ancestor Kacha Keda said to him: "You will know how bitter the bread of other people's homes is, and how difficult it is to climb up and down the stairs of other people's homes." [lO5] refers to Queen Victoria (1819-1901), who ruled Britain for sixty-four years (1837-1901). [106] The third refers to Mulligan. [107] Refers to the Roman Catholic Church. [108] In the following text, Stephen borrowed this sentence from Haynes (see Note [860] in Chapter 15 and related text)."The Catholic Church of the One Most Holy Apostle" in the following paragraph is originally in Latin. [109] That is, Marcellus II (1501-1555), Italian Pope, formerly known as Sevigny.He died only twenty-two days after he ascended the throne. [l10] "Mass of Pope Marcellus" was composed by Italian composer Giovanni Pierluigi Palestrina (1525-1594).The Mass was re-enacted in 1898 at St. Teresa's Church in Dublin. [111] Refers to the Apostles' Creed.Traditionally, the twelve articles of faith in the "Creed" are respectively symbolized by the twelve apostles, hence the name.Such as "I believe in the Almighty, God the Father, who turned into heaven and earth." (Peter) "I believe in his only Son, Jesus Gilis Christ our Lord." (John) [112] "Apostle of the Church. Refers to Archangel Michael. [113] Photius (816-891), originally a secular scholar, was appointed by the Byzantine Emperor Michal III as the Patriarch of the Byzantine Church in Constantinople, and was opposed by Pope Nicholas I .At the Constantinople Conference (867), Photios condemned Nicholas, thus forming a confrontation, known as the Photios split in history. [114] Aliu (about 250-336), a Libyan, a Christian priest in Alexandria, Egypt.The Council of Nicaea (325) promulgated the "Nicaea Creed", indicating that Christ (the Son) and God (the Father) are equally divine.Arius declined to sign.He advocated Arianism, and believed that Christ was created (made, referring to being created by God, thus not having full divinity), rather than begotten (meaning being born of God, thus possessing full divinity) ).This theory was declared heresy by the early church. [115] Valentin was a religious philosopher in the second century AD, born in Egypt, and the founder of the Gnostic Roman School and the Broad School.Around 140 AD, he failed to seek the position of bishop of Rome, so he broke away from Christianity.Valentin's early theories were similar to Paul's mystical theology, emphasizing the resurrection of Christ after death so that believers could be saved. [116] Sabriu (? 1 270), may have been an elder of the Roman Church.He opposed the Catholic Church's doctrine of the Trinity (that is, God is one, but also the Father, the Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit) and advocated that God is single and has three functions. Redeeming the sinner, the Holy Spirit sanctifies.Therefore, it was denounced as heresy. [117] Stranger is the Irish term for the Englishman (aggressor and overlord). [118] Here is a paraphrase of the English poet John Webster (about 1580-about 1625) in "The Devil's Lawsuit" (1623): "The king's ambition is in vain... Weaving a net is only to catch the wind." [119] Originally in French.This is what Stephen said secretly after waking up from meditation. [120] Refers to the German Jewish rich Rothschild family.At the time they controlled the British economy. [121] She points to the boat.Steer Harbor is located on the southeastern headland of Dublin Bay.The Fathom below is the unit of length used to measure water depth, one fathom is one eight nine eight meters. [122] It refers to drowned.Folk superstition: The sunken corpse that has disappeared will surface on the ninth day. [128] Westmeath is a county in the Irish province of Leinster, located forty miles west of the city of Dublin.Alec Bannon is a student, please refer to the letter from Millie in Chapter 4 and the note [146] in Chapter 14 and related texts. [124] Refers to Millie, the daughter of Leopold Bloom, another protagonist of the book.She works at a photo studio in Mullingar, County Westmeath.The city is fifty miles from Dublin. [125] The top of the swimmer's head was shaved, leaving only a circle of gray hair, which indicated that he was a Catholic priest.It was not until 1972 that this custom was abolished by Pope Paul VI. [126] This is a gesture of respect for the Trinity of God (Father=forehead, Son=lips, Holy Spirit=chest) popular in the Christian Church since ancient times.When Catholic priests hold Mass, they routinely sign the sign of the cross before reciting scriptures and after the ceremony. [127] Originally in German. Chapter 2, verse 21 of "Genesis" records that God took out one of Adam's ribs.Here, Mulligan describes himself as Adam, saying that his "twelfth rib is missing", so that he becomes "Superman". [128] Zoroaster (approximately 628 BC to approximately 551 BC), Muslim prophet, founder of Zoroastrianism.Old Persian Zarathustra. "Thus Spoke Zoroaster" (1883-1885) is a book of aphorisms written by the German philosopher Nietzsche (1844-1900).In it, he uses Zoroaster to advocate his "superman" philosophy (that is, he believes that "superman" is the creator of history and has the right to enslave the masses, while ordinary people are just tools for "superman" to realize his will to power). [l29] Here, Buck Mulligan deliberately tampered with Chapter 19, Section 17, "He who has mercy on the poor lends to the Lord..." in order to ironically say that Nietzsche was an extreme egoist who took others as his own. It is an argument that was popular in Western Europe at the beginning of this century. [130] Meaning, all three are dangerous and should not be taken lightly. [l31] The original text is in Latin. [132] This chapter begins with Buck Mulligan pretending to hold a mass [see note [2]] of this chapter. At the end, he compares a real priest dressing in the cave in the bay after getting out of the bath to the priest after the mass. Changing clothes, he described the priest's ring of gray hair as a halo behind the head of a saint.Niches refer to caves. [133] The usurper refers to Buck Mulligan who took the key from Stephen.In volumes 1 and 2 of the Odyssey, Paremarco also accused those suitors of plundering his family wealth; Prince Hamlet told Horatio that Uncle Claudius "usurped my succession." the right of the world", see Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2.