Chapter 42 Chapter Ten Substitutes for Political Prisoners

In this gloomy world where big fish eat small fish, and in this world where life and conscience can be bought with a piece of raw ration bread, who can be and where can he have the honor and light among all the prisoners in history? What about the embodiment of political prisoners? Earlier, we have examined how the original "political prisoners" were isolated, strangled, and exterminated. Who will replace them? What - substitute?Since then there have been no political prisoners in our country.And it is simply impossible to have such a person in our country.Now that universal justice has been achieved, how can there be any political prisoners?We used to take advantage of the preferential treatment of political prisoners in the Tsarist Prison, so we know better that this thing can't be messed with.Political prisoners were simply abolished.Neither now nor in the future will there be any more!

Are you asking those who are being caught?Huh, they are counter-revolutionaries, enemies of the revolution.But after a few years, the word "revolution" has become a bit dull.Well, let's change it to "enemy of the people", it sounds more exciting. (If we calculate the number of people imprisoned according to this provision based on the review of the various currents in our country, and add three times the number of family members who have been exiled, suspected, humiliated and persecuted, We shall then be amazed to see that, for the first time in history, the people has become its own enemy, although it has also acquired a best friend - the secret police.)

Heard a joke in a labor camp.A condemned country woman has long wondered why the Attorney General and Judges have nicknamed her "Mountain Police" in court. (It turned out to be "counter-revolutionaries"!) You squat in a labor camp, take a look, and you will admit that this joke is true. The tailor put down the needle in his hand, and pinned it to the newspaper on the wall in order not to lose it, and just poked it into Kaganovich's eyeball.The customer found out.Article 58, ten years (terrorist crime). The saleswoman received the goods delivered by the distributor, and had no other paper at hand, so she kept accounts on a piece of newspaper.The number of bars of soap was written exactly on Comrade Stalin's forehead.Fifty-eight articles, ten years.

In order to warm their feet, the tractor driver at the Znamensk Machine-Tractor Station tore off a notice introducing a candidate for the Supreme Soviet and stuffed it in his thin shoes.The cleaning lady (who looked after the notices) found it missing and found it in his shoe.Counter-revolutionary agitation.ten years. The director of the country club took the old janitor to buy a bust of Comrade Stalin.bought.The bust was so big and heavy that it required two people to move it on the shelf.But the director of the club thought it would be demeaning to do so: "Take it back slowly." After finishing speaking, he walked away.The old janitor fiddled with it for a long time, but there was no good way.Walking with one arm in your arms; walking with your arms in front of your chest - sore back and back, and you have to lean back.Finally found a way: untied the belt, made a ring for Comrade Stalin, and put it around his neck.He walked from one end of the village to the other on his shoulders.Nothing else to say.True and proper.Article 58-8, Acts of terrorism, ten years.

A sailor sold the British a lighter - "Katyusha" brand (a twist and a flint in a small cylinder), as a souvenir, for one pound.Damage to the reputation of the motherland, Article 58, ten years. The cow was disobedient, and the herdsman scolded it angrily: "Sao X of the collective farm..." Article 58, sentence. Elochka Swirskani sang a folk song at an amateur theatrical evening, insinuating... It was a riot!Fifty-eight articles, ten years. Even a deaf and dumb carpenter was sentenced for counter-revolutionary agitation!How was this crime committed?He lays the floor in the club.The hall was empty, and there were no nails or hooks on the walls.He draped his coat and hat over a bust of Lenin as he worked.Someone came in and saw it.Fifty-eight articles, ten years.

How many illiterate peasants from the Tula, Kaluga, and Smolensk provinces were imprisoned in Volga Lago in the years before the war!They were all accused of 58110, that is, counter-revolutionary agitation.When asked for their autographs, they made a sign of the cross (according to Lochlin's account). After the war, Maximov, a Wittluga, stayed with me in a labor camp.He served in the artillery from the beginning of the war.In the winter, the political instructors called them to discuss the editorial of Pravda (January 16, 1942: "Strike the Germans this winter so that they cannot rise again in spring!"), and Maximov also stood at attention.He said: "That's right! Just to get rid of these beasts in the storm and when they don't have felt boots, even though we ourselves happen to be wearing only single shoes. Otherwise their technical equipment will be even more difficult to deal with in the spring." Already..." The instructor also clapped his hands, as if there was no problem.But Shimiershi (Department of Rape Elimination) called in and "screwed" it for eight years--"touting German technology and equipment".Article fifty-eight. (Maximov’s education level is the first grade of a rural elementary school. His son, a member of the Communist Youth League, came to visit the labor camp from the army and asked his father: “Don’t tell my mother about your arrest in the letter, just say that you are still alive. In the army, they won't let you go." His wife wrote back to him according to the "mail box" number, saying: "You have passed your age long ago, why don't you let go?" The escort team saw that Maximov was always bearded and downcast, And he was still a little deaf, so I gave him an idea and said: "You write to her and tell her that you have been promoted in the army, so they won't let you go." Maximov was deaf and dumb, and he was very popular on the construction site. He scolded him very much: "You have completely disgraced Fifty-Eight Articles!")

The children played and romped in the collective farm club, scraping some posters off the wall with their backs.The two older ones were sentenced under Article 58 (according to the 1935 Act, children over the age of twelve shall be held criminally responsible for all crimes!).The parents did not get away either, saying that they instigated and instigated it. A sixteen-year-old middle school student of the Chuvash nationality wrote the wrong slogan on the poster in Russian, which is not his native language.Article 58, five years. A sign hangs in the accountant's office of the State Farm: "Life is better, life is happier!" (Stalin).Someone used a red pencil to add a letter "y" to the tail, meaning "Stalin lived a happier life!" Without investigating the perpetrators, all the staff in the accounting office were simply arrested.

Gesar Bernstein and his wife Beshasnaya got 58110, five years, in order to... have a spiritual session at home 1 (The investigator pressed hard: Who else is with you Nonsense, quickly recruit! But in the labor camp it is said that Gesar took the car because of "fortune-telling".--So the handymen brought him bread and tobacco: tell me your fortune too!) Ridiculous?weird?Incomprehensible?There is nothing incomprehensible, this is exactly "repression as a means of persuasion".As the saying goes: First shoot the sparrows and crows, and then you will be able to catch the white swans in the end.Hit next to each other, and you will always hit the target you are looking for in the end.The primary significance of the large-scale suppression is that truly powerful and deeply hidden people cannot be caught individually, and they will be arrested and perish during large-scale suppression.

What absurd charges have never been spun up to justify the arrest of an accidental or predestined object! Grigory Yefimovich Generalov (Smolensk province) was charged with "drinking because of hatred of the Soviet regime" (he drank because of bad relations with his wife). --eight years. Irina Tuchinskaya (the fiancée of Sofronitsky's son) was arrested walking out of the church, accused of "praying for Stalin's quick death" in the church. (Who can hear her prayer ?!) -- acts of terror! Twenty-five years. Alexander Babich's charge is: "In 1916 he was engaged in activities against the Soviet regime (!!) while serving in the Turkish Army (actually he was a Russian volunteer on the Turkish front). In 1941 there was an intention to hand over the icebreaker "Sadeko" to the Germans (he was arrested on this ship), so the sentence was; shot! (Sentence commuted to ten years, in a labor camp die.)

Sergey Sdepanovich Fedorov, artillery engineer, accused of "destructively withholding the designs of young engineers" (actually the Komsomol activists did not have time to complete their own drawings. However this blatantly saboteurs were often drawn from Krest Prison to various military factories to serve as consultants). Tuignatovsky, Institute of Communications, Academy of Sciences, was arrested in Leningrad in 1941 on the charge that he was bribed by German intelligence agencies while working in the Zeiss factory in 1908, and received such a strange task: Don't do espionage in the last war (that is, the war that intelligence agencies were concerned with that generation), but do it in the next war!Therefore, he faithfully served the Tsar in the First World War, and later the Soviet regime, established the only optical instrument factory in the country ("National Optical Instrument Factory"), and was elected to the Academy of Sciences.Sure enough, after the start of World War II, he was captured, cleared, and shot.

Then again, in most cases such fanciful charges are not necessary.There is a very simple compilation of standard crimes, from which the investigator only needs to pick one or two items and stick them like postage stamps on an envelope: -- Destroying the prestige of the leader; - Negative attitude towards collective farms; -- Negative attitude towards public debt (what sane person is positive about it?); -- Negative attitude towards Stalin's constitution; -- a negative attitude towards the party's (current) measures; -- sympathy for Trotsky; -- sympathy for the United States; --and so on. Affixing these stamps of varying value is tedious work that does not require great skill.The scouts only need to have victims delivered one after another so that no time is wasted.The collection of victims is apportioned among regions, troops, transportation departments, and schools by special operations commissioners.In order not to make the special agent think hard, the informant system happened to be used. The whistleblower is a super weapon in the struggle between people outside the prison, X-ray: as long as you point an invisible thin beam at the enemy, he will surely fall.This approach never fails.I don't remember the names of the people involved, but I'm sure I've heard plenty of instances in prisons of snitches being used in clearance contests: husbands using it to deal with a spouse who's lost his favor, and wives to deal with the husband's mistress, or mistress The wife who picks up her lover, or the mistress picks up her lover for failing to break up his lover's family. Among all kinds of stamps, the most commonly used by investigators is Article 10 - Counter-revolutionary (now changed to anti-Soviet) agitation.If future generations read the investigative and trial files of the Stalin era, they will be amazed at what tireless ingenuity these anti-Soviet agitators were!They can carry out anti-Soviet agitation with a sewing needle and a broken hat, with mopped floors (see below) or unwashed underwear, with smiling or not smiling, excessively expressive or expressionless eyes, cranial cavity The silent thoughts in the book, the words in the secret diary, the short notes about love, the inscription on the wall of the toilet.They are agitating on roads and country roads, at the scene of fires, at fairs, in kitchens, drinking tea at home, and whispering in bed.Only an invincible socialist system can withstand the onslaught of such agitation! There is a fond joke in the archipelago that not all the provisions of the penal code are popular.Some people want to break the law on the protection of socialist property, but unfortunately they will not let him go.There are people who plan to steal public funds without hesitation, but they can't mix it up with the job of cashier.To kill someone, you must at least get a knife, to hide a weapon you must first buy it, and to engage in bestiality you must own livestock.Even Article 58 itself is not so easy to enjoy; if you are not serving in the army, how can you betray your country according to Article 1 B?If you live in Khantymansiysk how can you establish contact with the world bourgeoisie according to Article 4?If you do a barber's job, if you don't even have the most indecent medical pressure cooker you can make it explode (Chudakov, a chemical engineer arrested in 1948, "Operation Subversive"), How can you destroy the industry and transportation of the country according to the provisions of sub-article 7? But Article 10 of Article 58 is very popular.It can be enjoyed by old women who are over seventy years old, and elementary school students who are as young as twelve years old.Housewives and bachelors, pregnant women and virgins, sportsmen and cripples, drunks and drinkers, sighted and blind, private cars and beggars, all are available.Regardless of winter or summer, no matter working day or Sunday, early morning or night, at work or at home, in the corridor, on the subway station, in the dense forest, during the break of the theater and during the solar eclipse, it can be the same Conveniently earn yourself a 10th point. The only thing comparable to Article 10 in terms of popularity is Article 12 - "Do not report", in other words, "Do not report if you know."Those mentioned above can all get this sub-entry under exactly the same conditions, but it is more convenient, and they don't even need to open their mouths or hold their pens.If you don't move, the split will come to you by itself!The sentence was still 10 years in prison, plus five years of "cage mouth" (deprivation of rights). Of course, even after the end of the war, the first sub-article of Article 58 "betrayal of the motherland" did not make people feel difficult to obtain.Not only all those who had been captured, not only all the former inhabitants of the occupied areas were entitled to it, but even those who dragged their feet in evacuating from threatened areas thus revealed their intention to betray their motherland (mathematics professor Zhuravsky evacuated Leninger Le Shi applied for three seats on the plane for him: his wife, his sister-in-law and himself. Only two were given, and there was no sister-in-law. He sent his wife and sister-in-law away and stayed by himself. The authorities could not do anything else for this action To explain, it can only be considered that the professor is waiting for the Germans to come. 58111A, refer to Article 19, ten years). Compared with the unlucky tailor, the club porter, the deaf-mute, the sailor, or the Wittluga man, the convictions of the following seem entirely justified: --Enscheld, an Estonian, came to Leningrad from still independent Estonia.A letter in Russian was found on him.Who is it for?Who wrote it? "I'm an upright man, I can't tell." (Letter is from V. Chernov to his relatives.) Oh, beast, are you upright?Well, go to Solovets! ... He had brought a letter after all! --Kirichevsky, two sons who were officers at the front, who himself was sent to the peat quarry by the war labor mobilization order, where he said a few strange things about the poor food (after all, he said After all, the one who said strange things 1 opened his mouth!), for which he deservedly sentenced to ten years in accordance with 58110. (He died picking potato peelings from the lukewarm puddles of the labor camp. In his dirty pocket was a picture of his son, his chest covered with medals.) . -- Hans Jerowski, English teacher.While drinking tea at my own home, I talked about (after all, I told! It’s true!) how poor and hungry the rear area around the Volga was.He just came back from there.A very good girlfriend wrapped them both up: the man was given Article 10, the woman was given Article 12, and each was sentenced to ten years in prison. (Where's the house? I don't know. Maybe the girlfriend?) Ryabinin publicly declared when our army retreated in 1941: "In the past, we should sing less songs about people not attacking me, I will not attack others, but we will not let others attack us." Such villains were shot He was not relieved, but he was only sentenced to ten years in total! --Reunov and Treyukhin, two Communist Party members, felt as if they had been stung on the neck by a wasp, and they worried about why the party congress had not been held for many years in violation of the party constitution. (The dog takes the mouse...) Each gets ten years. -- Faina Yefimovna Epstein, appalled by Trotsky's heinous crimes, asks a question at a party meeting. "Why did you let him out of the USSR?" (As if the party should report to her! Maybe Joseph Vissarionovich himself is taking regret medicine?) For this absurd question, she deserved to get ( and served) three sentences. (Though none of the investigators could explain to her exactly where her crime was.) --The crime of the female proletarian Grusha is even more appalling.During the twenty-three years she worked in the glass factory, no one in the neighborhood had ever seen a holy image hung in her house.But when the Germans were about to come to their region, she hung up the icon (the reason is nothing more than to be afraid at this time, it was bad luck to hang an icon before).In addition, the investigator noticed from the neighbor's informant that she wiped the floor clean at this time! (But the Germans didn't come in the end.) In addition, she also picked up a German leaflet with a small painting next to the house, and secretly stuffed it into a small vase on the chest of drawers.But our humanitarian court, considering her proletarian origin, only sentenced Grusha to eight years of hard labor plus three years of deprivation.During this period, her husband died at the front.My daughter was in a technical secondary school, and the personnel department asked her, "Where is your mother?" As a result, the little girl committed suicide by taking poison. (Grusha was choked up every time she talked about her daughter's death, and walked away crying each time.) Gennady Sorokin, a third-year student at the Chelyabinsk Teachers' Institute, published two articles in a student literary magazine (1946).How much should this give him?Small meaning, ten years. What is the crime of reading Yesenin?We are always forgetful.I think it will soon be announced to us: "No such thing! Yesenin has always been a respected people's poet."But Yesenin was indeed a counter-revolutionary poet, and his poems were banned works.The charge of the Ryazan State Security Agency against Potapov was: "Joseph Vissarionovich said that the best and most talented poet was Mayakovsky, how dare you (before the war) Appreciate Yesenin? This is an expression of your anti-Soviet nature!" As for the civil aviation pilot, "Douglas" co-pilot, he must be a true anti-Soviet veteran.Not only did the complete works of Yesenin be found in his home; he not only told others that East Prussians lived very well and had enough food and clothing before we went, but he also had a discussion with Ehrenburg in a public discussion of the flight unit. A public debate on the German question. (Given Ehrenburg's views at the time, one can guess that the pilot's opinion was that the Germans should be softer.) How dare you have a public debate in a public forum!Military court, ten years, plus five years "cage mouth". Such insignificant incidents, of course, cannot be found in Ehrenburg's memoirs.And he probably didn't even know his adversary was caught.He just casually gave him an answer that was sufficiently in line with the party's point of view at the time, and then forgot about it afterwards.In his memoirs, Ehrenburg wrote that he himself "was spared" by winning the "lottery."Hey, the number of this lottery ticket was checked first.If friends around you are being caught one by one, you need to stop talking to them on the phone in time.When the shaft pole turns around, the person must follow suit.Ehrenburg burned his hatred of the Germans to such a fever that Stalin had to come out to check it.At the end of your life, when you feel that you helped establish a lie yesterday, you should defend yourself with today's heroic sacrifices, not with memoirs. Lipay founded a kibbutz in the district a year earlier than ordered by his superiors.This is a totally voluntary collective farm!Can Ovsiannikov, a special commissioner of the State Political Security Bureau, turn a blind eye to this hostile mess?I don't need your good ones, I just want you to mess with my bad ones!His collective farm was declared a kulak farm, and the second kulak Lipayi was sent into the swamp. Saverin, the worker, spoke loudly (!) about Lenin's will at the party meeting!Is there anything more terrifying than this, this man must be a sworn enemy!The few teeth that remained during the scouting process fell out during the first year in Kolyma. Look at what a terrifying Article 58 criminal there has been!You must know that there are more sinister ones, and those with the color of underground activities.For example, Perets Gerzenberg, a native of Riga.This person suddenly moved to the Socialist Republic of Lithuania, registered as being of Polish origin, but was actually a Latvian Jew.This is a deliberate attempt to deceive one's dear country and is therefore particularly outrageous.His wishful thinking was that we would let him go to Poland, and from there he could sneak into Israel.It's too late, my dear.Don't you want to live in Riga, go to the Gulag please.Willful treason, ten years. There are also some good at hiding!Among the workers of the "Bolshevik" factory (Leningrad) in 1937 some students of the former factory apprentice school who heard Zinoviev's speech at the congress in 1929 were exposed. (Found a list of attendees attached to the minutes.) They hid it for eight years and infiltrated the ranks of the proletariat.Now they are all arrested and shot. Marx said: "The state turns a citizen into a criminal, and it wants to amputate its own living limbs." He also stated very movingly that the state should regard ... the violator as a person with blood, defending the motherland A warrior, a member of society, a divine patriarch, and above all a citizen.But our jurists have no time to read Marx, especially his ill-considered articles.Marx, if you like, read our decrees. Some people will shout that the above list is absurd, and it cannot be believed unless it is cleaned up. Europe will not believe it!Yeah? Europe will naturally not believe it.It will never believe it unless it squats itself.He believed in the glossy magazines of our country, and nothing else could fit in his head. What about us?Fifty years ago it would never have been believed.Even if you go back a hundred years, you may not believe it. In former Russia the political prisoner and the philistine were polar opposites among the population.You couldn't find a more mutually exclusive way of living and thinking than these two. It was only in the Soviet Union that mediocre people were "drawn" into prison as political prisoners. For this reason, political prisoners gradually became equated with mediocre people. Half of the people in the archipelago are fifty-eight.As for the political prisoners - none of them... (If there were so many real political prisoners, the regime might have already sat on some kind of seat!) Anyone who couldn't immediately find him a suitable general criminal offense was invited into the fifty-eight.It is hard to imagine the mixed elements and chaotic colors of the people who entered this section. For example, a young American (Maurice Gerschmann) married to a Soviet girl who is arrested on his first night outside the embassy.Or the former Siberian partisan Muraviyov, who was known for his brutal punishment of the White Army (this was to avenge his brother), who has not been out of the gates of the State Political Security Bureau prison since 1930 (from extortion gold), in which he lost his health, teeth, sanity, and even his name (becoming Fawkes).Or a Soviet logistics officer who stole public property.Fearing criminal punishment, he fled to the Western Austrian occupation zone, but there--look funny! --Heroes are useless.A muddle-headed bureaucrat like him wants to get a high position there, but how can he do it in a society where talent is competitive?He decided to return home.In the country, he was suspected of theft of public property and espionage for a total of 25 years.He is very happy, and feels that he can breathe the air of habit here! The examples are endless.The easiest way to eliminate someone and send him away quickly and completely is to include him in the fifty-eight articles. In this category, there are only family members, especially the wife of the prisoner (anti-belonging).Now everyone is used to thinking that the wives of major party cadres are the wives of the anti-subordinates. In fact, this practice has been formed a long time ago.Members of noble families, family members of famous intellectuals, and family members of clergy are all connected. (Even in the fifties: the historian Hertzev got twenty-five years for a principled error in his work. But his wife had to give something too. Ten years. But the seven What are the 15-year-old mother and 16-year-old daughter doing here? Let them be punished as the crime of non-reporting. So the four of them were sent to four labor camps, deprived of the right to communicate with each other.) The more docile, quiet, apolitical and even illiterate people, the more people who only knew how to live before being arrested are thrown into the vortex of unjust imprisonment and death, the more mediocre and cowardly the "58 Articles" become , lost the last bit of political meaning more and more, and turned into a lost herd of lost people. But it is not enough to say the composition of the "Fifty-Eight Articles", what is more important is the style they found in the camp. Such people have been besieged from all sides since the early days of the revolution: by the regime of administration and by the theories of the jurists. Let us first look at Order No. 10 of the All-Russian Cheka of January 8, 1921.We know that the only people who cannot be arrested without reliable information are workers and peasants.In this way, intellectuals, for example, can arrest Luo just because they are not pleasing to the eye.Listen again to Krylenko's speech at the Fifth Congress of Judicial Workers in 1924.We know again: "Rehabilitation of the sentenced class hostile ... is powerless and unattainable." By the beginning of the thirties we will be reminded again that shortening the sentences of class aliens is an opportunity ism behavior.References to "everyone is equal in prison", "class struggle has ceased since the time of the verdict", and "class enemies have begun to reform themselves" are all opportunistic statements. Putting all these together is equivalent to saying: You can be arrested for no reason, reforming you will not achieve the goal, you must be placed in a humiliating position in the labor camp, and then continue to use class struggle to mess you up Happy. Class struggle is still going on in the labor camps - how do you understand this?Seriously, it seems like prisoners are supposed to be equal.No, take it easy, this is a bourgeois point of view!Abolishing the right to separate imprisonment for political prisoners and criminals is to let these criminals ride on their necks! (This was invented by those who had previously spent time in tsarist prisons, where they learned how powerful and dangerous it could be for the administration if political prisoners were to unite and stage political protests.) At this time, Ida Awelbach jumped out immediately, and she explained to us. "The strategy of re-education is based on class distinctions," "relying on those strata closest to the proletariat." (Who is closest? Of course, "former workers" or thieves can just instigate such people Go persecute the "Fifty-Eight Articles"!) "Re-education is impossible without political passion (this is a verbatim quote!)." So, putting our lives at the mercy of thieves is not the whims of lazy officers on remote labor camps, it's advanced theory! "A class-based approach to the administration system . . . uninterrupted administrative pressure on class enemies." --When you wear a ragged waistcoat and hang your head down through your interminable sentence, don't you? Can you imagine that there is such a thing? -- Uninterrupted administrative F force N In the excellent work cited above we can even read a detailed list of the various methods used to create unbearable conditions for the "Fifty-eight" in the labor camps.This includes not only various restrictions on prison visits, prison meals, correspondence, the right to appeal, and the right to move around in the camp (!), but also the method of organizing class dissidents into separate work teams and placing them in the camp. under more difficult conditions. (Let me explain for them: this means deceiving them in measuring the amount of work done!) When they fail to meet the quota, they are declared to be class enemies. (This is how Kolyma's massacre of the entire work squad came about!).There are also creative and frequent advices in the book: do not send rich peasants and second-rich peasants (that is, the best peasants sentenced to labor reform, they dream of farm work) to engage in agricultural labor!Also: class hostiles with high professional level (i.e. engineers) cannot be entrusted with any important work without pre-qualification (but who in the labor camp has such high professional level to test engineers? Apparently by the liberal arts department Rogue Hussars, Red Guard-like characters).This advice is difficult to implement on the canal site, because the gates will not design for themselves, and the river will not set its own course.Under such circumstances, Awelbach had to settle for the next best thing: After entering the labor camp, the experts had to do general labor for at least six months! (If you want his life, six months is enough!) It is said that only if he does not live in the privileged work sheds of intellectuals, "can he experience the collective pressure" and "counter-revolutionaries will see that the masses are against them , despise their ". As long as the class ideology is mastered, everything can be reversed, which is very convenient.Has anyone placed "formerly..." and intellectuals in the jobs of handymen? --He is "intentionally asking the laborers who were born in labor camps to do the heaviest labor"!If it is a former officer who works in the safekeeping room and there is not enough clothing assigned, it goes without saying that he is "consciously withholding".If someone said to a high-yield pacesetter, "Others can't catch up with you!", it shows that he must be a class enemy!If a burglar gets drunk, or tries to run away, or steals something, people will do work to him, saying that it is not his responsibility, that the class enemy got him drunk, or abetted him to escape, or abetted He steals. (Intellectuals instigate pickpockets to steal!--this was written in a serious book in 1936!) And if "a class alien creates good production results"--this is his "disguisance to achieve for the purpose of "! The circle is sealed!Work or quit, like us or dislike us—we will hate you anyway, and we will destroy you through the hands of thieves! Peter Nikolayevich Putitsyn (who was imprisoned for violating Article 58) lamented: "The real criminals have no ability to engage in real labor at all, and it is the innocent who are willing to give their all Contribute till your last breath. Herein lies the drama: the enemy of the people is really the friend of the people." But for your sacrifice, people don't appreciate it. "innocent people"!This is the main feeling of the political prisoner surrogates who are being herded into labor camps.It was perhaps an unprecedented event in the history of the world's prisons; millions of prisoners felt innocent, all innocent, not a single one guilty. (Only one innocent person served with Dostoevsky in hard labor!) Yet these occasional crowds, driven into barbed wire not by the inevitable consequence of faith but by the whims of fate, were not at all strengthened by the consciousness of their innocence.Perhaps precisely because this awareness highlights the absurdity of their situation, it makes them feel more oppressed.They are more attached to their original way of life than to their beliefs, so they show absolutely no sacrifice, solidarity, and fighting spirit.When they were still in prison, people like them in a whole cell could let two or three snotty-nosed thieves rob and ravage them.In the labor camps, these people have completely collapsed. They are always ready to bow their heads under the sticks of dispatch workers and thieves, and the fists of the work squad leader. All they have the ability to do is to learn the philosophy of the labor camp. (disconnecting from each other, looking out for themselves, deceiving each other) and the language of the labor camps. E? Olitskaya entered an ordinary labor camp in 1938. This female socialist, who had experienced Solovitz and the isolation camp, was very surprised to see the "Fifty-eight Articles" here.In her memory, political prisoners used to share everything, but now everyone only cares about living and eating for themselves. Some "political prisoners" even trade clothes and rations... Political slaves - Anna Skripkova gave them (us) such a name.She herself had heard such a lesson as early as 1925: she complained to the investigators that Lubinka's officer dragged her cellmate by the hair on the floor.The investigator laughed and asked, "Is he dragging you like this too?" "No, but dragging my partner!" At this point the investigator changed to a stern tone and said, "You protest? This is too scary! Get rid of this Russian intellectual nonsense! It's outdated! Just worry about yourself! Or you'll end up bad." This is exactly the principle of thieves: if they don't "pull" you, don't drill in by yourself!一九二五年的卢宾卡侦查员已经学会了盗贼的哲学！ "政治犯能偷窃吗？"--对这个有教养的人们感到古怪的问题，我们倒要惊讶地反问一句："为什么不能？" "他也能告密吗？"--"他有什么不如别人的地方？" 人们对《伊万?杰尼索维奇》的内容天真地提出异议："你书里的政治犯怎么满口盗贼的黑话？"我回答说："如果群岛上不存在其他语言呢？难道政治囚权能有什么和刑事囚奴对立的自己的语言吗？" 当局昼夜地对他们的耳朵喊；你们是刑事犯，是罪恶滔天的刑事犯；在我们国家里，不是刑事犯不会蹲监狱！ 他们打断了"五十八条"的脊梁骨--从此再也没有什么政治犯了。他们把这些人倒进群岛的猪食槽，驱赶他们去工地送命，同时向他们大声灌输着劳改营的谎言--人和人是敌人！ 有一条谚语说：饿极了就会出声。但是我们这里的土著是不出声的。饿也饿不出声。 但是他们只要做出很少很少一点事便可以得救！只要他们不珍惜那条反正已经丧失了的生命，并且团结起来。 有时候整批在一起的外国人，例如日本人，得到了成功。一九四七年在列伍奇，克拉斯诺雅尔斯克劳改营的上个惩戒劳改点，押来了四十名日本军官，即所谓"战争罪犯"（尽管天晓得究竟他们对我国犯了什么罪）。正是严寒季节，又是干连俄国人都吃不消的伐木工作。"不买帐派"很快就扒掉了其中几个人的衣服，好几次打劫了他们的面包筐。日本人迷惑不解地期待着长官们的干涉，但长官们自然是只当没看见。这时他们的作业班长近藤带着两个高级军官晚上走进劳改点长的办公室，提出警告说（他们俄语讲得很流利），如果对他们的暴行不停止，明天两个申明了志愿的军官将实行切腹，而且这只是开始。劳改点长（"木脑壳"叶戈罗夫，前团政委）马上意识到在这事上可能栽跟头。此后两天都没有带日本人出工，伙食改为正常标准，然后调离了惩戒劳改点。 为了斗争和胜利所需要做的原来是多么少啊--仅仅是不必珍惜生命！而生命反正是早已完蛋了的。 但是我们的"五十八条"经常是和盗窃犯及生活犯搀混起来的，从来没有机会单独在一起--以免他们互相看到对方的眼睛，以免他们忽然意识到--我们是什么人。那些能够成为狱中和营中的首领，具有清晰的头脑、热烈的喉舌、坚定的心的这种人早已根据"案卷"上的特别标记单独挑出去，用布团塞住了嘴，关进了专门隔离所，在地下室里枪毙。 然而根据道家学说早已发现的一个生活中的重要特点，我们应当料想，政治犯消失之日正是政治犯出现之时。 我现在敢大胆地说，在苏维埃时期真正的政治犯不仅有过，而且： 1.比沙皇时期更多，并且 2.他们比先前的革命者表现出更大的坚忍不拔和勇敢的精神。 这与前面所说的似乎矛盾，但是，非也。政治犯在沙皇俄国处于十分有利的地位，受到公众的密切注视--在社会和报刊上立即可以引起反响。我们已经看到（第一部，第十二章），社会党人在苏维埃俄国的境遇要困难得不可比拟。 现在能称为政治犯的也不止是社会党人。只不过他们被大桶大桶地没进了一千五百万人的刑事犯的海洋，我们看不见他们的形象，听不到他们的声音。他们成了哑人，比哑人更暗哑。鱼便是他们的形象。 鱼是古代基督徒的象征。政治犯的主要队伍正是基督徒。他们是一些粗拙的、文化不多的、不会发表演说和起草地下号召书的人。（这些事按他们信仰是根本无需做的！）他们走进劳改营去受难和死亡只是因为不愿放弃信仰s他们清楚地知道为什么坐牢，在信念上是毫不动摇的！他们也许是唯一丝毫没有染上劳改营哲学甚至语言的人们！这样的人们难道不是政治犯吗？不行，可不能把他们也称做囚奴！ 他们当中尤其多地是妇女。道家说：大道废，有仁义。由于我们对东正教神父们施加的文明的辱弄、共青团员们在复活节之夜的起哄、递解站里盗窃犯们的唿哨，我们忽略了一个事实：罪恶的东正教堂仍然在培育出无愧于公元初年的基督教的女儿们--那些被投畀豺虎的女教徒们的姊妹。 递解队和坟场，递解队和坟场，到处都有大量的基督徒。成百万的人流有谁去数？ ．他们阗然无声地死去，像蜡烛似地只能照亮周围一小片地方。这些人是俄国最优秀的基督徒，差一些的都动摇了，退缩了，躲起来了。 这还不能算"更多"吗？难道沙俄曾有过这么多政治犯吗？它连万位数都还不会数呢。 但是在我国扼杀政治犯的工作做得这样干净，这样不留旁证，关于其中什么人的故事很少能浮上水面来。 高级僧正普列奥布拉任斯基（托尔斯泰的面型，白胡子）。监狱--流放地--劳改营，监狱--流放地--劳改营（大牌阵）。折腾了多年以后，一九四三年被传唤到卢宾卡（途中盗窃犯摘掉了他的法冠），建议他参加宗教事务管理处。经过了那么多年以后似乎可以允许自己摆脱监狱生活而休息一下了？不，他拒绝了：那不是一个纯洁的宗教事务管理处，那不是一个纯洁的教会。于是又返回了劳改营。 瓦连京?费利克索维奇?沃伊诺一亚谢涅茨基（一八七七--一九六一），路加大主教，著名的《化脓外科学》作者。他的命运又如何？他的传记自然会有人编写，不须我在这里多做介绍。这是一个才华横溢的人。在革命前，他已经通过了艺术学院的入学竞试。但为了更好地为人类服务--当一名医生，而放弃了它。在第一次世界大战时的医院里，他成为了一个著名的眼科医生。革命后主持驰名整个中亚地区的塔什干医院。他的前程畅通无阻，眼前是一条我们当代成就卓著的大名流们走过的道路。但是沃伊诺-亚谢涅茨基感到他的服务还是不够充分的，因而他接受了神甫的教职。他在手术室里挂起了圣像，给学生讲课时身穿僧袍，胸前佩十字架（一九二一年）。他还赶上了被吉洪总主教任命为塔什干主教。二十年代沃伊诺一亚谢涅茨基被流放到上鲁汉边疆区。经过许多人的奔走营救，从那里被放回来。但是他的医学教研室和主教辖区已有了新的主人。他于是私人行医（门口挂的牌子是"路加主教"），求医者盈门（"皮外套们"即契卡人员也混在其中）。有多余的收入他一概散发给穷人。 收拾这个人的办法是颇值得一提的。第二次流放（一九三O年，阿尔汉格尔斯克）不是根据第五十八条，而是为"唆使谋杀罪"（纯属无稽之谈。说他对自杀身死的生理学者米哈伊洛夫斯基的妻子和母亲施加过什么影响。米哈伊洛夫斯基在精神已经失常的状态下曾给尸体注射过防腐溶液，这件事被各报大吹大擂为"苏维埃科学的重大成就"以及人工"复活"之类）。这样的行政手段迫使我们更不能从形式上判断谁是真正的政治犯。如果不是和管理当局正面斗争，也应是在道德和生活上与它对立--这才是主要的标志。至于身上贴着什么"条文"，纯粹是扯淡。（许多被消灭的富农的儿子得到的是盗窃罪的条文，而他们在劳改营里却显示出真正的政治犯的本色！）、沃伊诺-亚谢涅茨基流放阿尔汉格尔斯克期间发明了治疗化脓伤口的新方法。列宁格勒把他叫了去，基洛夫亲自劝他解除神职，只要他这样做马上就可以给他一个研究所。但是顽固不化的主教甚至不同意出版他的著作时不在括号里印出他的神职。因此研究所和出书的事只得作罢。他于一九三三年服完流放期，回到塔什干，在那里又获得了第三次流放，这次是到克拉斯诺雅尔斯克。战争爆发后，他在西伯利亚各医院工作，使用了他的治疗化脓伤口的方法。为这件事决定发给他斯大林奖金。他坚持要穿着全套的主教法衣才同意领取。（今天医学院的学生们问起他的生平，回答是："没有关于他的任何文献。"） 工程师们怎么样？其中有多少人因为不肯在愚蠢卑鄙的暗害活动供状上签名而被放逐和枪杀？在这些人当中，彼得?阿基莫维奇（约阿基莫维奇）?帕尔钦斯基（一八七五--一九二九）像一颗闪闪发光的明星！这是一位兴趣惊人广博的工程师和学者。矿业学院（一九OO年）毕业生。杰出的矿业专家。从他的著作目录中可以看到他研究过以下各方面的问题并留有著述：经济发展的一般问题，工业品价格的波动，煤炭输出，欧洲港口设备及运营，港口管理的经济问题，德国的安全技术，德英矿业的集中化，矿山经济学，苏联建材工业的恢复和发展，高等学校培养工程师的一般问题，此外就是关于矿业本身的著作，单个区域和单个矿床的描述（我们现在还不知道他的全部著作）。帕尔钦斯基如果搞自己工程师的本行，本来也可以像沃伊诺-亚谢涅茨基如果单搞医学一样，不会遇到灾祸。但也正如那人之不能不传布他的信仰，这人也不能不参与政治。还在矿业学院上学的时候，帕尔钦斯基就以"运动首领"的身份上了宪兵队的黑名单。一九OO年曾主持学生集会。当了工程师以后，引人注目地参与了一九O五年伊尔库茨克革命骚动，并因"伊尔库茨克共和国"一案被判处苦役。他越狱赴欧。因原已同情无政府主义，在国外与克鲁泡特金交往甚密。他在流亡期间进修数门工程专业，从事欧洲技术和经济的研究，但同时也没有放弃"旨在民间传播无政府主义思想"的通俗出版物的计划。一九一三年获释。返俄时写信告诉克鲁泡特金："鉴于我为自己确定的在俄国活动的纲领……在我力所能及的一切地方，我将参加一般地发展国家生产力和开展最广泛意义上的社会自发活动的工作。"在他首次周游俄国各中心城市期间，竞选矿山实业界代表大会理事会事务长的建议、"顿巴顿显耀的经理职位"、银行顾问、矿业学院教授、矿业厅厅长等职务的聘书像雪片似地飞来。具有如此巨大精力和广博知识的工作者在俄国是少有的。 他后来的命运如何？前面（第一部第十章）已经说过。大战时期成为工商部次长。在懦弱无能的临时政府里，帕尔钦斯基显然是最有魄力的成员：在科尔尼洛夫事件期间他就任彼得格勒总督。十月革命爆发的那几天他是冬宫防守司令。他随即被关进了彼得保罗要塞，诚然，四个月以后就放出来了。一九一八年六月，未提出任何罪名，就将他拘捕。一九一八年九月六日被列入一百二十二名重要人质的名单（"如果……再有一名苏维埃工作人员遇害，下列人质将一律处决。"彼得格勒肃委。主席博基，秘书约谢列维奇）。然而他却未被枪毙，甚至在一九一八年底由于德国社会民主党人卡尔?摩尔的很不得体的干预（此人对于我们囚禁这样的人物感到很吃惊），获得了释放。一九二O年后在矿业学院任教授，常去德米特罗夫拜会克鲁泡特金。不久后克氏去世，他组织了一个为克氏建碑（未能如愿）的委员会。不知是否为这件事，他随即被关进监狱。在档案里保存着一份颇为希罕的文件--一九二二年一月十六日致莫斯科革命军事法庭的公函； 兹因国家计委常任顾问帕尔钦斯基工程师 需于本年一月十八日下午三时作为报告人在本委南方局 就恢复当前具有特别重大意义的南方冶金工业问题发表 讲话，为此国家计委主席团请求革命法庭于该回三时前 放出帕尔钦斯基同志，俾其能以完成交付给他的任务。 国家计委主席 克尔日扎诺夫斯基 请求（而且是越出权限的）。而且只是因为南方冶金工业"当前具有特别重大意义……"，而且只是为了"完成任务"，否则的话，爱怎么办都行。过后愿意再抓回牢里也请便！ 事实不然，后来还让帕尔钦斯基为恢复苏联的采矿事业很忙乎了一阵子。只是到了一九二九年，让他在监狱里表现过坚忍不拔的英雄气概之后，才不经审判地把他枪决了。 必须是对本国完全无动于衷的人，必须是一个异邦人才能够枪杀民族的骄傲--它的学识、精力和才能的精华！ 十二年以后尼古拉?伊万诺维奇?瓦维洛夫不是也遭到了相同的命运？难道瓦维洛夫不是一个（被痛苦的必要性逼成的）真正的政治犯？在为期十一个月的侦查期内他经受过四百次审讯。而在法庭上（一九四一年七．月九日）仍没有承认对他的指控； 还有一个并不享有任何世界盛名的人物--水利学家罗季奥诺夫教授。（维持科夫斯基介绍了他的事迹。）被监禁以后，他拒绝从事专业工作，尽管这是一条最轻松的道路。于是被分配去缝皮靴。难道这个人不是一个真正的政治犯吗？他是一个天性平和的水利学家，并没有进行斗争的思想准备，但是既然他能在狱吏面前坚守自己的信念，难道还不能算一个真正的政治犯？他还需要什么样的党证？ 像一颗星星突然变得明亮几百倍然后猝然熄灭一样，一个本不想成为政治犯的人也可能在狱中发出短暂的强烈闪光并因此而毁灭。这类事迹我们一般无法知道。有时候某个见证人会说出来。有时候会见到一张褪色的纸片，根据它仅仅可以做出一些大致的推测： 雅科夫，叶菲莫维奇?波奇塔尔，一八八七年生，非党员，医生。战争一开始就在黑海舰队空军基地工作。塞瓦斯托波尔基地军事法庭第一次的判决是五年劳改。似乎很平安。但这又是怎么回事？十一月二十二日--第二次判决；枪毙。并于十一月二十七日执行。在十七日至二十二日之间的这不祥的五天里究竟发生了什么事？他是像星星一样爆发了？或者仅仅是因为审判员忽然发觉判轻了？他前一案的问题现在平了反。这说明，如果没有后一案就不会……？ 而托洛茨基分子呢？纯血统的政治犯！这是他们不可剥夺的荣耀。 （人们在向我叫喊！台上在向我摇铃：站回原位去！说唯一的政治犯！说那些在劳改营里仍坚持神圣的信念的铁铮铮的共产党员！……好吧，下一章我专门谈谈他们。） 历史学家们有朝一日会研究我国青年政治犯的小溪是从什么时候流起的。我觉得是从一九四三--四四年开始的（我指的不是社会党和托洛茨基派的青年）。这些差不多还是中学生的人（请回忆一九四四年的"民主"）忽然想寻求一个不同于向他们硬性灌输和偷偷塞到他们脚下的那个立场的立场。那么，还能把他们称为什么人呢？ 只是我们现在和将来都没法知道他们的任何情况。 如果二十二岁的阿尔卡季?别林科夫为他的当然是没有发表的第一部长篇小说《感觉的草稿》进了牢狱，后来在劳改营里继续写作（但在死亡的边缘把文稿托付给了眼线凯尔迈耶尔，结果获得了新的刑期），--对这样的人我们难道能拒绝给予政治犯的称号吗？ 一九五O年列宁格勒机械中等专科学校的学生建立了一个有纲领和章程的党。许多当事人遭枪杀。这件事是阿伦?列文告诉我们的。他本人得到了二十五年。路旁的一根小木柱，如此而已。 我国当代的政治犯必须具有大大超过先前的革命党人的坚毅和勇敢，这一点用不着论证。先前为了较大的行动只会被判处轻微的刑罚。革命党人也并不须非那么勇敢不可：事情败露，他们只有自身（而不是全家！）受祸的危险，甚至并不是掉脑袋，而是不长的刑期。 革命前张贴传单意味着什么？游戏！跟放鸽子一样。连三个月也判不了。但是弗拉季米尔?格尔舒尼团体中的五少年书写"我国政府名誉扫地了！"的传单却需要下亚历山大?乌里扬诺夫团体中的五少年行刺沙皇那么大的决心。 它是怎样自己燃烧起来的，它是怎样在人们内心觉醒的？在列宁斯克-库兹涅茨克市的一座唯一的男中里，五个男孩子（共青团小组长米沙?巴克斯特；托利亚?塔兰京，也是共青团积极分子；维尔维尔?列赫特曼；尼古拉?科涅夫和尤里?安尼卡诺夫）从九年级起就脱离了无忧无虑的精神状态。他们既不为姑娘们苦恼，也不在时髦的舞蹈上花脑筋。他们环视着城内的野蛮和酗酒，刻苦地钻研和经常翻阅自己的历史教科书，试图进行联系和对比。升入十年级以后，他们在地方苏维埃选举（一九五O年）以前用印刷体字母写出他们第一份幼稚的传单： "工人，你办我们今天过的难道就是我们的祖父、父亲、兄长为之奋斗牺牲的那种生活吗？我们做工，可是只得到可怜的几个小钱，就这点他们还在压低……精读读这些并想想自己的生活吧……" 他们自己也只是在想，因此没有提出任何号召。（他们计划散发一套这样的传单，自己动手制造一部胶印机。） 张贴的方法是：五人一起夜间上街，一人把四团湿面包粘在墙上，另一人贴上传单。 早春，他们班里来了一个像是新教师的人，要大家……用印刷字体填写登记表声校长恳求不要在学年结束以前逮捕他们。这些孩子们被关进去接受侦讯的时候，最遗憾的仍是未能参加自己的毕业晚会。"谁领导你们的？快招！"（国家安全人员不能相信这些孩子们单纯是受良心的驱使。这种事哪能相信？不是说生命只有一次吗？干嘛要去思索呢？）禁闭室、夜审、罚站。省法院的不公开开庭、（审判员--普希金，此人不久后即因受贿而被判刑。）可怜巴巴的辩护律师、不知所措的陪审员、威风凛凛的检察长特鲁特涅夫（！）全体都判了十年或几年徒刑。把这些十七岁的少年们都送进了特种劳改营。 不错，老谚语没有瞎说："勇士要在监牢里找，蠢人要在政治指导员里找！" 我是为无声的俄国写作，所以不多谈托洛茨基分子：他们都是能写的人，凡侥幸活下来的必定准备好了详细的回忆录。他们会比我更完整更准确地描写出他们富于戏剧性的史诗。 但是为了照顾全面，在这里也略谈几句。 他们在二十年代末期曾利用早先革命党人的全部经验进行过系统的地下斗争，不过站在他们对面的国家政治保卫局可不像沙皇暗探局那样呆头呆脑。我不知道他们对于斯大林为他们安排的一概消灭的下场是早有准备还是仍以为事情会以几句玩笑与和解而结束。不管怎么说，他们都是一些勇敢的人。（不过我担心一旦他们掌权，给我们带来的疯狂行为不见得会比斯大林的好。）我们要指出的一点是，直到三十年代，当末日已经临近时，他们仍认为和社会党人发生任何接触都是背叛和耻辱。因此他们在隔离所里自己抱成一团，连替社会党人转递狱中信件都不肯干（要知道，他们认为自己是列宁主义者呢）。斯米尔诺夫的妻子（在丈夫已被处决后）总是避免和社会党人交往，说是"免得被看守员发现"（也可以说是免得被共产党员的眼睛看见）！ 有这样印象（但我不坚持），他们在劳改营条件下的政治斗争里有过多的瞎忙成份，因而总带着悲喜剧的色彩。他们在由莫斯科去科雷马的闷罐车里约定着"秘密联系办法、暗语"之类。可是到达目的地后他们都被分别塞进了不同的劳改点和不同的作业班。 比方说一个老老实实地挣得了生产口粮的"反革命托派作业班"突然被改为吃惩戒口粮。what to do? "隐蔽得很好的地下共产党支部"进行讨论。罢工？但这正好是上挑动者的钩。他们想挑动我们闹事，而我们--我们偏偏要骄傲地去上工，没有口粮也要去上工。我们可以去上工，可是劳动要像吃惩戒粮的样子。 （这是在三七年，在作业班里不仅仅有"纯粹的"托洛茨基派，还有被划为托派的"纯粹的"正统派，他们都向中央斯大林同志、向内务人民委员部叶若夫同志、向中执委加里宁同志、向总检察署呈递了申诉书。他们极不希望现在和劳改营首长们闹翻，因为将来随身携带的鉴定书还要靠他们写。） 在乌京内金矿，他们准备纪念十月革命节二十周年。捡来一些黑布条子，或者用木炭把白布条染黑。他们打算在十一月七日清晨在所有帐篷顶上挂起志哀的黑旗，要在列队出工时唱《国际歌》，同时大家手牵手不让押解队士兵闯进队伍，无论如何都要把它唱完，然后坚决不走出营区去上工。他们还要高喊"打倒法西斯！""列宁主义万岁！""伟大的十月社会主义革命万岁！"等口号。 在这个计划里混合着某种歇斯底里的热情和达到可笑程度的华而不实的作风…… 不过有外人或者他们自己的人告了他们的密。在前一天即十一月六日他们全体被带到了"尤比列内"金矿，节日的几天内把他们隔离在那里。他们在封闭的（不用出工的）帐篷里唱《国际歌》，而"尤比列内"矿上的苦力们这时却得去上工。（唱歌的人们内部也发生分裂：这里有被错划为托派的共产党员，他们走到一边，不唱《国际歌》，以沉默表示自己忠于正统。） "既然他们把我们放在铁窗里关着，这说明我们还是有一定作用的，"亚历山大?博亚尔奇科夫自我安慰说。这无非是自欺欺人。他们什么人不关？ ... 托洛茨基分子的劳改营斗争的最大成就是在沃尔库塔铁路沿线各劳改营中举行的一次绝食罢工。（在这以前还在科雷马的什么地方搞过一次好像是为期一百天的绝食：他们要求以自由移居代替劳改营。他们赢了--答应了他们的要求，他们停止了绝食。后来把他们分散到不同劳改营，逐步地把他们全消灭了。）关于沃尔库塔的绝食，我得到的材料是互相矛盾的。大致情况是这样： 它开始于一九三六年十月二十七日，持续了一百三十二天（对他们实行了人工灌食，但他们没有停止绝食）。有几个人因饥饿致死。他们的要求是： --政治犯与刑事犯分离； --八小时工作日； --恢复政治犯口粮，（即比其他犯人增多的口粮，这一条绝对只是为自己要求的。）伙食不受生产量的影响； --取消特别庭，宣布其判决无效。 用软管给他们灌食，后来又在各劳改营散布流言，说砂糖和黄油没有了，全是"因为喂养了托派"。可谓无愧于蓝箍帽的手段！一九三七年三月莫斯科来电：绝食者提出的要求可全部接受！绝食结束。可是孤立无援的劳改犯怎么能争得诺言的履行？结果他们上当了，一条也没有执行。（西方人既不能相信也不能理解事情是可以这样办的。但这就是整个的我国历史。）反过来，绝食的全体参加者一个个被叫到契卡行动科，向他们宣布了他们继续进行反革命活动的罪名。 克里姆林宫里的大鸣鹤这时候已经在考虑对他们的大镇压。 稍晚一些，在沃尔库塔八号矿又发生了一次大规模绝食（也许是前面的绝食的一部分）。这次参加了一百七十人，其中知道姓名的有；绝食带头人米哈伊尔?沙比罗，原哈尔科夫国营电器厂工人；德米特里?库里涅夫斯基，以前在共青团基辅省委工作；伊万诺夫，前波罗的海舰队护卫舰中队长；奥尔洛夫一卡海涅茨基；米哈伊尔?安德列耶维奇；波列沃依一根金；B?B?维拉普，梯比里斯《东方曙光》报编辑；索克拉特?格维尔江，亚美尼亚党中央书记；格里戈里?佐洛特尼科夫，历史学教授；教授之妻。 曾在一九二七--二八年一起蹲过上乌拉尔斯克隔离所的六十个人形成了绝食的核心。出了一件绝食者高兴而首长们不高兴的很大的意外--一个外号叫"莫斯科"的贼头带着二十名刑事犯参加了绝食。（这位莫斯科曾以一次夜间恶作剧而闻名全营：偷偷钻进营长办公室，在他的办公桌上拉了一泡屎。如果干这事的是你我之辈，难得枪毙，可人家却仅仅受到责备：准是阶级敌人教唆你来的吧？）只有这二十名盗窃犯真的让长官们犯愁，而对于社会异己的"绝食积极分子"，沃尔库塔劳改营的契卡行动科长乌兹科夫挖苦地说： "你们以为欧洲会知道你们的绝食吗？我们才不在乎什么欧洲呢！" 他说的是实话。但是对社会亲近分子既不能动手打也不能让他们死掉。不过绝食进行到一半以后，当局摸准了他们的流氓无产阶级意识把他