Chapter 17 Chapter 10 The Law Has Ripe-1

But where are those people who are frantically crawling from the west to the barbed wire fence on our border so that we can kill them under Article 71 of the Criminal Code "crime of returning to Soviet Russia without authorization"?Contrary to the predictions of science, no such crowds arose, and therefore the instruction to Kursky fell through.The only such eccentric in all of Russia was Savinkov, but even he did not apply this provision.But an opposite punishment, deportation in lieu of shooting, was widely tried without delay. In the days when the Penal Code was still being drafted, Lenin had a sudden inspiration and wrote on May 19:

"Comrade Dzerzhinsky! Talk about the expulsion of writers and professors who are helping the counter-revolution. This matter must be carefully prepared. If we are not prepared, we will do stupid things. . . This matter should be handled in this way: All these military spies have been arrested, and they must be arrested continuously and systematically, and they will be expelled from the country. Please pass this letter confidentially (do not copy) to members of the Politburo for circulation." Due to the importance and educational value of this measure, this note is naturally confidential.The red-and-white distribution of class forces in the Soviet Union was destroyed by this blurred clot of old bourgeois intellectuals.This old intelligentsia acts as a real military espionage in the field of thought—so there is no better way to think of it than to scrape this bruise of thought quickly and throw it across the border.

Comrade Lenin himself fell ill, but the members of the Politburo apparently agreed, and Comrade Dzerzhinsky carried out the capture, loading nearly 300 well-known Russian writers onto... barges by the end of 1922? ... No, put on a steamer and sent to the European garbage dump (where the philosophers Losky, Bulgakov, Berdyaev, Stepon, Vyvern, among those who established themselves and became famous) Sheslavtsev, Karsavin, Frank, Ilyin; historians Merzonov, Miyakokin, Kizewittel, Lapshin, etc.; writers and political commentators Wald, Izgo Yev, Osorkin, Peshekhonov. In early 1923, some were deported in small groups, such as Leo Tolstoy’s secretary Bulgakov. He was implicated in making friends carelessly There were also some mathematicians, such as Selivanov).

However, constantly scratching -- didn't do it.Maybe it's because the exiles are yelling that this is a "gift" for them, but it's not the best way to figure it out anyway. Poisonous flowers come out.So this method was abandoned.The way to clean up in the future is to either go to see Du Hening, or go to the "islands". The improved penal code approved in 1926 (until Khrushchev's time) twisted together all the formerly scattered political clauses into a strong dragnet of fifty-eight clauses—dedicated to this kind of The work of fishing.The object of catch soon expanded to the engineering and technical intellectual circles - which is particularly dangerous because it occupies a powerful position in the national economy and is difficult to control by an "advanced doctrine" alone.It is clear now that the trial that exonerated Oldenburger was wrong. (At that time, a decent center could have been found!) - and Krylenko's guaranteed ticket: "In 1920-21 there was no talk of sabotage of engineers" also said It was too hasty.Not sabotage, worse than sabotage--assassination (a term that seemed to have been invented by an ordinary investigator in the Schachter case).

I just realized that we need to catch assassination now—although this concept is unprecedented in human history, in all industrial sectors and in various production units, this kind of behavior has been exposed one by one without any effort.However, in these fragmentary discoveries there was no complete intention, nor was the technique of execution perfect, which was the nature of Stalin and the constant pursuit of the investigative services of our judiciary.And our laws have finally reached maturity, and we can come up with something truly perfect for the world to see!This thing is a unified, large, well-coordinated trial, this time of engineers.That's how it started

11) The Schacht case (May 18-July 15, 1928).The special division of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the presiding judge Vyshinsky (then the president of the First State Moscow University), the main public prosecutor H.B. Krylenko (meaningful encounter! It’s like passing the legal baton), fifty-three defendants , fifty-six witnesses.What a grand scale! ! ! However, the grand scale also contained the weakness of this trial: if there were only three lines drawn on each of the interrogated, the total would be one hundred and fifty-nine, while Krylenko had only ten fingers. , Vyshinsky only had ten.Of course, "the defendants tried to expose their serious crimes to the society", but not all, only sixteen did so.Thirteen people "sophistry".Twenty-four pleaded not guilty at all.This creates an impermissible inconsistency of voice, which the masses generally cannot understand.In addition to the advantages (which were, however, already present in previous trials)—the helplessness of the accused and the defense, who were unable to change or overturn the verdict—the disadvantages of this new case are also obvious. It seemed to Rylenko that this was unforgivable.

We are on the verge of moving towards a classless society, and now we finally have the ability to achieve a conflict-free trial that reflects the internal conflict-free nature of our system.In such a trial, the court, the attorney general, the defense, and the defendant should all work together towards a single goal. What's more, the scale of the Schacht case -- it's just a coal industry, and it's just a place in Donbass -- is not commensurate with the times. Apparently, on the day the Schacht case ended, Krylenko immediately began digging a new, larger pit (even his two colleagues in the Schacht case, the social prosecutors Osaditch and Schacht). Because he also fell into this pit).It goes without saying how enthusiastically and skilfully he was assisted by the entire OGPU apparatus, which was already in Yagoda's firm hands.Need to create a nationwide organization of the engineering community and then expose it.For this reason, it is necessary to come up with several influential assassins who are the leaders.Who in the engineering world doesn't know that Peter Akimovich Palchinsky is such an absolutely influential and very reserved figure?He was a well-known mining engineer at the beginning of this century. He was already the vice-chairman of the Military Industrial Committee during the First World War, and he led the work of the entire Russian industry to contribute to the war. During the course of the war, he made up for the shortcomings of the Tsar’s war preparations. .After the February Revolution he became Deputy Minister of Commerce and Industry.He was persecuted for his revolutionary activities during the tsarist era; he was arrested and imprisoned three times after the October Revolution (1917, 1918, 1922); since 1920 he has been a professor at the School of Mines and a consultant to the State Planning Commission (for details about him, see Chapter 10 of Part Three of this book).

This same Palchinski was defaulted to be the lead defendant in a new mass trial.However, Krylenko, who acted rashly, had ten years of working experience as a reputable prosecutor general, when he entered the land of engineering, which was completely unfamiliar to him, not only did he not understand the mechanics of materials, but he also knew nothing about the possible psychological resistance. .Krylenko's choice turned out to be wrong.Palchinsky withstood everything that OGPU could throw at him - died without kneeling, without signing any nonsense.Von Mecke and Velichko have been tested with him and don't seem to be giving in either.Whether they were tortured or shot--we don't know for a moment, but they proved defiant and withstood--leaved a fiery censure for all those famous defendants who came after.

In order to cover up his own failure, Yagoda issued a brief announcement from the State Political Security Administration on May 24, 1929, that the three of them were shot for carrying out a major assassination and did not name many others. people's condemnation. What a waste of time! --almost a whole year!How many trial nights!What an investigator's imagination! -- all failed.Krylenko had to start all over again, looking for someone who was famous and influential, but at the same time weak and easy to manipulate.But his knowledge of the damn engineering world was so poor that he spent another year on various unsuccessful experiments.From the summer of 1929 he worked on Khrennikov, but Khrennikov died without agreeing to play the villainous role.The old guy Fedotov was subdued, but he was too old, and he was a textile worker, a department that was not very lucrative.Another year passed in vain.The whole country awaited an all-encompassing assassination trial, and so did Comrade Stalin -- and Krylenko's good show was lingering.It was only in the summer of 1930 that I did not know how difficult it was to find and propose an object: the Institute of Thermal Engineering.Long Ramzin! -- So he was brought up, and it took three months to rehearse and perform a good show -- a truly perfect masterpiece of our country's judiciary, an example that the world's judiciary can't match --

12) Trial of the "Industrial Party" (November 25-December 7, 1930).The Special Court of the Supreme Court is still the same Vyshinsky, the same Antonov-Saratovsky, and still our beloved Krylenko. There are no longer any "technical reasons" to prevent readers from seeing the complete shorthand record we have in hand, or to keep foreign correspondents away. Magnificent intentions: on the bench are the entire industry of the country, its ministries and planning bodies (through which crack the mining industry and the rail transport sector have slipped through, only the eyes of the sponsors can see) .At the same time, saving materials: there are only eight defendants (taking into account the mistakes made in the Schachter case).

You will exclaim: Can eight men represent the entire industry?Yes, we even feel too much!Three of the eight -- just representing the textile industry, which is the most important defense sector.Then there must be crowds of witnesses?Seven in total, also in custody as assassins.Then there will always be piles of incriminating documents?drawing?Design?instruct?report?Opinion?Report material?Private notes?Not at all!That is to say - not a single note!Why is the State Political Security Bureau so sloppy? --After arresting so many people, they didn't get a single note? "There were many", but "all were destroyed".Because: "Where are the archives kept?" Only a few published newspaper articles -- both of the exiles and of our country -- were brought before the Inquisition.But how to prosecute? ! ... Well, is there Nikolai Vasilyevich Krylenko?It's not the first day I've done this. "The best incriminating evidence in all cases is ultimately the confession of the person being tried." And, what a confession,--it was not forced, and at this moment, the confession dug out long and long monologues from its chest, wanting to talk and tell, to expose, to whip!It is enough for old Fedotov (sixty-six) to sit down! -- No, he still has to provide explanations and clarifications in a deadpan way!Five consecutive court sessions did not even have a turn to ask questions: the defendant kept talking, talking, explaining, asking for the floor after speaking, and making additions to the missing content.Deductively, they spelled out everything needed for the prosecution, without asking any questions.After Ramzin made several lengthy explanations, in order to clarify the meaning, he also made a brief summary as if he was lecturing to a stupid student.What the defendants are most afraid of is that there is still something that has not been explained clearly, who else has not been exposed, whose name has not been named, and whose assassination intention has not been clarified.And any ugly words will be blamed on yourself! -- "I am a class enemy", "I have been bought", "our bourgeois ideology".Chief Prosecutor: "This is your mistake?" Charnovsky: "And a crime!" Krylenko simply had nothing to do. He just drank tea, ate biscuits, or sent him Something else came up. But how did the accused persevere in this emotional scene?There is no tape recording, but the defender Otsep described: "The defendants spoke as if they were performing official duties, coldly, as if they had practiced well, and they were not panicked at all." Really unexpected! --Such a strong penitent passion--how can it be like a business?Is it cold again?It seems that not only that, each of their well-written and regretful speeches was also weak and vague, so that Vyshinsky often asked them to speak louder and clearer, Because nothing can be heard. The defense did not in any way undermine the rigor of the trial: it agreed with all the recommendations made by the chief prosecutor, and it called the chief prosecutor's indictment historic.The reasons he put forward are narrowly against his will, because "the defender of the Soviet Union is first and foremost a citizen of the Soviet Union" and he is "indignant with all working people" at the crimes of the defended person. ("Industrial Party Trial", p. 488) During the court investigation, the defenders asked carefully innocuous questions, and if Vyshinsky interrupted them, they quickly retreated.The lawyers originally only defended two textile workers who had no serious problems. They neither disputed the constitution of the crime nor raised objections to the evaluation of the behavior, but only said: Can the defendants be prevented from being executed?Comrade judge, what is more useful to consider, "his body or his labor"? What are some of the foul-smelling crimes committed by these bourgeois engineers?Please take a look.Slow down the speed of development when planning (for example, the masses of workers are determined to increase production by 4 to 50 percent a year, while the overall increase in output in the plan is only 10 to 30 percent).Slowed local fuel extraction.Failed to develop Kuzbass at a sufficient rate.The use of economic theoretical debates (should the Dnieper hydroelectric power station be used to supply electricity to the Donbass? should the Moscow-Donbass super-trunk be repaired?) to delay the resolution of major issues (engineers are arguing, things are not moving!) .Delayed review of engineering designs (approved without blinking an eye).When teaching the mechanics of materials, he promoted the anti-Soviet line.Install obsolete equipment.Stall funds (pour them into expensive and protracted construction projects).Implemented unwanted(!) fixes.Poor use of metal materials (incomplete steel varieties).A disproportion was created between workshops, between raw materials and processing capacity (this was particularly prominent in the textile sector: one or two more textile mills were built compared to the cotton harvest of the year).Later, the phenomenon of suddenly jumping from low indicators to high indicators occurred again.An apparently sabotageous acceleration of the development of the hapless textile industry was initiated.The main thing: they had plans to destroy the power industry (but not once, anywhere).The assassination is therefore not manifested in the destruction of individual machines, but in the form of a planned and operational assassination which should lead to a general crisis and even economic paralysis in 1930!So it didn't work out - all because of the existence of a bottom-up "production financial response plan" from the masses. (Double the numbers!) "That--that--that..." -- what the skeptical reader wants to say. how?Do you feel too little?But if we chew each one five or eight times in court, maybe that's not a lot? "That--that--that"-readers in the 1960s were still dragging their tongues to say something. --So this kind of thing happened, could it be caused by the "Production Financial Correspondence Plan"?If any trade union meeting can change any ratio at will without asking the State Planning Commission, then your ratio will rarely be out of balance. Ah, the Attorney General's bowl of rice is not delicious!Because I decided to publish every sentence!That said, engineers will read it too.Since it is called a mushroom, it should be eaten by people!As for Krylenko, he was not afraid of hardships and dangers, and went forward bravely.Discuss the details of engineering technology and interrogate repeatedly!As a result, the front pages and supplementary pages of major newspapers are full of technical secrets of small typesetting.The abacus is calculated in this way, any reader will be dumbfounded, he will not have enough time in the evening and a rest day, so that he will not read from beginning to end, but will only notice what repeats every few paragraphs: Assassination!stab in the back!stab in the back! But what if you still read from the beginning?And what about reading every line? He saw then, through tiresome self-abuse, woven neither wisely nor ingeniously, that Lubinka's ropes had a mission for which it was not capable.The strong-winged thought of the twentieth century cannot be held back by rough fetters.Although the prisoners were captured, tamed, and overwhelmed, their minds were not controlled.The defendant, in spite of his horror, with his tongue out and his lips scorched, managed to tell us the whole truth in time. Take a look at their work environment.Kalinnikov: "We have created an atmosphere of technical mistrust here." Larichev: "Whether we like it or not, we must extract 42 million tons of oil (this is an order from above) . . . under any circumstances, the extraction of 42,000,000 tons of oil is impossible." (p. 325) The whole work of our unfortunate generation of engineers has been in this dilemma. --The Institute of Thermal Engineering completed a major research project that they are proud of, greatly improving the fuel utilization factor; from this situation, the long-term plan reduces the need for fuel extraction-this means that they reduce the fuel balance by reducing Ways to carry out assassination activities. --The transportation plan included measures to convert all carriages into automatic hooks--this is an assassination, which will stagnate funds! (Automatic hooking needs a long period to fully promote and show economic effects, but we want you to come up with the results tomorrow!) -- In order to make better use of the single-track railway, it was decided to increase the number of locomotives and carriages.This should be called modernization, right?No, this is an act of assassination! --Because this requires spending money to strengthen the superstructure of bridges and lines!Fedotov saw that in the United States, equipment is cheap and manpower is expensive, while the situation in our country is just the opposite, so it is not possible to imitate others like a monkey. Starting from this profound economic judgment, he concluded that we do not need to It would be better for us to spend less money and employ a few more workmen to buy expensive American machinery suitable for the production of conveyor belts, or, within the last ten years, English machinery of such perfect wood.Anyway, no matter what kind of machine it is, it will always be replaced after ten years, and then it will be more expensive to buy.This is an act of assassination! --He is under the guise of saving, but in fact he does not want the Soviet industry to have advanced machines! --The construction of new factories no longer uses cheaper concrete, but instead uses reinforced concrete, and it is clearly stated that it will show good economic results within a hundred years--this is an act of assassination!Make funds sluggish!The shortage of steel bars is consumed in large quantities! (Save it for dentures?) Fedotov conceded bluntly and said in the interrogation table: "Of course, if every kopek is counted carefully today, you can regard this as an act of assassination. As the British say: I am not rich enough to buy money." The extent of the cheap stuff... He tried to explain euphemistically to the stubborn Attorney General: Any theoretical approach will suggest principles which are, in the last analysis, (and will be considered!) pernicious... (p. 365) Yes, how could a terrified accused put it more plainly? ...What is a theory to us is an act of assassination in your eyes!Because you grab today and don't think about tomorrow... Old Fedotov tried to explain where hundreds of thousands, millions of rubles were squandered because of the unreasonable haste of the Five-Year Plan: the cotton was not sorted and graded at the place of production to be sent to each mill Fit for the purpose variety, but sent in a mess.But the Attorney General doesn't listen to this!With his stubborn attitude, he returned to the more intuitive question of building blocks ten times during the trial process: why build a "palace-style factory"-high floors, Wide corridors and too good communication equipment?Isn't this an obvious act of assassination?It should be noted that this is a stagnation of funds, an irreversible stagnation! !The bourgeois wreckers explain to him: the Ministry of Labor wants to build spacious and airy housing for workers in the proletarian state (that is, there are wreckers in the Ministry of Labor too, note that!), the Ministry of Sanitation wants a floor The height was nine meters, Fedotov was reduced to six meters - so why not five meters?This is blackmail! (If it was lowered to four and a half meters—it would be an even more daring act of assassination: trying to inflict on free Soviet workers the terrible conditions in capitalist factories.) They explained to Krylenko that according to the entire construction including equipment The total cost of the factory, what is involved here only accounts for 3% of the total - three, no, he still raised the issue of the height of each floor!Also: How dare you install such a powerful fan?They're designed for the hottest days of summer...why bother with the hottest days?Let the workers evaporate a little on the hottest day! In fact: "The disproportion is congenital... The dissonance was created by the confused organization before the engineer's center." (p. Prescribed actions will suffice, and then everything will happen." (p. 202) He couldn't have said it more clearly!You must know that this was after Lubinka sat for many months, and he spoke from the dock.It is enough to take the prescribed (i.e. dictated by the foolish superiors) actions - the unthinkable plan will bring itself down.Look, this is one of their plots: "Let's say we have the capacity to produce a thousand tons, and we must (that is, according to a ridiculous plan) produce three thousand tons, and we have not taken steps to meet this production target. " For the official, vetted, and weeded-out shorthand records of the year—should be selected—that's not a lot. Many times Krylenko drove his actors to the point where they were too lazy to talk—frustrated by the nonsense they were being forced to repeat, almost ashamed of the playwright, but obliged to continue acting in order to survive. Krylenko: "You agree?" Fedotov: "I agree . . . although generally speaking I do not think . . . " (p. 425) Krylenko: "Are you sure?" Fedotov; "To tell the truth... in some parts... it seems that in general... yes." (p. 356) Engineers (those who have not yet been locked up outside, who have to pick themselves up and go to work after all this invective against the engineering class in court) - there is no way out for them.Nothing is good.It is not good, and it is not good.It's not good going forward, and it's not good going forward.Hurry--it is a hasty approach of assassination, not in a hurry--it is the speed of destruction of assassination.To cautiously develop a sector - to delay, to sabotage; to submit to arbitrary leaps - is to insidiously disproportionate.Repairs, improvements, and major preparations—sluggish funds; spelling out equipment—destroys! (And all these things the investigators will dig out of their own mouths by: sleep deprivation - solitary confinement - and now give me some convincing examples of where you might have done your undermining. ) Impatient Krylenko urged: "Give me a clear example! Give me a clear example of your assassination!" (It will be shown, it will be shown to you with bright examples! Someone will write the history of technology of those times in the near future! He will give you all examples and non-examples. He will Evaluate every convulsion of your epileptic five-year plan for four years of completion. We will then know how much wealth and power of the people wasted. We will know how all the best plans were ruined Yes, but some of the worst plans were implemented, and in the worst way. Yes, if the Red Guards were to lead the cutting-edge engineers-what good results could there be? Half a bottle of vinegar Enthusiasts do more absurd things than fatuous chiefs.) Yes, it is disadvantageous to say too much, the more detailed the crime is, the less it will be shot. But hold on, it's not over yet!The main crime is yet to come!Look, that's it, that's it, even illiterate people find it simple and easy to understand! !The Industrial Party: 1. Prepare for foreign armed intervention; 2.Take money from imperialists; 2.Espionage; 4.Seats in the future government are allocated. No further words!All mouths were gagged.All the naysayers bowed their heads.So, only the footsteps and roars of demonstrations came from the window: "Execute! Execute! Execute!" But—couldn't you explain it in a little more detail? --Why do you need more details? ... Well, please, just make it scarier.Everything was directed by the French General Staff.Because France has nothing to worry about, no difficulties, no factional struggles, as long as the whistle blows - the army will come for armed intervention!It was originally scheduled for 1928.But there was no negotiation or coordination.Well, move to 1930 then.It was not negotiated properly.Well, let's change it to 1931.To be honest, France didn't come to fight the war itself, but just seized part of the right-bank Ukraine for itself (as payment for overall organizational work).The United States - let alone come to war, but promised to send fleets to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea to threaten (for which it was paid with oil from the Caucasus), the main army was a hundred thousand exiles (they had already scattered, But it will gather as soon as the whistle is blown).Then there is Poland (give it half Ukraine).Romania (everyone knows its glorious record in WW1, it was a terrible enemy).Latvia!And Estonia! (These two small countries are eager to throw away their worries about their young national institutions and will go out to conquer).And what is especially frightening is the direction of the main blow.What, already know?yes!It will start from Bessarabia, and then, relying on the right bank of the Dnieper River, will advance directly to Moscow!And at this fatal moment on the various railways . . . there will be an explosion? ? -- No, it will block!And in the power stations, the Industrial Party will unscrew the plugs, and the whole of the USSR will be plunged into darkness!All machines will stop, including textile machines!There will be sabotage everywhere (Defendants beware! Do not reveal the method of destruction before a closed trial! Do not name the factory! Do not name the location! Do not name the government, not even your own country!) .Add to this the fatal blow to the textile industry that will be inflicted by then!Please add that there are two or three textile factories being secretly built in Belarus, and they will become the bases of armed interventionists! (Page 356, not at all joking.) Once the textile factories have been seized, the armed interventionists will rush to Moscow with all their might!But the most cunning plot was that they wanted to drain the low banks and islets of the lower Kuban, the swamps of Polesiye and the swamps near Lake Ilmin (Vyshinsky forbade the exact location, But a witness slipped it) - then the shortest route was opened for the armed interventionists, who drove them to Moscow without getting their feet wet. (Why was it so difficult for the Tatars at that time? Why didn’t Napoleon find Moscow? It was all because of the swamps around Polesiye and Lake Ilmin. If they drained the swamps—White Rock City would be exposed to them!) Also Yes, please add that some sawmills have been built on the surface, but they are actually (don’t mention the location!) hangars, so that the aircraft of the armed interventionists will not be parked in the open air and rain, but can taxi into them. .Housing was also built (don’t say where!) for armed interventionists (where did the displaced occupiers from previous wars camp? . . . ).All relevant indicators were obtained by the defendant from the mysterious foreign backbones K and P (the names must never be mentioned, and the name of the country must not be mentioned!) (page 409).In the recent period, it even started "preparing to instigate rebellion among individual units of the Red Army." (Don’t name the arms! Don’t say the number of the unit! Don’t say the name!) True, nothing has been done in this direction, but there was an attempt (and no effort) to bring together a financier and A panel of ex-White Army officers (ah, White Army? Mark it down, arrest!).There are also student groups with anti-Soviet sentiments... (University students? - Write it down, arrest.) (However, enough is enough. Don’t discourage the working people, thinking that everything is over now, how the Soviet regime was so sloppy in the past. Also explain that a lot of planning has been done in this direction, but very little has been done! Every branch of industry has No major losses suffered!) But why did the armed intervention fail to materialize after all?There are various complicated reasons.Partly because Pengalo was not elected in France, partly because our émigré industrialists feel that the Bolsheviks have not yet fully restored their old enterprises - let the Bolsheviks do it a little longer.Also, it is impossible to negotiate well with Poland and Romania. Well, armed intervention is not a fact, but the Industrial Party is still a fact!Do you hear the clatter of footsteps?Do you hear the roar of the working people? "Execute! Execute! Execute!" Now marching in the streets were those "who would have to pay with their lives and suffering for what these characters have done in the event of war". (Page 437, quoted from Krylenko's indictment.) (See so clearly: it is these credulous demonstrators who will pay for the actions of these characters in life and suffering in 1941! But, Attorney General, where are you pointing your fingers? Your fingers Where is the head pointing?) So - why the "Industrial Party"?Why the party, not the engineering technology center?We're used to -- the center! Yes, there was a center.But we decided to reorganize as a party.This is more presentable.This makes it easier to compete for ministerial seats in future governments.This can "mobilize the engineering and technical masses to fight for power".With whom? --Same with other political parties!The first is the Labor and Peasant Party. You must know that the party has 200,000 people!Next - with the Mensheviks!So, what about the center?Together the three parties were supposed to form a United Center.But it was crushed by the State Political Security Bureau.Good thing it crushed us! (The defendants were all happy.) (Three more political parties were smashed, how good-looking Stalin is! How much glory can be added by smashing three "centres"!) Since there is a party, there is a Central Committee, yes, a Central Committee of its own!It is true that neither a conference nor an election was ever held.Whoever is willing can enter, about five people.Everyone gives in to each other.Everyone also pushes and gives way to the position of chairman.There were no meetings either—neither the Center (no one remembers, but Ramzin remembers it well, he will tell!), nor the industrial groups.I don't even know where the people are... Tsarnovsky: "The Industrial Party has not been formally established." How many members are there?Larichev: "It is difficult to calculate the number of party members. I don't know how many there are." How to carry out the assassination?How to convey instructions?That's it, whoever met whom in the office -- orally conveyed.From then on, everyone will consciously carry out the assassination (Ramzin said with confidence that there are 2,000 party members. Since there are 2,000, let's arrest 5,000 of them. According to the data of the court, there are 30,000 to 40,000 engineers in the Soviet Union. That means that every seven people have to go in, and the remaining six have to sweat all over). --How to make contact with the Working Peasant Party?Met at the State Planning Commission or the Supreme Council of the National Economy—and together they "planned systematic actions against rural Communist Party members." ... Where have we seen this before?Oh yes, in "Aida", sending off Radames to the battle, the band is playing, there are standing eight soldiers with helmets and spears, and two thousand are painted on the back cloth . The Industrial Party is like that. But it doesn't matter, okay, I can act well! (I can't even believe it now, how formidable and serious it seemed at the time.) The lines were repeated several times to reinforce the impression.Each episode has to be played several times in front of the audience.In this way the frightful phantasies are multiplied.为了不显得平淡无味，被告还要突然地"忘掉了"什么零碎，"企图抵赖"，--这时便会"用交叉供述的方法迫使他们就范"。演出效果和莫斯科艺术剧院舞台上一样生动。 但是克雷连科做过了头。他打算从另一方面对工业党进行剖析--揭示它的社会基础，这种对阶级本质的分析决不会出毛病，于是克雷连科就离开了斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基体系，没有分配角色，转入了即兴表演：让每个人讲讲自己的生平，对革命的态度，怎样堕落到去从事暗害活动。 这一段冒失的插曲，这一个有人情味的场景，突然把整个五幕戏都破坏了。 首先我们惊异地得知--这些资产阶级知识界的台柱，所有这八个人，都是出身于贫苦家庭。农民的儿子、多子女的办事员的儿子、手艺人的儿子、乡村教师的儿子、货郎的儿子……所有这八个人都是清苦求学的，他们自己挣钱来使自己受到教育，而且是从什么年龄开始的--十二、十三、十四岁。有的教课，有的在机车上干活。奇怪的是，谁也没有挡住他们的求学之路！他们都正常地毕业于实科中学，然后是高等技术院校，成了知名的大教授。（怎能这样呢？告诉我们的是，在沙皇制度下……只有地主和资本家的子女才能……年历总不会错了吧？……） 而现在，在苏维埃时代，这些工程师们的处境却很困难：他们几乎不可能使自己的子女受到高等教育（我们想起来了，知识分子的子女--这是最次的品种呀！）。法庭没有争辩。克雷连科也没有争辩（被告们自己赶紧声明，当然，在胜利的大好形势下--这是无关紧要的）。 这些被告在我们眼里开始稍稍有点区别了（直到现在为止他们讲话是很相似的）。他们不同的年龄特征--也就是他们正派程度的特征。将近六十岁或六十开外的人--他们的自白能够引起人们的同情。但是四十三岁的拉姆津与拉里切夫和三十九岁的奥奇金（这就是那个在一九二一年告发了燃料管理总局的人）则是活跃而无耻。关于工业党和外国武装干涉的全部主要供述都是来自他们。拉姆津是这样一个人（在少年得志的情况下），整个工程界都不肯伸出手和他握手，--但是他满不在乎！在法庭上，对于克雷连科的暗示，只要说出四分之一个字，他就能领会，而且马上提供出明确的说法。全部起诉的罪状也正是建筑在拉姆津的记忆上的。他具有那样的自制力和坚决性，的确可以（当然是遵照国家政治保卫局的指示）在巴黎进行关于武装干涉的全权谈判。--奥奇金也是相当走运的：二十九岁的年纪"已经得到劳动国防委员会和人民委员会的无限信任"。 六十二岁的察尔诺夫斯基教授的情形就不同。在大学里，一群匿名的学生在墙报上围攻他；叫他这个讲了二十三年课的老教授到学生大会上去"报告自己的工作"（没有去）。 而卡林尼科夫教授曾在一九二一年领导了一次反对苏维埃政权的公开斗争！--教授罢教！事情是这样的，莫斯科高等技术学校还在斯托雷平反动时期就争得了学院自治权（委任职务、选举校长等）。在一九二一年，莫斯科高等技术学校的教授们选举卡林尼科夫继任校长，但人民委员部不同意，任命了一个自己选定的人。然而，教授们举行了罢教，学生也支持他们（因为还没有真正的无产阶级大学生）--这样，卡林尼科夫就违背苏维埃政权的意志当了一整年的校长（只是在一九二二年才砍掉了他们的自治权，大概免不了也要抓一些人）。 费多托夫--六十六岁，而他的工程师的工龄比整个俄国社会民主工党还大十一岁。他在俄国所有的纺织工厂里都工作过，（这样的人多么可恶，多么想把他们赶快甩掉！）在一九0五年，他放弃了莫罗佐夫手下的厂长职位，丢掉了高工资，宁可去参加抬着被哥萨克屠杀的工人们的棺材进行的"红色葬礼"。现在他体弱多病，视力很差，晚上不能出门，连看戏也不能去。 是他们--准备了武装干涉？造成经济崩溃？ 察尔诺夫斯基接连许多年都没有空闲的晚上，他那么忙于教课和新学科研究（生产组织、合理化的科学原理）。我童年时代的记忆保留了那些年代的理工教授的形象，他们正是这样的一些人：晚上，准备毕业论文的、搞设计的学生们、研究生们纷纷去烦扰他们，一直到晚上十一点钟他们才能回家。要知道在五年计划开始的时候全国只有三万个这样的人--他们恨不能分成几瓣！ 他们准备引起危机？他们为了得到点小恩小惠而进行间谍活动？ 拉姆津在法庭上说了一句老实话："暗害的道路是与工程师们的内部结构格格不入的。" 在整个审判过程中克雷连科强迫被告躬身自责，承认自己"缺乏知识"，政治上"无知"。因为政治--这是比任何金属学或锅轮机制造学要难得多、高得多的一门学问！ --因为在这方面无论脑瓜子、无论文化水平都帮不了你的忙。不，请回答吧--你是抱着什么心情迎接十月革命的？ --抱着怀疑态度。 --那就是说，一开始就敌视？Why?Why?Why? 克雷连科提出一串理论问题去难为他们--可是我们却通过他们符合人之常情的（不符合角色的台词的）几句平平常常的失言，稍稍看到一点核心的真相--实际上是怎么一回事，整个气泡是靠什么吹起来的。 工程师们在十月变革中首先看到的是--混乱（三个年头确实只是一片混乱）。他们还看到--最普通的自由权利的被剥夺（这些自由权利后来永远没有恢复）。工程师们怎么能够接受工人的专政--接受他们在工业中的这些缺少专门技能、既不懂生产的科学规律也不懂它的经济规律的帮手们的专政呢？--但这些人却占据着领导工程师的主要地位。为什么工程师们不该认为由那些能合理地指引社会事务的人来领导社会是较为自然的社会结构呢？今天的社会控制论，除了未涉及对社会的道德领导之外，--难道不正是导致这个方向吗？难道那些职业政治家们不是长在社会脖子上妨碍它的头部自由转动和双手自由动作的疖子吗？为什么工程师们不能有政治观点呢？因为政治--这甚至不是一种科学，这是一种任何数学工具不能表述的经验领域，而且还是受到人的利己主义和盲目欲望影响的一种领域。（察尔诺夫斯基甚至在法庭上说："政治毕竟在一定程度上还应当以技术的结论为指导。"） 军事共产主义的野蛮压力只能使工程师们感到厌恶，一个工程师是不会参与荒谬事情的--所以在一九二0年以前，他们大多数人无所作为，尽管过的是洞穴人似的贫苦生活。新经济政策开始了--工程师们积极地参加了工作：他们把新经济政策看成是当局变得通情达理起来了的一种征兆。但是，客观条件变了：工程师们不仅被看成是一个可疑的社会阶层，这个阶层甚至没有权利去教育自己的子女；工程师们不仅得到比自己对生产的贡献低得难以计量的报酬，而且，一方面要他们对生产成效和生产纪律负责--同时又剥夺了他们维持纪律的权利。现在任何一个工人不仅可以不执行工程师的命令，而且还可以不受惩罚地侮辱他，甚至打他--而作为统治阶级的代表者，工人总是对的。 克雷连科反驳说："你记得奥尔登博格尔一案的审判吗？"（意思是你看我们是怎样保护过他。） 费多托夫："不错。为了引起对工程师处境的注意，当时需要丧失一条生命。" 克雷连科（大失所望）："当时的问题并不是这样的。" 费多托夫："他死了，但死的并不是他一个人。他是自愿死的，而许多人是被杀死的。"（第二二八页） 克雷连科默不作声。可见，说的是实话。（请再翻阅一下奥尔登博格尔的案卷，想象一下那种围攻的情形。再加上这个结尾："许多人是被杀死的。"） 所以说，一个工程师在还没有犯什么过失的时候，就已经动辄得咎了！如果他在哪方面真犯一个错误（因为他也是个人呀）--那时，如果同事们不替他遮盖，他就会被撕个粉碎。难道他们会看重忠诚坦白吗？……所以工程师们有时也不得不在党的首长们面前说几句谎话？ 为了恢复工程师们的威信和威望，他们的确需要联合起来互相救助--他们全都面临着威胁。但为了这种联合并不需要开什么代表会议，并不需要有什么党证。像思路清晰的聪明人之间任何的相互谅解一样，这种联合只要轻轻地甚至偶然地说上三言两语就可以做到，而完全不需要投票表决。只有智力有限的人才需要决议和党的棍子（斯大林也好，侦查员们也好，以及整个他们这一伙，怎么也理解不了这一点！--他们没有这种人的相互关系的经验，他们在党的历史上从来没有看到过这种情况！）。是啊，俄国工程师们之间的这种团结一致在一个没有文化的任性胡为者的大国里早就存在了，它已经过了几十年的考验--而现在新政权察觉了它，感到惊慌不安。 这时，一九二七年到来了。新经济政策的合乎情理的做法烟消云散了--原来整个的新经济政策就是一场无耻的骗局。这时提出了各种胡闹的不现实的超工业化跃进方案，宣布出各种不可能实现的计划和任务。在这些条件下，工程师们的集体智慧--国家计委和国民经济最高委员会里当头头的工程师们该怎么办呢？服从于丧失理智的做法？自动靠边站？他们自己倒是没有什么关系，纸上可以写任何数目字--但"我们的同志们，实际工作者们，将无力去完成这些任务"。那末，就需要把这些计划尽量压缩，合理调整，最过头的任务干脆取消。因此就需要形成一个自己的工程师的"国家计委"，它应当纠正领导人的愚蠢行为。最可笑的是，这正是为了他们的利益！也是为了工业和人民的利益，因为那些倾家荡产的决定将会被取消，漏掉和撤掉的百万卢布将会从地上被拾回来。在关于数量、关于计划和改订计划的一片喧嚷中，应当坚持"质量是技术的灵魂"的原则。对学生们也要这样进行教育。 这就是最微妙、最细致的真相。这就是实际情况。 但是在一九三0年要把它明说出来吗？--已经够得上枪毙！ 可是为了激起民愤--这太少，太不显眼！ 因此才需要把工程师们这项讳莫如深的救国救民的密约改头换面，涂抹成为暗害行为和武装干涉的粗俗画面。 在下面这个插进来的一场戏里，我们终于看到了没有形体的--也是没有结果的！--真相的影子。导演的一番心血付诸东流了，费多托夫已经脱口说出他坐牢八个月中间的那些不眠之夜（！）；泄露出不久前国家政治保卫局的某个重要工作人员曾经握过他的手（？）（这是一种约定吗？你好好扮演自己的角色，国家政治保卫局日后会实践自己的诺言？）瞧，证人们（尽管他们的角色要小得多）也开始不知所云了。 克雷连科："你参加过这个小组吗？" 证人基尔波津科："研究武装干涉问题时参加过两三次。" 这正合需要！ 克雷连科（勉励地）："往下说吧！" 基尔波津科（停顿）："除此以外什么也不知道了。" 克雷连科启发，提醒。 基尔波津科（迟钝地）："除了武装干涉外我再也不知道什么了。"（第三五四页） 同库普利扬诺夫对质的时候他连事实都说得牛头不对马嘴。克雷连科生了气，冲着这些笨头笨脑的囚犯们叫嚷： "那就应当想办法做到使你们的回答互相一致！"（第三五八页） 但是，在剧场休息时间，一切又重新弄得合乎标准。所有的被告又重新系上线，每一个都等待着扯动。克雷连科同时把八个一下子牵动起来：瞧，流亡国外的工业家们发表了一篇文章，说他们没有同拉姆津和拉里切夫进行过任何谈判，也不知道什么"工业党"，说被告的供述多半是用刑讯逼出来的。对此你们有什么要说的？ ... God!被告们多么愤慨呀！他们争先恐后地请求赶快让他们表态！几天前他们污辱自己和自己的同事们的时候的那种疲惫的无动于衷神情往哪里去了呀！流亡分子简直要把他们的肺气炸了！他们急忙要给报纸写书面声明--被告们维护国家政治保卫局所采取方法的集体书面声明！ （喂，这难道不是点缀吗？这难道不是金刚钻吗？） 拉姆津："我们在这里出庭的事实，就足以证明我们没有受到刑讯和折磨！" 那种把人搞得不能出庭的刑讯又有什么用呢！ 费多托夫："坐牢不止给我一个人带来好处……我在监牢里甚至比在外面感觉得更好些。" 奥奇金："我也是，我也是感觉得更好些！" 克雷连科和维辛斯基完全是出于高风格才没有允许搞这种书面集体声明。要是写了才好哩！要是签上名才好哩！ 也许有人暗地里还抱着怀疑？那末，克雷连科同志便请他们分享一点他的逻辑的光彩："如果对于这些人说的是不是真话有一丝一毫的怀疑--那末请你回答：为什么偏偏把他们逮捕起来，为什么忽然这些人都招认了？"（第四五二页） 多么有力的思想呀！--几十年来公诉人都没有猜想到：逮捕的事实本身就证明有罪！如果被告无罪--那为什么要把他们逮捕呢？如果已经逮捕了--那就说明有罪！ 还有，真的：他们为什么会招认呢？ "刑讯的问题我们要排除！……但是可以从心理学角度提出一个问题：他们为什么会认罪？然而我要问：他们除了认罪还有什么办法？"（第四五四页） 说得多么确切！多么符合心理学！凡在这类机关里蹲过的人请你们回想一下：还有什么办法？ ... （伊万诺夫一拉祖姆尼克写道，一九三八年，在布蒂尔卡，他曾经与克雷连科同关在一个监室里，克雷连科的位置是在板铺下面。那里的情景如今我仍历历在目（自己爬过）：那里板铺是那么低，只有全身趴在肮脏的沥青地上才能爬进铺下去，但新来的人一开始不懂这个窍门，他们跪在地上爬。脑袋倒是可以塞进去，而突起的屁股就得留在外面。我想最高检察长准是特别难以掌握这个窍门，他那还没有瘦下去的屁股准是长久地极在那里为苏维埃司法增光。我幸灾乐祸地想象着这个搁浅了的屁股，实在罪该万死，但当我长久地描述这些案子时，它好似是对我的一种安慰。） 不但如此，检察长还继续发挥说，即使种种（关于刑讯逼供的）说法一概属实--那仍不明白，有什么东西能迫使他们众口一致地、彼此没有任何偏差和分歧地招认？ ……他们在什么地方能够实行这种大规模的串供？ --要知道他们在侦查期间彼此是没有往来的！ ? ! （过几页有一个幸存的证人会给我们说出在什么地方……） 现在不是我向读者，而是请读者向我说明，臭名昭著的"三十年代莫斯科审判之谜"究竟在什么地方（人们起先是对"工业党"觉得惊讶，后来又觉得对党的领袖人物的审判是一个谜）？ 要知道与此案有关的人并没有两千，提交法庭公审的也并没有两三百人，而只有八个人。指挥八个人组成的合唱团并不是那么不可思议的难题。而且克雷连科可以从成千人里选择，并且选作了两年。帕尔钦斯基不屈服--枪毙了（而且死后被宣布为"工业党"的领导人，在供述中也是这样提到他，虽然从他嘴里一句话也没有留下来）。后来希望从赫连尼科夫那里逼出所需要的东西--赫连尼科夫没有向他们低头。故而在页末出现了一个小号字的脚注："赫连尼科夫在侦查期间亡故。"用小号字是印给傻瓜们看的，而我们是知道的，我们将用两倍大的字体写上"在侦查期间被折磨致死！"（他在死后也被宣布为。"工业党"的领导人。但是哪怕他讲出了一件事实也罢，哪怕他为这个大合唱增添了一份供词也罢，--一概没有！因为他一样也没有提供！）突然有了一个难得的发现--拉姆津！有能量！精明强干！为了活命--什么都干得出来。而且是一个了不起的天才！他是夏末在开庭审判前不久才被捕的，但他不仅已经进入了角色。而且好象整个剧本就是他写的，他掌握了一大堆边缘材料，现编现唱，任何姓名，任何事实，要啥有啥。有时还像功勋演员那样懒洋洋地卖弄几句辞藻："工业党的活动分布得那么广泛，以至十一天的开庭审理都不可能把它详尽无遗地揭示出来。"（意思是，找吧！继续找吧！）"我坚定地相信，一个不大的反苏阶层还保留在工程界里。"（再抓！再抓！）瞧，他的本事真不小：他知道，这是一个谜，而解释谜语是需要有一点艺术性的。于是这个无感觉的棍棒似的东西，突然在自己身上发现了"俄国式的犯罪特征，这样的犯罪只有通过面向全民的悔过才能清洗"。 拉姆津不公道地被俄国人忘掉了。我想他完全有资格成为那种既无耻透顶又使人眼花缭乱的叛徒的有普遍意义的典型。叛卖行为的精彩表演！在这个时代不止他一个，但他是最显眼的。 如此说来，克雷连科和国家政治保卫局的全部困难只在人选上不要犯错误。但风险是不大的：侦查期间的废品随时可以送进坟墓。粗筛细罗都通过了的，可以治冶病，养养肥，然后押上法庭！ 那末这个谜在什么地方呢？对他们事先怎样加工？就这样：你想活吗？（你自己不想活了，那也该为子女、为孙子孙女着想呀。）不出国家政治保卫局的院子就可以把你枪毙，这算不了一回事，你明白吗？（这毫无疑问。谁还不明白，谁就去上一学期卢宾卡的磨练课。）如果你们去演一出戏，对你我双方都有利，你们是专家，台词由你们自己写，我们这些检察长会把它背熟，还要使劲记住技术名词（在法庭上，克雷连科有时背错了词，把机车轴说成车厢轴）。出台表演对你们是不愉快的，耻辱的--应当忍耐过去！因为活着更可贵！--你们以什么保证以后木枪毙我们呢？--我们为什么要报复你们？你们是很好的专家，什么过错也没有，我们重视你们。瞧，已经审过多少暗害案件，所有表现好的，我们都让活着（饶恕前次审判中听话的被告--是未来的审判取得成功的重要条件。像沿着一根链条似的，这个希望一直传到季诺维也夫-加米涅夫）。但是必得全部履行我们的一切条件！审判应当发挥有利于社会主义社会的作用！ 于是被告们就履行一切条件…… 他们就把有高度智力的工程界反对派的全部精微奥妙都作为连最次的扫盲对象也能理解的肮脏的暗害行为端出来。（但还没有在劳动者的盘子里撒玻璃屑的情节--检察机关也还没有想到这一点。） 然后是思想动机。他们为什么搞暗害？--出于敌对思想。但是现在为什么一致认罪？--也有思想基础，他们被五年计划第三年火焰熊熊的高炉形象征服了（在监牢里）！在最后陈述中他们虽然也请求留给生路，但这对他们不是主要的。（费多托夫："我们罪不容赦！公诉人说得对！"）对于这些现在站在死亡门槛上的奇怪的被告说来，主要的--是要使人民和全世界相信苏联政府的绝对正确和有远见。拉姆津特别颂扬"无产阶级群众及其领袖们的革命意识"，他们找到了比学者们所主张的"正确无数倍的经济政策的道路"，他们准确得多地计算出了国民经济的速度。现在"我懂得了应当实现猛冲，应当实现跃进，应当突击占领……"（第五0四页）等等。拉里切夫："苏联是不会被一天天衰亡下去的资本主义世界所战胜的。"卡林尼科夫："无产阶级专政是不可避免的必然性。""人民的利益和苏维埃政权的利益融合成一个坚定目标。"顺便还说到在农村中"党的总路线、消灭富农阶级的做法是正确的。"在等待死刑中他们竟然有时间去闲扯这一切……这群悔悟了的知识分子的喉咙里甚至还能通过这一类预言；"随着社会的发展，个人的生活应当逐渐缩小……集体意志是最高的形式。"（第五一0页） 这样，经过了八套马车的努力，审判的所有目标都达到了： 1.国内的种种匾乏，饥饿也好，受冻也好，没有衣穿也好，紊乱现象也好，以及明显的蠢事，统统都算到了暗害分子一工程师的帐上； 2人民被迫在眉睫的外国武装干涉吓坏了，准备作出新的牺牲； 3.工程界的团结一致被破坏了，整个知识界吓怕了，搞散了。 为了不留下怀疑的余地，再一次由拉姆津清楚地说出审判的这一目标： "我希望经过这一次对工业党的审判，整个知识界的黑暗可耻的过去……可以认为是被彻底埋葬了。"（第四十九页）