Chapter 28 Chapter 2 The Islands Out of the Sea

On the White Sea in the half-year white night, the island of Veliki Solovets raised a white church above the water, surrounded by a high wall of the Acropolis made of huge boulders covered with russet moss.The gray and white Solovets seagulls kept flying over the Acropolis, chirping... "Sin does not seem to exist in this pure land... The nature here does not seem to be ripe for crime. -- This is the feeling Solovitz gave Prishvin. Before we came, this group of islands rose from the sea, and before us, the ground here was filled with more than two hundred lakes rich in fish and shrimp; The islands were populated by elk and elk, but foxes, wolves, and other beasts of prey have never been seen here.

The glaciers came and went, depositing granite boulders around the lake.The lake was frozen in the night-black winter of Solovets; the sea was stirred by howling winds, icicles floated on the sea, and in places condensed into ice; the northern lights illuminated half the sky; Gradually whitening, the climate gradually warming; the spruces grow taller and thicker, the birds coo and squeak, and the young deer howl. --The earth rotates with the history of the world, and dynasties decline and rise one by one, but there are still no beasts or humans here. Novgorodians sometimes landed here, and they included these island streets in the district of Orzinezh.Karelians also sometimes live here.Fifty years after the Kulikov War, that is, 500 years before the establishment of the State Political Security Bureau, two eminent monks, Savati and Zosima, crossed the mother-of-pearl ocean in a small boat, and decided that there was no The deserted island of beasts is a sacred place.After their arrival, the Solovitz Monastery appeared: since then, two cathedrals, Uspensky (Assumption of the Virgin) and Preobrazhensky (Transfiguration), have been built successively. Church of the "Severed Head".There are another twenty or so churches and twenty or so chapels.There are also the Hermitages of Ergata, the Monastery of the Trinity, the Monastery of Savati, the Monastery of Muksam and the solitary hermitages of solitary and ascetic monks in remote locations.A great deal of labor was put into the islands, first by the monks themselves and later by farmers attached to the monasteries.The lakes are connected by dozens of canals.The lake water flows into the monastery through wooden pipes.The most astonishing project was the construction of a dike on the island of Muksam by somehow laying huge "immovable" boulders on the sand (nineteenth century).Large and small Muksam islands, began to graze fat herds.Monks loved caring for animals, both domesticated and wild.It turned out that the land of Solovets was not only holy, but also fertile, able to feed thousands of residents here.The vegetable garden produces solid, white and sweet cabbage (it

The vegetable stem enjoys the reputation of "Solovets apple").All vegetables are locally grown. All are good varieties.It also has its own greenhouse, and even grows roses.The fishing industry is well developed. There is fishing at sea, and there is fish farming in "Principal Aquariums" separated from the sea.Over the course of hundreds and decades, successive grain mills appeared, and since own sawmill, local pottery kilns, own iron foundry, own blacksmith Workshop, own bookbinding factory, own leather manufacturing industry, own carriage manufacturing industry. It even has its own power plant.Special-shaped bricks with complex styles and small sea boats for self-use are also

All made by ourselves. However, no matter in the past or present, the life of the people on the island has never been developed independently of military thought and prison thought, and it is not known whether it will be possible in the future Such development cannot be obtained. Military thinking: some ignorant monks must not be allowed to live an ordinary life On some ordinary islands.These islands lie on the fringes of great empires, so it We must fight the Swedes, the Danes, the English; hence the need for walls Fortresses up to eight meters thick, eight towers were built, and narrow cannons were opened to ensure that the cathedral

The bell tower has a good observation horizon. (The Abbey was indeed founded in 180 In eight years and in 1854, it resisted the invasion of the British twice, and both won.But in "1667" when he clashed with the supporters of Archbishop Nikon, the monk Feocides Te opened a secret channel and sold the Solovitz Acropolis to the tsar's ministers. ) Prison Thoughts: This is wonderful!On a lonely island again, and strong Stonewall!There are places where important criminals can be confined, and there are people who can be assigned to guard important criminals.I We do not prevent them from saving their own souls, but they must guard the prisoners for us.

(How many have been shattered by this part-time job in a Christian monastery!) Did Savaj think of this when he landed on Holy Island? ... Church heretics were imprisoned here, as well as political heretics.Abra Mi Palitsyn was imprisoned here (and died here); Pushkin's uncle, Gong Hanni Barr also squatted here because he sympathized with the Decembrists.Zaporozh Barracks last Commander Karnishevsky (Petliura's distant forerunner?) was imprisoned here in his twilight years, and after a long period of imprisonment, he was not released until he was over a hundred years old. All of them, however, can be counted almost by name.But the ancient history of the Solovetsy Monastery was clothed in a mythical cloak in our Soviet time, that is, in the Solovets labor camp, which deceived the writers of reference guides and historical accounts, so that we are in a certain place today. In some books, I saw that Solovitz Prison was a torture prison.It is said that there are also hooks for torture racks, leather whips, and soldering irons.In fact, the average Russian monastic prison has none of the instruments used in pre-Elizabethan torture prisons or in the Western Inquisition.This is all a fabrication by a dishonest and clueless researcher.

Solovitz's old prisoners still remember this man vividly.He is Ivanov the Clown, nicknamed "Anti-Religion Bacteria" in the battalion.This man was originally a servant of the Archbishop of Novgorod, and was arrested for stealing church treasures to the Swedes.In 1925, he was taken to Solovitz.He jumped up and down, trying to avoid ordinary labor in every possible way, so as to save his life.He went on to specialize in anti-religious propaganda among prisoners, and of course became a member of the Intelligence Investigation Section (Intelligence Investigation Section. It took such a frank name).Not only that, but he speculated that the monks must have buried so much treasure here that the leaders of the labor camp were tempted to form an excavation committee under his leadership.This committee dug for months. --Alas, the monks cheated on the anti-religion bacteria's psychological speculation: they buried no treasures in Solovets.In order to resign with honor, Ivanov interpreted the houses built underground for general affairs, storage, defense and other purposes as places of imprisonment and torture.According to him, after so many centuries, the small instruments of torture have naturally not survived, but a hook (used for hanging meat carcasses) is enough to prove that there was a torture rack here.As for why the torture of the nineteenth century did not leave a trace, it is more difficult to say why.Then he concluded: "The system of the Solovitz prison has become considerably milder since the last century." Get a little comfort.The article was published in the "Solovets Archipelago", and later printed as a separate book by the Solovets printing house, and since then it has successfully blackened the truth of history. (Solovitz's prosperous pre-revolutionary monastery was famous and highly respected throughout the country, so the trick played by the clown was considered all the more appropriate for the situation.)

After the working people took power, what measures were taken against these malicious monk parasites?Send some political commissars and politically reliable cadres to the monastery, announce that the monastery will be turned into a state-owned farm, and order the monks to pray less and work more for workers and peasants.Monks work all day.Thanks to their special knowledge of when and where they cast their nets, they are able to catch fresh fish with an extraordinary taste.These herrings were all shipped to Moscow and served on the table of the Kremlin. However, the treasures in the monastery, especially the large number of treasures concentrated in the vestry sacristy, made the leaders and disciplinary cadres from outside feel uneasy: so many precious pearls were stored here as dull religious goods, and could not be transferred to labor. (their) hands.At this time they adopted a method that slightly contradicted the penal code and was fully in line with the general spirit of depriving non-working people of their property-setting a fire in the monastery (May 25, 1923) .The building was damaged, and many of the treasures in the sacristy were missing.And the main thing is that all the registers were burned, and there was no way of finding out how much and what was lost.

Doesn't the revolutionary legal sense (sense of smell) tell us what to do, without any detective work?The criminals who burned down the monastery were not monks, who else could this gang of black dogs be?Drive them all to the mainland!Move all the northern special battalions to the Solovets Islands!Eighty-year-old or even hundred-year-old monks knelt down and begged to let them die on this "sacred land", but the authorities swept them all out with proletarian determination, leaving only the most necessary personnel: the fishing team; The herdsman of Xam Isle; Father Mefoji, who can stuff cabbage; Father Samson, the ironworker; and others of similar use. (In the Acropolis, they are allocated a corner separate from the labor camp, with a separate entrance - Herring Gate. They are called "labor communes", but in order to take care of their actual situation of being too poisoned, they are located in the cemetery Leave them the Onufree Church above, to say their prayers there.)

A proverb often said by the prisoners: "The Holy Land is not worried about being unoccupied", and it has really become a reality.The bells fell silent, the lamps and incense were extinguished, the mass and all-night prayers were no longer heard, no one murmured prayers day and night, the iconostasis was destroyed (only Preobrazhin The cathedral still survives).However, in June 1923, a heroic Cheka worker in a military overcoat with a very long hem, black armbands and collar patches with special emblems, and a black hoop hat without a five-pointed star on his head Came to these islands and created a fortified model labor camp here - the pride of the Workers and Peasants Republic.

Even these class-oriented concentration camps were then considered insufficiently strict.Therefore, the "Northern Special Labor Camp" was established in 1921, abbreviated as CJOH ("Elephant"), which was under the jurisdiction of the Suzu Committee.The first camps of this kind appeared near Pyrtominsk, Kholmogoly and Arkhangelsk, but these locations were clearly considered unsafe and unsuitable in the long run for large concentrations of prisoners.The sights of the chiefs naturally turned to the Solovets Islands not far from them.There are already ready-made and complete economic facilities, including stone buildings, and the distance from the mainland is 20 to 40 kilometers, which is close enough for prison administrators and far enough for fugitives.And there was half a year to cut off contact with the mainland -- it was a walnut that was harder to chew than Sakhalin Island. As for the meaning of the word "special", there are no clear and detailed regulations in various regulations.But of course the commander of the Solovitz labor camp, Eichmans, received a verbal explanation in Lubinka, and when he came to the island, he conveyed it to his close assistants. Solovitz's story may not surprise ex-cons or even ordinary people in the sixties now.But readers are asked to imagine themselves as a Russian in the era of Chekhov and after Chekhov, a person who is called the silver age of Russian culture, that is, a person who was recorded for ten years in the twentieth century, a person who was educated at that time despite having received civil war. Shocked but still used to the norms of food, clothing and verbal interactions people are supposed to have, then ask him to step through the gates of Solovets Kempepunkt-Kem Transit.This deportation station was set up on the deserted island of Priestes, without a single tree or shrub, connected to the mainland by a dike.The first thing he saw in this bare and dirty pen was the quarantine company (the prisoners were organized into "companies" at that time, and there were no "work shifts").People were wearing... sacks!Ordinary sack: legs are exposed underneath, as if wearing a skirt.Holes were dug in the upper half for the head and hands. (Fortunately they figured it out. But there is no problem that Russian ingenuity can't overcome!) The new prisoner, when he still has his own pocket, can temporarily escape the sack, but he has not had time to pay attention to the sack. Research and you will see the legendary cavalry captain Kurilko. Kurilko (and Beloborodov like him) also appeared before the deconstruction column in a long-hemmed Chekist overcoat with scary black armbands wrapped around an old The material of the Russian military uniform is particularly strange, as if it is a symbol of death.He jumped on a wooden barrel or some other suitable raised platform, and yelled at the newcomers with a sudden and piercing scream: "Hey! Listen! This is not the Soviet (Soviet) Republic, this is The place is the Solovitz Republic! You have to understand! The Solovitz ground has never been stepped on by the Attorney General! He will never step on it! You must know that I sent you here Come on, I don’t want you to reform! You are a born hunchback, you can’t change it! Tell you the rules here: I say stand up, stand up! I say get down, get down! The letter to the family should be written like this: Alive, Healthy and happy with everything! It's over!  …" The dumbfounded nobles, intellectuals in the capital, priests, mullahs and ignorant Central Asians listened respectfully to this lecture that they had never heard, seen or read.Kurilko, who was not famous in the civil war, now writes his name in the annals of Russia in this historic and special way.With every well-timed shout and precept, his energy grew stronger; countless new and sharper clamors and precepts kept blurting out. Amid the narcissism and babbling (but he was gleefully thinking: You scholars, where did you hide when we were fighting the Bolsheviks? Did you try to hide from the limelight? You got caught Here it comes. This is the reward for your shitty neutralism! And we can make friends with the Bolsheviks too, I 01 a man of action!), Kurilko would start his coach like this; "Hello, First Isolation Company!... No, let's do it again! Hello, First Isolation Company!...No!... You should call the commander! The voice should be louder, the whole Solovets Islands, and the entire Solovets Islands. It can be heard across the strait. Two hundred people shouting together, it will shake the wall down!!! Shout again! First isolation company, hello!" Kurilko stared at everyone and shouted hard, until he was tired from shouting, and then turned to the next subject-the whole company ran around the pillar: "Legs up! . . . legs up!" By this time, even he himself was suffering, and even he himself seemed to be an actor until the last murder in the fifth act.After half an hour of practice, he made a wish with his hoarse throat that he could hardly speak to the people who were already staggering on the ground. This sentence broke the essence of Solovka: "I'm going to force you to suck dead people's snot!" And this is only the first exercise in breaking the will of the newcomer.The next step would be to order them to sleep on the bare floors of rotten and blackened plank sheds.It's nothing, just give the squad leader a little bribe, and he can be pushed onto the plank.Others will have to stand all night in the aisle between the slabs (the culprit will also have to stand between the toilet and the wall). This is what happened in 1923, 1925, before the blissful "Year of Great Turning," before the personality cult, before policy was distorted and destroyed. ... (From 1927 onwards, one item has been added, that is, the boardrooms are all occupied by thieves, and they shoot the lice from their bodies on the intellectuals standing underground.) While waiting for the "Gleb? Bokey" ship, they also need to engage in a period of labor at the Kem transfer station.Some of them will be forced to run around a pillar and keep shouting: "I'm a slob! I don't like to work! I'm messing around!" An engineer fell while carrying a toilet bucket and spilled water all over his body. Shit, they shut him out of the shed and let the filth freeze on him.After this, what you will hear is the roar of the escort team: "Don't fall behind! We will shoot without warning! Let's go!" Then there will be the sound of pulling the bolt of the gun, "Are you looking for trouble!" Winter escorted them Walking on the ice, the prisoner had to drag the boat himself so that he could ride it across the unfrozen sea.They were stuffed into the ship's cabin after the freeze, so full that before reaching Solovets some people would have to suffocate, before even a glimpse of the snow-white monastery surrounded by ochre-red walls. Within a few hours of arriving at Solovets, the new prisoner experienced a prank in the barracks bathhouse: he stripped naked while the first attendant dipped in a large wooden bucket of green soapy water. Swipe the broom and daub him; a second attendant comes up and pushes him somewhere under a sloping plank or step; there a third attendant throws a bucket of water over the stunned man ; The fourth immediately pushed him to the dressing room.Someone already dumped his "crap" out there from above. (From this prank one can foresee the whole Gulag, including its speed of doing things and its attitude towards human value.) This is how the newcomer swallows the spirit of Solovitz.This spirit, unknown to the whole country, is the spirit of the future archipelago that is being conceived in Solovitz. Newcomers can also meet people in sacks here; some in ordinary "freeman" clothes, both new and worn; overcoat (a privilege and a sign of high status; only camp administrators wear it) and a "Solovets cap" of the same material; suddenly he saw walking among the prisoners a The one who wears-...swallowtail eyes!Moreover, the man surprised no one, no one turned to him, no one laughed. (You know, everyone wears out his original clothes. This unfortunate gentleman was arrested at the "Cosmopolitan Hotel", so he will have to wear a tuxedo to finish his sentence.) The journal Solovets Archipelago (1930, N01) stated that receiving standard clothing was "the fantasy of many prisoners".Full official attire is issued only in institutions for children.For example, a female prisoner was not given anything, neither underwear, stockings, or turbans.Catch a lady in a single dress and ask her to wear it through a harsh winter in the Arctic Circle.Therefore, many prisoners squatted in the company's dormitory with only one underwear on their bodies.The authorities do not push such people out to work. The clothes of the state were so precious that no one in Solovets found it strange or barbaric that the prisoners undressed near the Acropolis in the middle of winter, handed over their full suits to the state, and then Naked, followed to another group of people 200 meters away, where he was given another set of clothes.This set of procedures means that they are being handed over by the Acropolis Management Office to the Felimo Nuovo Railway Branch Line Management Office. However, if they are handed over wearing clothes, the receiving unit may not return the clothes, or exchange the bad clothes for good ones, secretly drop bag. There is another winter scene, for a different reason, but in the same fashion.They found out that the hospitals in the health department did not meet the hygienic requirements, and ordered to scald them with boiling water.But where to put the sick?All the houses in the Acropolis were packed.The Solovets Islands have a higher population density than Belgium (and what about the density in the Acropolis of Solovets?).So all the patients were carried into the snow with quilts and left for three hours.Pull it back after washing. Have we not forgotten that our newcomers are children of a silver age education?He still doesn't know anything about the Second World War, about the Buchenwald concentration camp!He saw here: squad leaders in tweed uniforms made of military overcoat material saluted each other and the company commander in a correct military posture, but it was they who held the long roots in their hands-that is, The so-called "Zhizi" (there is even a verb that everyone understands: Zhuzizi) drove his workers to work. He saw here: the sleds and carts are not drawn by horses, but by people (Several people pull a car), and there is also a special term - "Ma Lindai" (horse! Temporary agent). He would also hear from other Solovehans more terrifying things than what he had seen.People would say to him the grim word "Sekirka foot", which refers to Mount Axe. On the top of the mountain there is a two-story cathedral, and the solitary cells are located inside. The treatment of solitary confinement is: between the two walls There are several tree roots as thick as an arm. Prisoners who are being punished have to sit on these tree sticks throughout the day (they lie on the ground at night, but they can only go deep because of the crowding). The height of the tree sticks is just right. The prisoner's feet cannot touch the ground. It is not so easy to keep his balance, so the prisoner has to hold it up all day long. If he falls, the guards will come in and beat him. Also: take him outside and make him stand at 365 The upper end of the stone steps of the first step (from the cathedral to the lake, built by the monks); he was tied from head to foot to a log for weight, and then he was laid horizontally and pushed down the stone steps (halfway There is no platform, and the steps are so steep that the logs that bind people cannot stop). Well, you don't need to go to the Ax Mountain to find the sticks. They are also found in the always crowded confinement cells in the Acropolis.Another way is to put you on a huge rock with sharp ridges, and it is not easy to stay on it.In summer, it is called "sitting on tree stumps", which means feeding mosquitoes naked.But at this time, someone needs to be sent to monitor the victim. If he is stripped naked and tied to the tree trunk, the mosquito can complete the task by itself.And - drag the whole company into the snow and tell him to be punished there.Also--drove the prisoner into the mud puddles by the lake and left him neck-deep in the mud.There is another method: put the horse in the empty pole, tie the punished person's legs to the pole, and the guardsman rides on the horse, and gallops the horse on the deforestation site until the groans and cries behind the horse Can't hear it. The newcomer hadn't begun Solovitz's life, hadn't begun serving his three-year sentence, which amounted to no parole, and was already mentally broken.But if the contemporary reader points with a finger and says: Look, this is a system of open murder, death camps!Then you are in too much of a hurry.Hey, we are not so simple!At this first proving ground, and at others since, including the largest camps, we didn't operate overtly, we took a multi-layered, hybrid approach, and that's why it went so well, and that's why we so long. Suddenly, a majestic man rode a goat into the gate of the Acropolis.His demeanor was very solemn, and no one laughed at him.Who is he?Why ride a goat?This man's name is Degtyaryov, who used to herd cattle. (Not to be confused with Jagtyaryov the Freeman, the head of the troops of the Solovets Islands.) He had asked for a horse, but Solovets had few horses, so he was given a goat.But what on earth did he earn this honor?Because he let cattle?No, he is now the director of the tree nursery.Here he is, in Solovets, cultivating foreign species from far away. From this goat rider begins a Solovitz fantasia.The simple and reasonable vegetable farming started by monk Solovets has all been destroyed, and there is almost no food to eat. Why do we have to cultivate foreign tree species?But you have to know that the introduction of exotic trees near the Arctic Circle can show that Solovitz, like the entire Soviet Republic, is changing the world and building a new life!But where does the seed, the funding, come from?The problem happened precisely here: there was money to buy seeds for the nursery, but there was no money to feed the lumberjacks (at this time food was not provided according to rations, but according to the amount of funds). What about archaeological excavations?By the way, we have an excavation committee here.Understanding the past is a very important thing for us. Opposite the labor camp management office, there is a flower bed with a lovely elephant inlaid on it, and the letter "y" is inlaid on the cloak of the elephant's back.In addition, the same pictorial puzzle is printed on the face of the Solovets circulation note used as the currency of this northern country.What a happy family masquerade this is!Isn't everything lovely here?Mischievous Kurilko just to scare us, right? A stable currency circulated in the labor camps of the State Political Security Bureau for many years.Special currency helps to better isolate the camps.Even administrative and security personnel at all levels, not to mention prisoners, had to hand over all the Soviet currency they held in exchange for "settlement notes" (thick paper, flushed with water, with a face value of two, five, Twenty, fifty kopecks, one, three, five rubles. Notes of different years of issue bear the signature of different members of the All-Russian Political Security Bureau - Boki, Kogan or M. Behrman. Privately kept state currency in the camp Sentence to be executed by shooting. (One of the purposes of such severe measures is to make escape difficult.) In all camps of the State Political Security Bureau, all accounts are settled with this bill. When released (if there is such a time) ...) holders exchanged it for state currency. After 1923 the number of labor camps exploded and all such vouchers were cancelled. (Courtesy of M.M. Bykov.) Look, we have our own magazine - also called (founded in 1924, the first few issues were typed, and from the ninth issue onwards printed in the monastery printing house), in 1925 it was renamed "Solovets Islands ", 200 copies, and even a supplement - "New Solovitz" (let us break with the hateful monk era!) Since 1926, it has been changed to a national distribution, with a huge print run, Huge success!You must know that Solovitz was not hidden in the twenties, and even kept whispering in people's ears.Openly playing the Solovets card, openly proud of Solovets (had the courage to be proud!), mentioning it in Soviet songs, making fun of it in rap jokes at funfairs.We must know that class is disappearing (disappearing to where?), and Solovitz is coming to an end. The censorship of the magazine was so sloppy that the prisoners wrote (according to Grupokowski) a limerick about a three-person political security service, and it passed!Later they sang from the stage of the Solovyhan Theater in front of Gleb Bokey who came to inspect: Boki, Feldman, Vasilyev and Wuer Promised us a big bag of gifts... --The chief is happy to hear it 1 (I am really happy! Although you have not finished college, you still have a name in history.) The refrain is: Who rewarded us with Solovets, Please be sure to come in person. Stay with us for three to five years, Happy looking back on insurance in the future. --The chiefs laughed out loud!Love to hear (who can guess the prophecies in it?  …) But the magazine ceased publication in 1927: the authorities said they had no intention of making the joke.In 1929, when a series of major events took place in Solovitz, and the entire national labor camps were transferred to the direction of re-education, the magazine resumed publication, and it was published until 1932. The daring Shepchinsky (son of the executed general) hung a banner at the gate saying: "Solovitz wants to serve the workers and peasants!" (You know, this is also a prophecy! But they don’t like this thing, they figured it out, and asked someone to remove it.) The actors of the repertory troupe wore costumes remade from priests' vestments. "Railway Rumble".On stage are couples of distorted foxtrots (the dying West) and a triumphant red forge painted in the background ("us"). Fantasy world!It seems that the villain Kurilko is really joking! ... There is also a Solovecian topographical society, which publishes its own research reports, where it publishes treatises on the unique architecture of the sixteenth century, on Solovecian fauna, etc.The writing is thoughtful and informative, showing a fidelity to science, and a tender affection for the subject of study, as if the authors were some leisurely and eccentric scientist who came to these islands to satisfy his thirst for knowledge, rather than Prisoners who have already experienced Lubinka, who worry about going to the ax mountain, feeding mosquitoes, and being "dragged".Solovitz's beasts and birds also have the same spirit as these loyal topographical investigators, and they are not extinct, hunted, driven to other places, or even frightened--1928 There were also nests of hares who walked nonchalantly to the side of the road and watched curiously at the scene of the prisoner being escorted to Ansel. The hare is not lit, what is the reason?It was explained to newcomers that small animals and birds are not afraid of people here, because the State Political Security Bureau has an order: "Save bullets, and do not shoot except at prisoners!" So all the intimidation is just a joke!But -- "Get out of the way! Get out of the way!" -- someone shouted in the Acropolis compound in the daytime, which was as lively as Nevsky Prospekt.Three young swingers with the faces of drug addicts (the one in front used a riding whip to disperse the crowd of prisoners instead of a "barrel") dragged a limp and thin man in underwear, quickly step forward.The face of this man is terrible--it flows down like a liquid!This is the so-called "drag to the bottom of the bell tower".They pushed him through the small doorway and shot him in the back of the head.Steep steps lead to the bottom, and this person rolled down along it, enough to fill in seven or eight people at a time.Afterwards, send someone to take the body away, and send some female prisoners (these are the mothers and wives of those who went to Constantinople; they are religious people who will not renounce their beliefs and will not change the beliefs of their children) Come scrub the steps. why?Can't do it at night - quietly?But why quietly?That would be a wasted bullet.During the day, in front of a dense crowd, bullets can be educational.The effect of one shot is equal to killing ten. There was also another method of shooting - directly on the Onufri cemetery, behind the women's quarters (originally the guest rooms of the pilgrims).Therefore, the road next to the female prisoner's dormitory is called the execution road.At that time you can see, in the snow in winter, a man with bare feet and only underwear (no, this is not to torture him, this is to prevent his boots and coat from being ruined), with his hands tied behind his back by wire, was taken Here comes the prisoner with his head held high and his chest held high, instead of holding it in his hands, he is smoking the last cigarette of his life with it on his lips. (From this demeanor, one can tell that he is an officer. You know, there are people who have spent seven years in the field. There is an eighteen-year-old boy, the son of the historian B.A. Porto. Asked what his occupation was, he shrugged and said, "Machine gunner." Due to his young age and the height of the Civil War, he did not have time to acquire another occupation.) Fantasy world!That's how it is sometimes.Many things in history are repeated, but there are also some combinations of unprecedented and unprecedented in brief periods or limited places.One example is my country's New Economic Policy.The early Solovitz is also an example. For the tens of thousands of prisoners here, only a small number of Cheka staff were sent to supervise them. (Even these people came here in a semi-disciplined nature.) There were only twenty to forty in total. (Initially, I didn’t think so many prisoners would come, but Moscow kept sending them here, sending, sending. As of December 1923, it was only the first half of the year. The labor company, when it was counting at the end of the team, had already shouted: "376! The tenth horizontal team!" This means that there are 3,760 people in total. The 12th company is also so huge. Bigger. In addition to the Acropolis, there are already several dispatch points - Savadyevo, Felimonovo, Muksam, Trinity-? Islands.) By 1928, the total number had reached about 16,000.And how many "machine gunners" are there among the prisoners? How many seasoned veterans are there?况且从一九二六年起形形色色的老牌刑事惯犯也源源而来。怎么样才能管住他们，让他们不能暴动？ 只有用恐怖！只有用斧山！用树棍！用蚊子！在树墩中间"拖尸"！白昼的枪决！莫斯科往这里遣送犯人时不考虑本地的力量，但是莫斯科也没有用任何虚伪的规章限制自己的契卡人员：只要是为维护秩序，不管什么事，做了就是做了。当真是永远不会有一个检察长踏上索洛维茨的地面。 另一方面，还有一件镶着玻璃珠的薄纱外衣呢？--平等的时代！新索洛维茨！犯人的自我警卫！自我监督！自我管制！连干部、排干部、班干部全是来自犯人。又是业余文艺活动，又是自我娱乐！ 被恐怖和玻璃珠笼罩着的是一些什么人呢？who?世袭贵族。职业军人。哲学家。科学家。美术家。演员。高等法政学校学生。 以下是幸存者记忆中保留的少数索洛维茨人的名单：希林斯卡妮-沙赫玛托娃、沙霍夫斯卡娅、菲茨图姆、杰利维格、巴格拉图尼、阿索齐阿尼-艾里斯托夫，戈舍龙?德?拉?福斯，西维尔斯、奥索尔金、克劳德、巴赫鲁申、阿克萨科夫，科马罗夫斯基、沃伊科夫，瓦德博利斯基，翁里雅尔斯基，B?列瓦绍夫、沃尔科夫、罗金诺-罗金斯基，古多维奇，陶贝、穆罗姆采夫。前立宪民主党领袖涅克拉索夫（是他吗？）。财政学家奥泽洛夫教授。法学家博罗金教授。心理学家苏哈诺夫教授。哲学家--梅耶尔教授、阿斯科尔多夫教授、丹扎斯，神智学者苗布斯。历史学家--安齐费罗夫、普里谢尔科夫、戈尔登、扎奥泽尔斯基、瓦先科。文学理论家--利哈乔夫、蔡特林。语言学家安尼奇科夫。东方学者皮古列夫斯卡娅。鸟类学家波里亚科夫。美术家布拉兹、斯莫特里茨基。演员--卡卢金（亚历山大剧院），格卢博科夫斯基（科罗连科的侄子）。王十年代索洛维茨关闭以前，保罗弗洛连斯基神父也在这里蹲过。 由于教养，由于传统，他们太骄傲，所以决不会显出沮丧和恐惧，决不会嚎哭，连在朋友们面前也不诉苦。永远带着微笑是好风度的表现，即使是在走向刑场的时候。好像这个孤悬在咆啸的大海中的北极监狱只是野餐中发生的一次小小的误会。尽情地开开玩笑吧，尽情地对狱吏们进行嘲弄吧。 于是，流通券和花坛上出现了"大象"。于是，出现了当马骑的山羊。如果七连的成员都是搞艺术的，它的连长准会叫做"孔斯特"；如果什么人的外号叫伯瑞雅戈达，他一定是浆果干制组的组长。于是，就有了和杂志审查员糊涂虫开的那些玩笑。于是，就编出了各种小调。格奥尔吉?米哈伊洛维奇?奥索尔金喜欢在散步时开玩笑说："在岛上CommentvonsporteZvous？"--"ALagercommeaLager。"（"您在岛上身体可好？"--"在营里就是这样。"）（法语） 这一类小玩笑，这种故意显示的独立无羁的贵族精神最使陷入半野兽状态的索洛维茨狱吏们恼火。有一次他们决定枪毙奥索尔金。正在这一天，他的年轻的妻子（他本人也不到四十岁）登上了索洛维茨的码头！奥索尔金请求狱吏们不要让这次探视伤他妻子的心。他答应只留妻子在这里呆三天，她一离开，就枪毙好了。瞧瞧人家的自制力。我们咒骂贵族，结果自己却把这种自制力丢光了。有点小灾小难，小小的痛苦，就龇牙咧嘴。而人家一连三天和妻子在一起，都不让她看出一点痕迹，不做一句暗示！没有一声低沉的语调！眼神里没有一丝阴影！只有一次（他的妻子还活着，她回忆说），当他们沿着圣湖散步时，她猛一回头，看见丈夫痛苦地抱住头。"你怎么啦？""没有什么。"他马上变得开朗起来。她本来还可以多留几天，但他说服她离开。当轮船驶离码头的时候，他已经脱掉衣服，等待枪毙了。 但是要知道，总算还有人赠给他们这三天。奥索尔金的这个三天，以及另外一些事例，表明索洛维茨的管理制度当时还没有披上"体系"的错甲。它给人的印象是：索洛维茨的空气是已经达到极端的残忍和几乎还是憨厚的模糊状态的奇异的混合物。当时还模模糊糊：这一切将来会如何？索洛维茨的特征哪一些正变成伟大的群岛的萌芽，哪一些一出土就注定要枯死？总之索洛维茨人对这件事还没有坚定的共同信念：他们经管的北极奥斯威辛炼人炉已经点燃，它的炉膛已经对所有运到此地的人开放（而实际上正是这样……）。当时还有一个难题，就是所有人的刑期都短得要命：十年的很少见，连五年的已不常有，老是三年、三年。当时的人还不会玩法律的猫捉老鼠的游戏--按紧再放开，放开再按紧。"这一切将来会如何？"--这种鸿蒙初辟时代的混沌状态对于由犯人充当的警卫队员不可能毫无影响。即使对于狱吏，也会稍有影响。 不管到处公开宣扬的阶级斗争学说的词句多么鲜明：敌人唯一应得的命运就是被消灭！但当时的人仍然不能设想这种对每一个有头发、眼睛、嘴巴、脖子、肩膀的具体的两足个体的消灭。他可以相信阶级正在被消灭，但构成这些阶级的人们还是应当留下的，不是吗？……在另外一些比较宽厚和含混的概念的熏陶下成长的俄国人的眼睛，就像透过度数不对的眼镜片看东西一样，总是不能准确地看清这种残酷的学说的词句。"恐怖月"、"恐怖年"好像还是不久前公开宣布过的，但是人们就是不肯相信会有这等事。 群岛的这几个最初的岛屿也受到了这个五光十色的二十年代中期特有的不隐定性的感染。当时全国还弄不清楚，那些事全不许干了吗？或者相反，正好从现在起什么事都许干了？老脑筋的俄罗斯还是非常相信那些热烈的词句的！只有为数不多的冷漠无情的人心里早就有了底，只有他们知道将在什么时候用什么方式打破这个局面。 教堂的圆顶毁于大火，但石砌的墙体是永恒的……人们在天涯海角开垦了田地，但如今却荒芜了。永不平静的大海色彩变化万端。寂静的湖泊。不害怕人类的动物。残忍无情的人们。信天翁带着群岛的第一个岛屿的秘密飞往比斯开湾过冬。但是它们不会把这信息告诉海滨浴场上无忧无虑的人们，不会告诉欧洲的任何人。 幻境般的世界……为时不长的主要幻景之一就是：营中的生活是操纵在……白卫军官们的手里。所以库里尔科并不是偶然现象。 This is the case.在整个卫城里，唯一有自由人身分的契卡人员就是全营值班员。看大门（那里没有了望塔）、岛上巡逻、抓逃犯全由警卫队负责。警卫队里除了自由人，还招收普通的杀人犯、伪造货币者、其他刑事惯犯（但不要小偷）参加。可是整个的内部组织工作由谁来搞？谁来经管行政科？谁来当连长、班长？总不能让神甫、教派分子、耐普曼、学者和大学生（这里也有不少大学生，但是索洛维茨犯人头上如果带着一顶大学生制帽，就被认为是挑衅和放肆，是招灾的标记和枪毙的申请）。最胜任这些工作的当然是前军人。而在这里除了白军军官还有什么人？这样，在契卡人员和白卫军官之间--既非互相勾结也不见得有什么周密的计划--就形成了索洛维茨的合作。 双方的原则性都跑到哪里去了？Is it strange?惊人吗？只有那种搞惯了阶级分析而不会用别样方式进行思考的人才觉得惊讶。但是对于这样的分析家，世界上第一件事情都一定是奇怪的，因为世界和人类永远也不会适合他事先准备好的框框。 既然上级不给红色名额，索洛维茨的狱吏们连魔鬼也会找来替他们办事。这是符合规定的：犯人应实行自我监督（自我压迫）。那么还有什么更好的人可以委托呢？ 对于永恒的军官--"军界精英"--说来，哪怕是劳动营内生活（营内压迫）的组织大权，也怎么能轻轻放过呢？怎么能顺从地站在一边，眼睁睁地看着别的什么人笨手笨脚、马马虎虎地承办这件事呢？我们在这本书里已经探讨过肩章对人心所起的作用的问题。（你们以后再瞧吧。到了红色指挥员们被关进来的那一天，你看看他们是怎样地拚命往警卫队里钻吧。看看他们是怎样巴不得捞到一支看守员的步枪吧。他们唯一的目标就是重新取得信任！……我已经说过：如果马柳塔?斯库拉托夫召募我们去当他的御林军呢？……）是的，白卫军官们也许会这样想：反正是完了。既然全完了，那还在乎什么！也可能有这种想法；"搞得越糟越好"，我们帮你们制造一个在我们的俄国从未见过的兽性的索洛维茨，好让你们臭名远扬。还可能这样想：我们的伙伴们什么都同意了，那么我干什么好呢？难道像神父那样到仓库里去当会计吗？ 然而索洛维茨的主要幻景还不在这里，而在于白卫军官们占据了索洛维茨的行政科以后，竟然和契卡人员争斗起来！劳动营从外面说是你们的，从里面说是我们的。决定谁在哪里劳动，派到哪里去，是行政科的事。我们不干涉外部的事，你们也不要干涉内部的事。 How can this work?要知道，整个劳动营内部必须普遍安插情报侦查科的眼线！情报侦查科是营内占第一位的令人生畏的力量。 （当时的行动特派员也是由犯人中选派的，这可以说是自我监督的最高成就！）白卫军官们掌握的行政科专门跟它对着干！其它部门，如在后来的劳改营里变得十分重要的文教、卫生两科，当时还是既薄弱又可怜的。以H?弗连克尔为首的经济科也仅是混饭吃而已。它跟外部世界进行着"贸易"，主管着实际并不存在的"工业"；日后发达昌盛的门道，当时还没有找准。因此斗得起劲的就是情报侦查科和行政科这两派势力。这种斗争从一进克姆佩朋克特就开始了：新押送来的诗人亚?雅罗斯拉夫斯基走到班长身边，咬着耳朵说了几句悄悄话。班长用军人的清楚的口齿向他大声吼道："你原先是个暗的，以后就当明的吧！" 斧山、禁闭室、告密材料、犯人的个人档案都在情报侦查科手里，提前释放或是枪毙都由他们做主。他们还负责对书信和食物包裹的检查。行政科负责分派劳动、岛内的调动和向岛外的遣送。 行政科查出谁是眼线，就把他遣送出去。眼线被捉拿的时候，逃到情报侦查科的屋子里躲起来。他们硬是追到那里，砸门而入，把眼线拽出来强行押解出去。 眼线们被派遣到康德岛的伐木场。幻想般的故事在那里仍继续着，被揭穿了因而变成了废物的眼线们在康德岛上出版报头叫做《斯图卡奇》的壁报。他们在那上面怀着感伤的幽默进一步互相揭底，例如兜出某某过去是上头宠爱的"大红人"之类的劣迹。 情侦科的头子们这时就针锋相对地对行政科的热心分子们提起诉讼，增加他们的刑期，送上斧山。但是他们的行动遇到一个麻烦，暴露了身份的秘密人员，按那些年的解释，应该称做罪犯规事法典第一百二十一条"公职人员泄露不应公开的情报"--不论此项泄露是否由于他的意愿而发生，也不论他担任的是多大的职务）。情侦科不能保护和挽救败露了的眼线。出了事--自己负责。遣送康德岛的作法几乎是符合法律规定的。 情侦科和行政科之间"敌对行动"的顶点发生在一九二七年。当时白卫军官们冲进了情侦科，砸开了保险柜，取出并且公布了全部眼线的名单。从此这些眼线们全成了永世不得翻身的罪犯！在这以后，行政科的势力一年比一年不行了；前军官越来越少，安插进去的刑事犯越来越多（例如，在轰动一时的列宁格勒暴徒审判后关进来的"丘巴罗夫集团成员"）。最后，行政科逐渐地被制服了产 到了三十年代，营地的新时代开始了。这时连索洛维茨也不再是索洛维茨，而成为了一个普通的"劳动改造营"。一颗黑星--这个新时代的思想家纳夫塔利?弗连克尔--正在天空升起，他的公式变成了群岛的最高法规： "我们必须在头三个月中就榨取出犯人的一切，过后他对我们就没有用了！" 萨瓦季和格尔曼，还有佐西马，你们都在哪里？是谁出的主意要在这既不能畜牧，也不能捕鱼，粮食蔬菜也不能生长的北极圈附近定居的？ 噢，毁坏繁荣的大地的行家们啊！你们竟能这么迅速地，仅在一两年之内，就导致一份模范的修道院产业全面的不可挽回的衰败！这是怎样做到的？是抢光运走了？还是全在原地糟塌净了？有几千双空闲的手，却不能从肥美的土地里取得任何东西，这也颇不容易！ 只有自由人才能吃到牛奶、酸奶油，不错，还有鲜肉，还有梅福季神父种植的出类拔萃的大白菜。而犯人们吃的却是腌咸的或风干的烂鳕鱼；用大麦粉料或黍子煮的连土豆也不放的稀场。白菜汤或红菜场从来没有见过，其结果就是出现坏血病，甚至"办公室连"的犯人也全部长脓疮，那些干一般菊新的镜不用说了。从远地派遣点押送回营的犯人队伍变成了"匍匐大队"（从码头上真的是四肢贴地爬行着回来）。 家里汇来的钱，一个月准许用九卢布。在格尔曼小礼拜堂里开设了一间小卖部。食物包裹一个月许可寄来一次，由情侦科拆包。如果不给他们送贿赂，就会宣布包裹中许多东西不合规定，如麦片等，不能给你。尼古拉教堂和乌斯宾斯基大教堂里的板铺越长越高--一直长到了四层。在贴着普列奥布拉仁斯基大教堂（见照片6y的宿舍里住的第十三连，也不比这里宽敞。下工回来的时候，三千五百人一起涌向这个门洞，请想象一下在这人口处挤成什么样子。到锅炉房打开水要排一个钟头的队。每礼拜六的晚点名要拖到深夜（如同以前的晚祷……）。对于卫生当然是特别注意的：强迫犯人们把头发推光，把胡子剃掉（所有的神父也一律照办）。此外，长衣服的下摆都要剪掉（尤其是僧袍），因为据说它们是传染疾病的主要来源（而契卡人员的军大衣是拖到地面的）。真的，只穿着内衣和披着麻袋片的病人和老人，冬天是没法从本连的板铺上爬起来走进洗澡房的。虱子就可以把他们结果了。（为了多领一份口粮，活人把死人藏在板铺底下。尽管这样做对活人是不大有利的：虱子会从变冷了的尸体上爬到有热气的活人身上。）卫城里有一个很差劲的卫生科，它附设着一座很差劲的医院。在索洛维茨的其他各地，是没有任何医药的。 只有一个例外，那是在安泽尔岛上的各各他耶稣受难隐僧修道院，一个惩戒派遣点。那里治病的办法是用……谋害。被饥饿和虐待弄得奄奄一息的囚犯们躺在各各他教堂的地上，衰弱的神甫挨着花柳病患者，年迈的残废人挨着年轻的小偷。根据垂死者本人的请求，也是为了减轻自己的负担，各各他的医生给没有希望的病人服用士的宁--烈性毒剂。只穿着内衣的胡子老长的尸体冬天要在教堂里放很久。然后把它们在门庭里竖着激起来，因为这样可以少占地方。到了该运走的时候，只消从各各他山顶上往下推就行了。 这个山名和修道院的名称很不寻常，别处没有见过。传说（十八世纪手抄本，国立公共图书馆，《索洛维茨圣僧列传》），一七一二年六月十八日修士司祭约伯在这座山下做节前彻夜祝祷，忽然看见圣母"在天上光华中"显灵。她说道："这座山从此称做各各他，山上将建造一座教堂，一座耶稣受难隐僧修道院。它将会因为遭受无数苦难而白头。"因此就给它取了这个名字，建造了教堂。但是两百多年过去，这个预言仍是一句空话，似乎看不出何时能够应验。自从这里有了劳动营，你便不能这样说了。 一九七五年去过的人说，寺院毁了（六十年代还是完整的），但墙壁还保留着，有些地方还能看到壁画。 一次，一九二八年，在克姆地区爆发了伤寒流行病。那里的居民死掉了百分之六十。伤寒也蔓延到大索洛维茨岛。在这个地方的冰冷的"剧场大厅"里同时倒卧着好几百名伤寒病人。成百的人进了坟场。（派工员为了怕把名单搞乱，就把姓氏写在每个犯人的手上。这样一来，病愈的人就把病死的短期犯人的姓氏改写在自己手上，以便和他调换刑期。）一九二九年押来成千上万的"巴斯马赤""他们带来了一种流行病，得病的人身上出现黑斑，必死无疑。这种病决不可能是索洛维茨的犯人们推测的鼠疫或天花，因为这两种疾病在苏维埃共和国境内早已彻底消灭了。这种病被称为"亚细亚型伤寒"。这种病是治不了的，只能采取以下办法加以根除：如果监室里有一人得病，就把全室的人统统封闭在屋里，不让出来，只把食物递过去一直到全屋的人都死光。