Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Investigation-1

Chapter III Investigation If you answer Chekhov's intellectuals who are always guessing what will happen in twenty-thirty-forty years, there will be torture in Russia in forty years, and there will be iron rings on the forehead , putting people into baths filled with acid, throwing naked and tied up people to ants and bedbugs, inserting a red-hot cleaning rod from a gas stove into the anus ("dark branding"), using The boots slowly crush the sexual organs, and the lightest thing is that they are not allowed to sleep or drink for a week, and they are beaten to the ground - then no matter which Chekhov play will not be played to the end, all the protagonists will go to the madhouse.

Can not only Chekhov's heroes, but any normal Russian at the beginning of this century, including any member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, believe and endure such slander against a bright future?This kind of thing was passable in the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, it was barbaric in the time of Peter the Great, it could be used for ten or twenty people in the time of Babylon, from Catherine It has been extinct since the time of Na,--yet in the great boom of the twentieth century, in a society conceived on socialist principles, when there were already airplanes in the sky, and the age of sound films and radio broadcasts-- This kind of thing is not done by any villain, nor is it done in a secret place, but by tens of thousands of specially trained human-faced beasts against millions of people who are defenseless.

Are only the outbursts of atavism now evasively called "personality fetishes" appalling?Perhaps it was terrible for us to celebrate Pushkin's centenary in those years and unashamedly stage Chekhov's plays that have already been answered?Perhaps what is even more frightening is that thirty years later, some people still tell us: Don't talk about these things!To recall the suffering of millions of people would distort the perspective of history!If we probe into the essence of our country's customs, it will eclipse our material progress!Better to remember the blast furnaces, the rolling mills, the canals that were dug, no, not the canals...then remember the Kolyma gold, no, not this either... Everything can be remembered, but be good at remembering, to praise...

Don't understand why we're swearing at the Inquisition.Is there no solemn prayer but a burning fire?I don't understand why serfdom dislikes us so much.You should know that farmers are not prohibited from going to work every day.He could go door to door singing carols at Christmas while girls weave wreaths at Trinity... Today's written and oral traditions add to the uniqueness of 1937, and it is generally believed that false charges and torture were carried out. But that's not right, it's inaccurate.In different ages, and over decades, investigations under Article 58 have almost never been about finding out the truth, but about performing an unavoidable dirty formality: bringing a formerly free, sometimes haughty, forever It's the unprepared man who bends and drags him through the narrow pipe, where the hook of the pipe fitting will tear his flesh, where he'll be choking, and beg to hurry up to the other end-- But when the other end threw him out, he was already a ready-made native of the archipelago, and fell directly into that piece of blessed land (fools always hold hands and feet and refuse to go forward, he thinks that the pipe also has a return exit ).

The more unwritten years passed, the more difficult it was to collect the scattered testimonies of the survivors.These testimonies tell us that the fabrication of false cases began in the early days of the establishment of the agency - this is to give people a sense of their constant and irreplaceable salvation activities, otherwise with the decline of the enemy, the agency may be destroyed at some unfortunate moment. All perish.It can be seen from Koselev's case files that even in early 1919 the status of the Cheka was shaken.While reading the papers in 1918, I came across an official account of the unraveling of a terrible plot by a group of ten who wanted (and only wanted!) to drag a cannon onto the roof of a penitentiary (look at that how high) - and from there fired at the Kremlin.They were ten men (probably women and boys among them), and there were an unknown number of cannons—where did they come from?What is the caliber?How to push the stairs to the attic?How to install it on a sloping roof?Don't roll off while shooting!Why didn't the Petersburg police take anything heavier than a machine gun to the roof when fighting the February Revolution?However, everyone has read this fantasy work that foretells the social structure in 1937!Believe it! ...Obviously, in the future someone will prove to us that the "Gumilev case" in 1921 was a fake case.In the same year Qibei of Ryazan created a false case about a "conspiracy" among the local intelligentsia (but letters of protest from the brave could still reach Moscow, so the case was dropped).In that same year, 1921, all the members of the Sapropel Committee of the Society for the Promotion of Natural Forces were executed.We have enough understanding of the temperament and mood of Russian academic circles in that era, and the smoke screen of fanaticism has not blocked our view of those years.We probably don't need to do archaeological excavations to see how valuable such cases are.

In a letter to the Cheka dated November 13, 1920, Dzerzhinsky mentioned that the Cheka "often opened the door to slanderous complaints". E. Doyalenko recalled in 1921: Lubinka prisoner reception station, with forty or fifty wooden beds, brought in groups of women all night long.No one knew what crime they had committed, but the common feeling was: arresting people for no reason.Only one person in the cell knew why she was arrested—she was a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party.Yagoda's first question was: "So, why did you end up here?" Meaning, tell yourself, help me get charged!Absolutely the same was said about the Political Security Bureau in Ryazan in 1930.The general feeling is that everyone is in jail for no reason.I couldn't find any charges, so I had to accuse T-Fu's surname as false. (Although the surname couldn't be more real, the special court still imposed Article 58 10 on him for three years).The investigator didn't know what to look for, so he asked: "What do you do?" .” (He’ll find something in the instructions.)

There's no going back from that place, haven't we gotten used to that in decades?Except for a brief conscious retreat in 1939, there are only very few and very few legends about the release of people as a result of the interrogation.Moreover: This person was either imprisoned again soon, or released for tracking and monitoring.This has created a legend that waste products are never produced in the work of institutions, so how to deal with innocent people? ... Darry's "Explained Dictionary" made such a distinction. "An investigation differs from an investigation in that it is carried out in order to ascertain in advance whether there is a basis for investigation."

Ah, holy innocence!The agency never knew what an investigation was!The list handed over from above, or the initial suspects, the report of the secret agent, or even an anonymous whistleblower letter, will lead to arrest, and then must be found guilty.Ninety-five per cent of the time given to the investigation is used to torture, consume, and weaken the man under investigation, so that he wants it to be over quickly, even if he beheads it with an axe. In 1919, the main method of the investigator was already: swinging the pistol upwards This applies not only to the investigation of political crimes, but also to "ordinary crimes".In the case of the General Fuel Administration (1921), the defendant Makhrovskaya complained that she was given cocaine during interrogation.The prosecutor retorted: "If she complained that she was treated roughly, that she was threatened with shooting, etc., maybe these could be barely believable." The pistol is horribly placed on the table, sometimes pointed at you, and the investigator does not have to bother to imagine Your guilt, but: "Tell me, you know!" That's what investigator Haykin asked Skripnikova in 1927, and Witkov in 1929 Ski's.A quarter of a century later, nothing has changed.In 1952, Sivakov, head of the Ordzhonikidze City Investigation Department of the Ministry of State Security, said to Skripnikova, who was imprisoned for the fifth time: "The report given to us by the prison doctor said, Your blood pressure is 240/120. That's too low, beast (she's in her early fifties), and we're going to raise you to three hundred and four, kill you viper, see no bruises, see no trauma , no broken bones. We just don't let you sleep!" If Skripnikova closed her eyes during the day in the cell after an all-night interrogation, the guards would rush in and shout: "Open your eyes! , or I'll drag you upside down from the bed and tie you up to the wall standing up!"

In 1921, night interrogations were predominant.At that time, the headlights of the car were used to illuminate the face (Ryazan Cheka, Stelimakh).In Lubinka in 1926 (attested by Bertha Gandar), heating equipment was used to inject cold air into the cell for a while, and a bad smell for a while.There is also a closed cell, where there is no air, and the baking continues.It seems that the poet Kliuev once lived in such a cell, and Bertha Gandall once lived in it.Vasily Aleksandrovich Kasyanov, a participant in the Yaroslavl uprising in 1918, narrated that the cells were baked until the pores of the body bleed. They put the prisoner on a stretcher and snatched to sign the transcript. The "hot" method (as well as the "salt" method) was used in the "golden" days.In Georgia in 1926 the hands of interrogates were burned with cigarettes; in Metekh Prison they were pushed in the dark into dirty pools.There is such a simple connection here: since there is a question of guilt no matter what—threats, violence, and torture are inevitable, and the more bizarre the crime, the more brutal the interrogation should be to force a confession.Since false cases have never stopped, so violence and torture have never stopped.This was not just in 1937, it was a long-term feature and a general phenomenon.So it is strange to read now and then in some of the memoirs of ex-convicts that "torture was permitted since the spring of 1938".There never existed the kind of spiritual and moral barriers that would have prevented the agencies from carrying out torture.In the first post-revolutionary years, in the Vecheka Weekly, The Red Sword and The Red Terror, there were open discussions about the use of torture from a Marxist point of view.Judging by the consequences, the answer is yes, although not comprehensive.

To be more precise about 1938, we should say this: If we say that before this year, every investigative case that used torture needed to go through some kind of formalities and obtain permission (even if it was easy to obtain), then in 1938 In 1937-38, due to the extraordinary situation (it was required to send a specified number of millions of criminals to the archipelago through individual investigative agencies within a specified short period of time, while the previous large-scale flows were "rich peasant flows" and "ethnic flows" ", have never been passed through such a body.) Investigators are allowed to use violence and torture without restriction and at will, as their work and time limits require.Moreover, there are no regulations on the types of torture, and each is allowed to show his abilities.

In 1939, this comprehensive license was revoked, re-requiring paperwork for torture, and probably not so convenient (however the usual threats, blackmail, deception, deprivation of sleep and confinement Physical strength, never prohibited).But from the present period of the war onwards and in the post-war years there have been decreed certain categories of prisoners for whom a wide variety of tortures is foreseen.Included here, there are nationalists, especially Ukrainians and Lithuanians, especially in that case, that is, there is a real or imagined underground network, it has to be pulled out in its entirety, it has to be taken from All the names come out of people's mouths.For example, there were about fifty Lithuanians in the group of Romualdas Plano Skylius.They were charged with posting anti-Soviet leaflets in 1945.Since there were not enough prisons in Lithuania at that time, they were sent to a labor camp near Velisk, Arkhangelsk Province.Some were tortured there, others did not stand up to the double investigative work regime, so that all fifty confessed to each other.After a while, Lithuania came to inform that the real perpetrators of the leaflets had been found, and all these people were irrelevant!In 1950, I met a Ukrainian from Dnepropetrovsk at the Kuibyshev deportation station. He was subjected to various tortures, including being forced to stand in a confinement room, when he was looking for "relationships" and individuals. This solitary cell has a small tree stick inserted into it for support while sleeping four hours a day and night.After the war, Levina, a corresponding academician of the Academy of Sciences, was brutally tortured. Also, it may not be correct to attribute the "invention" of emphasizing confessions, despising evidence, and despising facts to 1937.It was formed as early as the twenties.Only Vyshinsky's brilliant theory was put forward in 1937.Yet it only reached investigators and attorneys-general at that time, to strengthen their spirits, and we, the outsiders, learned about it twenty years later--when it was used in subordinate sentences and subparagraphs of newspaper articles as a We only know when we are scolded for something we already know. It turned out that in that eerie year in people's memory, Andrew Yanuarievich (I would like to mispronounce it as Yagu Alijevich) Vyshinsky in his famous professional In his report, in the spirit of an extremely flexible dialectic (we are not allowed to act according to this dialectic, neither the citizens of the country, nor the current electronic machines, because for them it has long been either a county or not), it is pointed out that human beings will never It is impossible to judge absolute truth, but only relative truth.Thus he took a step that jurists dared not take for two thousand years: then it can be seen that the truth that can be found out by investigation and trial cannot be absolute, but can only be relative.Therefore, in signing a death sentence, we can never be absolutely sure anyway that what we execute must be a guilty person, but only someone who is somehow close to being guilty, in some hypothetical, in a certain sense. sinful man.Perhaps Vyshinsky himself was no less in need of such dialectical comfort than his audience.When he shouted from the Attorney General's bench "Shoot everyone like mad dogs", he, a fierce and intelligent man, knew in his heart that the defendant was innocent.It is likely that both he and a master of Marxist dialectics like Bukharin devoted themselves to the dialectical embellishment of lies in the courtroom with great enthusiasm: Bukharin felt that it would be too much to die without even being charged with a crime. Stupid, so wimpy - he even needs to find his sins!And for Vyshinsky, it was more pleasant to feel a logician than a blatant scum. From this comes the most practical conclusion: it is a waste of time to look for absolute incriminating evidence (all evidence is relative), indisputable witnesses (who may not agree).As for relative and approximate incriminating evidence, investigators do not need incriminating evidence or witnesses, and do not have to go out of the office, "not only rely on their own intelligence, but also rely on their own sense of party spirit and their own moral strength" (relying on getting enough sleep and eating enough and the superiority of those who are not beaten) "and one's own character" (the perseverance to kill), can also be found. Of course, this set of theories is much more elegant than Lazis' instructions.But the essence is the same. It's just that Vyshinsky was not thorough enough in one thing, and he left the dialectical logic: for some reason he agreed that the bullet is still absolute... In this way, the conclusions of advanced jurisprudence follow a spiral development track, returning to the pre-Greco-Roman or medieval viewpoint.Like the executioner in the Middle Ages, our investigators, prosecutors, and judges agree to regard the confession of the person under investigation as the main evidence of guilt. However, in order to obtain satisfactory recognition, the simple Middle Ages used dramatic and spectacular means: torture racks, wheels, braziers, sawtooth poles, and wooden pegs.In the twentieth century, with advanced medicine and a lot of experience in prisons, it was considered redundant to use such strong means to "warm up".When applied on a large scale - is cumbersome.And besides that... In addition, there is another obvious situation: Stalin never put his words to death, he always asked his subordinates to understand for themselves, and he left himself a retreating wolf den so that he could write "Victory Goes to the Head".The systematic destruction of millions of people was, after all, a pioneering work in human history. No matter how powerful he was, Stalin was still not absolutely sure of success.The situation may be different when testing on large materials than on small materials.However, there were instructions on "exerting physical influence" in the central circulars in 1937 and 1938.In any case, Stalin should always wear the vestment of angelic purity.It should therefore be assumed that no papers outlining the methods of torture and humiliation were issued to the individual investigators, but only that each investigation office was required to supply the court with a specified number of fully confessed rabbits within a specified period.It has only been said (verbally, but often) that all means and means to the noble end are good, and that no one will hold the investigator accountable for the death of the man under investigation; Possibly less interference in the conduct of the investigation.Presumably there was a comrade-style exchange of experience, "learn advanced"; of course, the principle of "material benefits" was announced-high remuneration for extra night shifts, and bonuses for shortening the investigation period; of course, it was also warned that investigators who did not complete their tasks It will be ... Now if something goes wrong in a provincial department of the NKVD, its director is clean before Stalin: he has not issued direct orders for torture.However, torture was guaranteed! Some ordinary investigators (not those who are madly enthusiastic) understand that their superiors are holding back for themselves, and strive to start with a more gentle method, and when heating up, avoid using methods that leave too obvious traces: Eyeballs shot out, ears pulled out, vertebrae broken, and even bruises all over the body are not good. Therefore, in 1937, we did not see a uniform method of torture in the various provincial bureaus and different investigators of the same provincial bureau, except for "boiling the eagle".There are legends that the tortures in Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar were particularly harsh, but there are no supporting materials.In Krasnodar came up with an ingenious method: the person under investigation was forced to sign a blank sheet of paper, and then filled in the falsehood himself.However, is there still a need for torture?In 1937, there were no disinfection measures in the prison cells, typhoid fever raged, and the corpses were left in the crowded crowd for five days without collection. Anyone who went crazy in the cell was dragged to the corridor and beaten to death with a stick.There is also a commonality, that is, the so-called portable methods are the main ones (we will see these methods now).This is the path that can never go wrong.In fact, the true limit of a person's equilibrium state is very annoying, so to make an ordinary person lose his self-control ability, there is no need for a torture rack or a brazier at all. Let us now try to name some of the simplest methods by which the prisoner's will and personality can be broken, without leaving traces on his body. Let's start with the psychological methods, for those rabbits who have never prepared themselves to go through the ordeal of prison—these methods have enormous, even destructive power.Even if you have faith, it is not comfortable. 1 from the night trial.Why is the main psychological warfare all done at night?Why did the agency choose night from its inception?Because a prisoner who is dragged out of his sleep at night (even one who has not been tortured by "boiling eagle") cannot be as calm and awake as during the day, he is more susceptible to influence. 2 Persuade with a tone of sincerity.This is the easiest.Why play cat and mouse?After spending a little while among the other persons under investigation, the prisoner actually understood the general situation.Then the investigator said to him in a lazy and friendly way: "You know yourself that the sentence is going to be given anyway. If you resist, then here, in prison, you will wear out and lose your health. And go to the labor camp - you will see the air, the sun... so it is better to sign immediately." Very logical.If the problem concerns only themselves, the sane person agrees to sign.But this is rare.So the struggle was inevitable. It's a different story for party members. "If there is a shortage of supplies in our country, or even a famine, then you, a Bolshevik, should decide: Can you say that it is the fault of the entire party, or of the Soviet regime?" "No, of course not!" -- Linen Center The manager hastily answered. "Then you have the courage to take the blame yourself!" So he took it. 3 Rough and insulting.The method is very simple, but it can produce a great effect on the cultivated, spoiled, and delicate temperaments.I know of two instances where priests gave in to common insults.One of them (City of Tilka, 1944) was interrogated by a woman.At first he was full of praise in the cell for the woman's politeness.But one time when he came back, he was depressed, and for a long time he refused to repeat her incisively refurbished curse words. (Too bad I can't quote one of her punchlines here.) 4 blows of psychological contrast.Unexpected transformation: the whole or part of the interrogation is extremely polite, with the first name after the father's name, and the promise of various cares.Then suddenly shake the folder: "Hey, poisonous snake! I'll give you nine grams from the back of your forehead!" Then stretch out your hands, as if you want to grab your hair, as if there are needles on the tips of your nails, and slowly approach you (this method is very good for dealing with women. efficient). Another scenario: Two scouts alternate, one punching, the other cute, almost gracious.The person being interrogated trembles every time he enters the interrogation room - which one to see this time?In contrast, willing to sign and confess everything to the second, even if there is nothing at all. 5 Preliminary abuse.In the famous basement of the State Political Security Service ("No. 33") in Rostov, under the thick glass of the sidewalk of the main street (former warehouse), prisoners awaiting interrogation were made to lie face down in the main corridor for hours On the ground, it is forbidden to raise your head, and it is forbidden to make a sound.They lie on the ground like Muslims in prayer until the ushers come and touch their shoulders for interrogation. --Alexandra O-va did not make the required statement in Lubinka.Transferred her to Lefortovo.At the receiving station there, the female guard told her to take off her clothes and locked her naked in the isolation room, but took her clothes away, saying that they were going to be disinfected.Immediately came some male guards, peeping through the surveillance hole, laughing and commenting on her body. - If you ask generally, you can probably collect many examples.And the purpose is one: to create a state of spiritual depression. 6 Any method sufficient to cause confusion in the person being interrogated.See how the trial was conducted in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow province.The female investigator stripped herself naked during the interrogation (a striptease!), but continued the interrogation, nonchalantly walking up and down the room and approaching him, urging him to do something during his statement. Make a concession.Perhaps, this is a personal need of hers, or it may be a kind of calm calculation: the person under interrogation will sign when he is in a daze!And she is not threatened at all: there are pistols, electric bells. 7. Intimidation.The most accessible and very diverse approach.It is often combined with temptation and wishing (of course false).In 1924: "If you don't admit it, you have to go to Solovitz. Whoever admits it, we will let him go." In 1944: "What kind of labor camp you will be assigned to is entirely up to me. Labor camps are different from labor camps. We still have hard labor camps. If you confess - go to an easy place. If you resist - work in chains in the ground for 125 years!" --Take Another, worse prison threatened: "If you resist, you will be sent to Lefortovo (if you are in Lubinka), to Sukhanovka (if you are in Lefortovo ), there won’t be talking to you like this.” And you’re used to thinking: the management system seems to be okay in this prison, who knows what will happen there?And prison transfer... give in, right? ... Intimidation works wonderfully on those who have not yet been arrested but are temporarily summoned to the building.He (she) still has a lot of things to lose, and he (she) is afraid of everything—a fear of not putting it back today, fear of confiscating property and residence.He was willing to make many confessions and concessions, but to avoid these dangers.Of course she didn't know the penal code, so at the beginning of the interrogation she was at least given a note with a forged excerpt from the code: "I have been warned that anyone who bears false witness ... five years' imprisonment" (actually - -Article 95-less than one or two years) ... refusing to provide testimony-one to five years... (actually Article 92-less than three months).A detection method has been and always will be in practice in this respect: 8 lies.We lambs are not allowed to lie, and the scout always does, and all these rules don't matter to him.We have even lost the basis for asking the question "What punishment should he be sentenced for lying?"He could place in front of us as many transcripts as he wished forged the signatures of our relatives and friends--and that was an elegant investigative technique. Intimidation, a combination of seduction and lies, is the basic method of influencing relatives called to give witness statements. "If you don't provide such a (required) statement, he will be worse...you will completely ruin him...(How will the mother feel when she hears it?) Only on this paper (for him) Sign it, and you can save (destroy) him." 9. Use the feelings of relatives --- it also works well for the person under investigation.It's even the most effective form of intimidation, and using affection for loved ones can destroy the fearless (ah, what a prophetic adage: "One's own family is one's own enemies!").Remember that riddle by people?He endured everything - his own pain, his wife's pain, but not his daughter's pain... In 1930, the female investigator Rimaris threatened: "We will arrest your daughter Get up and lock her up with the syphilitics!" Still a woman! ... Threatening to lock up your loved ones.Sometimes with audio accompaniment: Your wife has been arrested, and her future fate depends on whether you confess.Now she is being interrogated in the next room, listen!If there are women's cries and screams across the wall (in fact, these sounds are similar, not to mention there is a wall, and your nerves are so tense that you have no ability to distinguish; sometimes it is just Putting on a record with a "standard wife" voice - soprano or alto, that's someone's rationalization suggestion).But then it is no longer a lie, but you can see through the glass door that she is walking silently with her head bowed sadly,--yes!your wife!Walk in the corridors of state security agencies!Your stubbornness ruined her!She has been arrested! (And she was just summoning her for some trivial formality, letting her pass through the corridor at the appointed time, but telling her not to look up, or she would never get out of here!) --and sometimes read to you Her letter is indeed her handwriting: I dissociate from you!I've heard the vile things you've done, I don't need someone like you! (Since such a wife and such a letter have never been possible in our country, then you have to judge with your heart, is your wife like this?). Investigator Goldman (1944) demanded a confession from B? A. Korkhanyeva by threatening: "We will confiscate your house and throw your old women into the street." Faith The resolute Korneyeva did not worry about herself at all, she was ready to suffer.But Goldman's threat is entirely realistic to our laws, and her heart goes out for her loved ones.Overnight several transcripts were rejected and shredded. Finally, at dawn, Goldman began to write the fourth draft. This time, only she was under control. The feeling of victory gladly signed.Even the ordinary human instinct - to defend ourselves and get rid of false charges - we have not preserved for ourselves.In fact, how can we talk about this!We are very happy if we can take all the blame on ourselves. Like any classification in nature there is no hard and fast boundary, so we cannot clearly distinguish the mental method from the physical method.For example, what does something like the following fall into: 10. Acoustic method.The person being interrogated was asked to sit at a distance of six to eight meters, and he was forced to speak loudly and repeat himself.It's not easy for someone who is already tired.Or one investigator made two megaphones out of cardboard, and another investigator who entered the room approached the prisoner and yelled into his ears: "Confess, scoundrel!" The prisoner was deafened by the shock, Sometimes they lose their hearing.But this is an uneconomical method. It's just that the investigators also want to have fun in the monotonous work, so they come up with some tricks by showing their talents. 11 itch.It's also fun.Bind or hold hands and feet, tickle nose with feathers.The prisoner started spinning, and he had a feeling that he was drilling a hole in his brain. 12 Stuffing out cigarettes on the defendant's skin (as already mentioned above). 13 Light method.The blinding lights of the cells or solitary cells that are kept shut, the bulbs that are too bright for the whitewashed huts (the electricity saved by schoolchildren and housewives).The eyelids are inflamed, which is very painful.And in the interrogation room there were indoor spotlights on him. 14 Ingenuity.In the State Political Security Bureau in Khabarovsk, on the eve of May 1st, 1933, Chebotarev was not interrogated for twelve hours all night.No: I have brought it many times, Chebotarev, back up!He was taken out of the cell, ran upstairs, and entered the investigator's office.The carrier exits.But the investigator didn't ask a single question, and several times he didn't even let him sit down. He picked up the receiver and said, "Take away the one in room 107!"Someone came and took him back to the cell.As soon as he got off the bed, the door lock rang: Chebotarev, interrogation!Hands up, got there: take the one in room 107! Generally speaking, the method of influencing the prisoner can be used before the investigation room. 15 Prisons start from isolation rooms, that is to say, from "boxes" or "closets".A man has just been brought in from the outside, and is at the height of his thoughts, determined to figure things out, to argue, to fight—once he steps into prison he is put in a box, sometimes with a lamp in it, where he can sit It was dark sometimes, and he could only stand and be squeezed by the door. He was locked here for hours, half day and night, all day and night.All unpredictable moments.Maybe he's going to be stuck in it for the rest of his life?He's never been in a situation like this in his life, he can't work it out!The first moment of this emotional turmoil faded away.A few were demoralized -- just in time for their first interrogation!Others smothered their anger -- that's all the better, they're about to insult the investigator, do something wrong -- and it's easier to get the case on them. This is still done when 16 isolation rooms are not enough.In the Novochirkassk NKVD, Yelena Strudiskaya was made to sit on a stool in the corridor for six days and nights - making her unable to lean on, sleep, fall down or stand stand up.This is six days and nights!You try to sit for six hours! Another option is to sit the prisoner on a high chair like a laboratory chair so that his feet do not touch the ground, so that the feet quickly become numb.Let him sit for eight to ten hours. Sometimes, during interrogations, the prisoner is asked to sit in an ordinary chair while he is constantly being watched, but this is done: on the very edge, on a branch at the edge of the seat (further on). ! Hold forward!), just enough for him not to slide off, but so that the corners of the chair hurt his ass throughout the interrogation.He was not allowed to move a factory for several hours.Is this all?Not bad light these.You go try it! 17 Adapt measures to local conditions.Isolation cells can be replaced by traps, as was done in the concentration camp of the Gorochovets army during the Great Patriotic War.The captured person was pushed into this kind of trap three meters deep and two meters in diameter. He was kept in the open air for several days and nights, exposed to the sun and rain. The trap was both his cell and his toilet.Three hundred grams of bread and water were lowered to him on a rope.请设想一下，如果你是一个刚刚被捕，心里正像开锅似地翻腾着的人，处在这种境地是什么滋味？ 不知是因为给红军所有保卫部门下达过统一的指示，还是因为他们相同的野营生活，这种方法曾经非常盛行。例如，一九四一年驻扎在蒙古沙漠上的哈勒欣战役参战部队第三十六机械化步兵师里，对一个刚被捕的人，二话不说（保卫科长萨穆廖夫），交给他一把铁锹，命令他挖掘一个有准确尺寸的坟坑（这已经是与心理方法交织在一起）。当被捕者挖到超过腰部时，叫他停止，命令他坐在坑底，从外面已经看不见他的头。一名哨兵看守这样几个坑，四周好像是空无一人、在一片荒漠上，受侦查的人在蒙古酷热的白天头上没有遮盖，寒冷的夜晚身上没有衣服。什么刑讯都不搞--为什么要花费力气动刑呢？口粮标准是：一昼夜一百克面包和一杯水。丘利佩尼奥夫中尉是一个魁梧大汉，拳击运动员，二十一岁，这样坐了一个月。十天后，他满身虱子。十五天后才第一次传讯。 18罚跪。--一不是在某种假借的意义上，而是在直接的意义上下跪，屁股本许贴脚后跟，腰背挺直。可以在侦查员办公室里或走廊上罚跪十二小时、十四小时、四十八小时（侦查员自己可以回家、睡觉、娱乐），有一套规定办法：罚跪的人身边设岗。哨兵按时轮换。让谁罚跪最合适呢？已经被压弯、已经准备投降的人。让妇女罚跪最合适。--一伊万诺夫?拉祖姆尼克讲述了这类方法的一种变体：让年轻的洛尔德基帕尼泽跪着，侦查员往他脸上撒尿！什么别的办法都攻不克的洛尔德基帕尼泽，却被这种做法摧垮了。可见，对付有傲气的人，这办法也很有作用…… 19要不就罚站。可以在审讯时罚站，这也能消耗他的体力。摧折地的精神。也可以让他在审讯时坐着但在两次审讯之间站着（设置岗哨，看守盯着不许靠墙，如果睡着了倒下来就踢，就拽）。要叫一个人变软，要他供什么就供什么，有时只要罚站一昼夜，就已经足够了。 20每回连续三、四、五昼夜的罚站，通常不给水喝。 越来越懂得要把心理方法同肉体方法配合起来。还明白了，所有上述的办法，都可以结合： 21"熬鹰"。中世纪完全没有认识到这个方法的重要，因为它不知道一个人能在其中保持他的人格的范围是多么狭仄。不让睡觉（再结合罚站、干渴、强光、恐惧和对前途一无所知--你那些毒刑拷打算得了什么！）能模糊神智、动摇意志，使人不再成为自己的"我"（契河夫的《想睡觉》，但是那里要轻得多，那里的小姑娘可以稍稍躺一下，息息精神，这样的一分钟就可以救命地使脑子清醒）。人的行动一半是无意识，或者完全是无意识的，因此就不要为他的供述见怪于他…… 请想象一个外国人，还是不懂俄语的，在这种神志模糊的状态中让他在什么东西上签字。一个叫尤普?阿申布伦纳的巴伐利亚人就这样签了字，承认曾在"杀人汽车"上干过。一九五四年在劳改营里他才得以证明，当时他在慕尼黑的电焊工训练班学习。 话是这样说的："你不肯坦白交代，所以不许你睡觉！"有时居心恶毒地不是叫他站着，而是叫他坐在特别引起睡意的软沙发上（值班的看守就在那个沙发上并排坐着，见他一眯上眼睛就踢他）。请看一个受害者（在此以前他刚在臭虫隔离室坐过一昼夜）怎样描写受刑后的感觉："由于大量失血直打寒颤。眼皮发干，好像有人拿一块烧红的铁紧挨着你的眼睛。舌头干渴得肿起来，稍稍一动就像刺猥在扎。吞咽痉挛使喉咙像刀割一样。" "熬鹰"是一种伟大的刑讯手段，并且完全不留下可以看得见的痕迹，甚至连申诉的口实也不给你，哪怕从未见过的检查团突然降临。"没有让你睡觉？可是这里并不是疗养所呀！工作人员也跟你一起没有睡觉。"（他们白天已经睡足了。）可以说，"熬鹰"在机关军已经成了万应药剂，它由一种刑讯手段变成了国家安全部门的生活常规，因而是最省事的方法，不必设什么岗就能达到目的。在所有的侦查牢房里，从起床到熄灯，一分钟也不能睡觉（在苏哈诺夫卡，还在其他一些监狱里，为了这个目的，白天把床折到墙里，在另一些监狱里，根本就不许躺下，甚至不许坐着闭上眼睛）。主要的审讯都是在夜间进行。自动形成这种状况：谁正在受审讯，谁就在一星期内至少五昼夜没有时间睡觉（星期六夜里和星期目的夜里侦查员们自己努力争取休息）。 22作为上述方法的发展--侦查员的车轮战术你不仅睡不了觉，而且接连三、四昼夜由侦查员轮流交替不断宙讯。 23臭虫隔离室。上面已经提到过。在漆黑的木板钉的匣子里，繁殖了成百只、也许是成千只臭虫。关进去的人身上的外衣或军便服要扒掉，顿时间饥饿的臭虫从墙上爬下来。从天花板上掉下来，纷纷落到他的身上。起初，他还猛烈同它们进行战斗，在自己身上、在墙板上掐死它们，被臭味熏得出不了气，但过了几小时后他就精疲力尽了，就乖乖地让它们吸血了。 24禁闭室。监室不管怎样不好，但禁闭室总要比它更坏，从那里看，监室永远是天堂。在禁闭室里，人受到饥饿和一般是寒冷的折磨（在苏哈诺夫卡还有热禁闭室）。例如，列福尔托沃的禁闭室根本就不生暖气，暖气片只给走廊供暖，而在这"供暖的"走廊里，值班的看守还需要穿着毡靴和棉衣来回走动。囚犯被扒掉衣服，只剩内衣，有时只剩一条衬裤，他必须一动不动地（因为面积狭窄）在禁闭室里呆上三、四、五昼夜（热的烂菜场只在第三天才有）。在最初时刻你心里想，我恐怕连一小时也受不住。但某种奇迹使人挨过了五昼夜，也许从此落下一辈子的病根。 禁闭室有不同类型：潮湿的，有水的。已经是战后了，在契尔诺维茨监狱里让玛莎?T光着脚在齐踝骨深的冰水里呆了两小时--招认吧！（她当时是十八岁，还多么怜惜自己的脚，还要带着这双脚活多少年呀！）。 25，锁在站龛算不算关禁闭室的一个变种呢？一九三三年在哈巴罗夫斯克国家政治保卫局里，对C?A?契博塔廖夫曾这样施刑：把他赤身裸体关在一个混凝土做的站龛里，在那里他既不能屈屈膝，又不能把手舒展一下换换位置，也不能转动头部。这还不算数。冷水开始一滴一滴往头顶上掉（多么高妙！……），于是一道道的小溪便顺着身子流下来。对他当然没有说明这只是二十四小时的事。可怕吗？不可怕吗？--但他失去了知觉，次日发现他好像已经死了，他苏醒过来是在医院的病床上。用阿莫尼亚水、咖啡因、按摩身体才使他恢复过来。他好久想不起--一地从哪儿来，前夜发生了什么事情。整整一个月他甚至不适于受审讯（我敢于推测，这种站龛和滴水装置不是为契博塔廖夫一个人制作的。在一九四九年，我那个德聂伯罗彼特罗夫斯克同学也曾在类似的场所呆过，虽然那里没有滴水。在哈巴罗夫斯克与德聂伯罗彼特罗夫斯克之间，十六年内可能还有其他的点？）。 26饥饿。在介绍配合施加影响的方法时曾经提到过。这不是什么稀见的方法：用饥饿迫使犯人招认。说实话，饥饿的因素，像利用夜间审讯一样，已经成为普遍的施加影响办法。贫乏的监狱口粮在不打仗的一九三三年是三百克，一九四五年在卢宾卡是一百五十克。因此，耍弄允许和禁止送牢饭，允许和禁止到小卖部买食物的游戏--这是使用于所有人的，是万能的办法。还有一种利用饥饿的特别强烈的办法：一个月期间只给丘利佩尼奥夫吃每天一百克的口粮--后来，把他从地坑里带出来，侦查员在他面前摆上一锅浮着一层油的红菜汤，放上半个斜着切下来的白面包（怎样切法好像没有什么意义？--但丘利佩尼奥夫今天仍然坚持说，切得实在太诱人了）。然而一次也没有让吃。这是多么老式、封建式、洞穴式的做法呀！只有一点是新鲜的，那就是实施于社会主义社会！其他的人也讲到类似的做法，这是屡见不鲜的。我们还要转述契博塔廖夫遭遇的一件事，因为它是配合方式的范例。把他关在侦查员办公室里七十二小时，唯一允许做的是带去上厕所。其余都不许：不许吃，不许喝（旁边就放着一瓶水），不许睡觉。在办公室里老有三个侦查员。他们分三班轮流工作。一个经常（默默地，丝毫也不打扰受侦查的人！）在写什么东西，第二个在沙发上睡觉，第三个在房间里走来走去，只要契博塔廖夫一打瞌睡，马上就打。然后他们换了角色（也许他们自己因工作上出了毛病正在受处分？）。突然给契博塔廖夫送来饭菜：油呼呼的乌克兰红菜汤，配有炸土豆块的煎肉排，装在水晶高预瓶里的红酒。契博塔廖夫因为一生厌恶酒类，所以不管侦查员怎样勉强（也不能过分勉强，否则就要搞坏这场游戏）还是不喝。吃过饭以后便对他说：这是你当着两名证人做的供述，现在签名吧！-一原来就是在一睡一醒的两名侦查人员在场时，默不作声地写成的那份东西。从第一页起，契博塔廖夫就看到，他同所有著名的日本将军有密切往来，并从他们那里得到间谍任务。于是他便开始一页一页地勾掉。他遭到一顿毒打后被赶了出去。而与他一起抓来的另一个中东铁路工作人员市拉吉宁，经过了相同的场面，喝了酒，迷迷糊糊地签了名--一结果被枪决了（对子饿了三天的人一杯酒就有多大力量呀！而这里是一大瓶呢）。 27.不留痕迹的殴打，用橡皮棒打，用木裙子和砂袋打。打在骨头上，例如，审讯员用皮靴踢骨头几乎贴着肉皮的小腿，是很痛的。旅长卡尔布尼奇-勃拉文被接连打了二十一天（他现在说："过了三十年，浑身骨头还都在发痛，头也痛。"），回忆亲自挨过的和别人讲的，他统计出五十二种打法。比方有这种做法：把手夹在专门的装置里--使被告的手掌平贴在桌上--用直尺边缘敲打关节--能让你嚎叫出来！是不是该把打落牙齿作为殴打的特殊形式单独提一提呢？（卡尔布尼奇给打掉了八颗牙齿。） 一九四九年被捕入狱的卡累利阿省委书记r?库普里亚诺夫给打掉的牙齿有的是普通的，它们不算数，有的是金的。起初给收据，说是拿去保存。后来觉得不对头，便把收据收回了。 每个人都知道，拳打腹腔神经丛能叫人暂时停止呼吸，但却留不下一点点痕迹。列福托尔沃监狱的西多罗夫上校在战后采用过用一只胶鞋向男人的睾丸发任意球的做法（被球打中过腹股沟的足球运动员会知道这种打法的分量）。这种疼痛无与伦比，一般会失去知觉。 28在诺沃罗西斯克的内务人员委员部里，发明了一种夹钳手指甲的机器。后来在递解站看到许多诺沃罗西斯克犯人手指甲脱落。 29还有和平衣呢？ 30还有折断脊椎骨呢？（也是那个哈巴罗夫斯克的国家政治保卫局，一九三三年。） 31上勒口（"燕子飞"）？这是苏哈诺夫卡监狱的方法，但阿尔汉格尔斯克监狱也使用它（侦查员伊夫科夫，一九四0年）。用一条粗布长巾勒住你的嘴（上勒口），再从背后把两端系在脚后跟上。就这样像个轮子似地，脊背咯吱作响，没有水喝，没有东西吃，让你肚子贴地趴上两昼夜。 还需要继续列举吗？还要举很多吗？游手好闲、饱食终日、毫无人性的人们有什么东西发明不出来呢？ my brother!不要责怪那些因此失足的人，不要责怪那些成为弱者而在不该签的东西上签了名的人……不要向他们扔石头。 不过且听我往下说。无需这些刑讯，甚至无需最"轻便"的方法，就可以从大部分人取得供词，就可以把毫无防备的、挣扎着想回到自己暖窝去的羊羔用铁牙咬住。力量和处境的对比太悬殊了。 啊，从侦查员的办公室里回头看我们过去的生活，它完全是另一幅面貌！它充满了危险，到处是真正的非洲丛林。而我们曾经认为它是那样简单！ 你，甲，和你的朋友乙，彼此多年相识，彼此完全信得过，在见面时敢于谈谈大大小小的政治问题。并且没有任何别人在场。也没有任何人能偷听你们。你们彼此也没有告发，绝没有。 可是你，甲，不知怎么地被列入了计划，被揪着耳朵拉出羊群，关进监狱。由于某些原因，其中也许包括某人告了你的密，包括你为自己亲人担心，包括稍稍的缺觉，包括小小的禁闭室，你决定自己破罐子破摔了，但决不咬别人。于是你便在四个笔录上签名招认了，说你是苏维埃政权的不共戴天的敌人，因为你讲过关于领袖的笑话，希望第二候选人当选，所以你走进投票室里去想把选票上唯一的那个人涂掉，但是墨水瓶里没有墨水。还有，你的收音机有十六米的波长，你竭力想透过干扰从西方广播里听出一点什么。你的十年是保证木成问题了，然而肋骨却完整无缺，肺炎暂时也还没有，你也没有出卖任何人，好像你应付得挺聪明。你已经在监室里表示，对你的审问想必很快就要终结了。 但是你看！侦查员不慌不忙地欣赏着自己的笔迹，开始填写第五号笔录。问：你同乙是否交过朋友？yes.你在政治问题上同他无话不谈吗？不，不，我不相信他。但你们经常见面吧？不很经常。嘿，怎么不很经常？根据邻居的陈述，仅仅最近一个月，某日，某日，某日，他就上你那里去过。去过吗？好吧，也许是这样。邻居注意到，你们从来不喝酒，不喧嚷，讲话很轻，走廊里都听不到（啊，朋友们，喝酒吧！打碎酒瓶吧！骂娘骂的声音响些！--这会使你们不受嫌疑！）--嗯，这又怎么啦？ --而且你也上他那里去过，你在电话里说：我们俩那天过了一个内容充实的夜晚。后来，在十字路口又看到你们在一起，你与他在大冷天站了半个小时，你们脸色阴沉，露出不满的表情，这里恰好有你们会见时的照片。 （特务的技术，我的朋友们，特务的技术！）那末，-一你们在这次会见时谈论些什么？ ! 谈论些什么？ ! ……这是个要害问题！第一个想法--你忘记了你们谈论些什么。难道你非记住不可吗？好，就算忘记了第一次谈话。难道第二次也忘了！第三次也忘了？甚至那个内容充实的夜晚也忘了？还有-一在十字路口，还有同丙的谈话呢？还有同丁的谈话呢？不，你想，"忘了"-一这不是出路，这上面站不住脚。于是，你那受到逮捕的震荡的、因恐惧而受伤的、由于缺觉和饥饿而变昏沉的脑子，便上下求索，以期找到一套巧妙的比较近乎情理的说法来把侦查员蒙混过去。 谈论些什么？ !如果你们谈论了冰球（这在一切场合都是最太平无资的，朋友们！），谈论了女人，甚至谈论了科学，那还好，可以复述一遍（科学---距冰球不远，只是在我们的时代，科学中的一切都是保密的，因此可能会粘上关于泄露机密的法令）。可是如果实际上你们谈论了城里最近又在抓人？谈论了集体农庄？ （当然说集体农庄里不好，因为谁会说它们好呢？）谈论了降低计件工资额？瞧你们在十字路口板了半小时的面孔--你们在那里说了些什么？ 也许，乙已经被捕（侦查员向你担保说--一是的，并且已经把你供出来，现在就要把他带来当面对质）。也许他正泰然自若地坐在家里，但马上就会从那儿给拉去审讯，并会同他核对你们那时在十字路口板着脸说了些什么？ 现在，事过之后，你才明白：生活是这样的，当你们每次分手时，你们都应当商量好并牢牢记住：我们今天到底说了些什么？那时，不管怎么审问，你们的供词就会口径一致。但是你们没有说好？你们毕竟没有设想到，这是怎样的热带丛林。 说你们约好去钓鱼？而乙却可能说根本没有谈过什么钓鱼，说的是函授教学。你非但不会顺利通过侦查，反而会把结子系得更紧：说了些什么？说了些什么？说了些什么？ 你闪出一个念头-一成功的还是致命的？--应当说得尽可能接近于真实情况（当然，要磨平一切棱角，去掉一切危险的东西）--一人们不是说，谎话永远应当说得接近真实吗。也许，乙也能想到该这么办，说出些离这不远的话，双方供词在某些方面能碰上头，于是就不再纠缠你们。 过了许多年你会明白过来，这是一种完全不明智的想法，装成一个难以置信的大傻瓜要正确得多：我自己过的日于一天也记不得，就是打死我也记不得。但你是三昼夜没有睡觉。你费好大劲儿才能留意自己的思想，留意在脸上装出若无其事的样子。况且不给你一分钟思考的时间。况且一下子两个侦查员（他们喜欢彼此往来串门）缠住你不放；说了些什么？说了些什么？说了些什么？ 于是你就供述：谈到集体农庄（还没有完全上轨道，但很快就会上去），谈到降低计件工资额……究竟说了些什么？说对降低感到高兴？但这不是正常人说的话，又会搞得不像真的。要完全像真的，得这样说；发了点小牢骚，说工资额卡得紧了点。 而侦查员是亲自作笔录的，他译成自己的语言：在我们这次会晤时，我们诋毁了党和政府的工资政策。 将来有一天乙会责怪你：哎，笨蛋，我说的是-一我们约好了去钓鱼…… 但你是想比你的侦查员更狡滑、更聪明！你有迅速敏锐的思想！你是知识分子！于是你就弄巧成拙了…… 在里，波尔菲利?彼得罗维奇对拉斯科尔尼科夫说出了一个非常透彻的看法，这个看法只有自身经历过这种猫捉老鼠游戏的人才能得出来-一他说，跟你们这些知识分子打交道，无需我替你编造案情，你们自己就会编造好了现成地给我端上来。是啊，正是如此！有知识的人不会做出契河夫笔下的《歹徒》那样妙不可言的牛头不对马嘴的回答。人家说他犯了什么罪，他总要努力编出一套故事，不管怎么假，总会是有头有尾的。 然而，屠夫侦查员抓的不是这种连贯性，而只是三言两语。他是知道什么货色什么价钱的。而我们却毫无准备！ ... 我们从小得到的教育和培养就是如何去掌握自己的专业、履行公民义务、服兵役、练身体、端正品行、甚至养成审美能力（这方面马马虎虎）。但是，无论上课、教育、经验都一点也没有提示我们经受生活的最大考验：无缘无故的逮捕和无事生非的侦查。小说、戏剧、电影（它们的作者们自己最好去喝一喝古拉格这杯苦酒！）把坐在侦查员办公室的人给我们描绘成真理和仁爱的骑士，像我们的亲爹。--一什么题目的课没有给我们讲过呀！甚至拿它们考得我们满头大汗--一但是谁也不会讲一堂关于刑法典的真实含义和广义解释的课，而且这些刑法典在图书馆不开架借阅，在书亭里不出售，到不了无忧无虑的青少年手中。 好像是童话，据说在三海之外的某个地方，受侦查的人可以得到律师的帮助。这就是说，在斗争最困难的时刻，在自己的身边有一个通晓一切法律的清醒头脑！ 我们的侦查工作原则，还在于不许受侦查人对法律有任何了解。 出示起诉书……（对话："在上面签名吧。""我不同意起诉书。""签名吧。""但我什么罪过也没有呀！"）……你依照苏俄刑法典第五十八条10第2款和第五十八条11受控诉。签名吧！--但这些条文说的是什么呀？让我看看法典！-一我没有法典。--那就上处长那里去拿来！--他也没有。签名吧！--但我请求给我看法典！-一规定不许给你看，它不是为你写的，而是为我们写的。而且你也不需要看，我可以告诉你：这些条文说的正好是你犯的那些罪。而且现在让你签名并不是要你同意，而是证明你已经读过了，证明起诉书已经给你看过。 在其中的一张纸上突然闪出一种新的字母组合：YIIK（刑诉法典）。你起了戒心：YIIK同YK（刑法典）有什么区别呀。如果碰上侦查员心情舒畅，他会问你解释：这是刑事诉讼法典。how?那么说，甚至不是一本，而是整整两大本法典你都一无所知，可是眼下正根据它们的规定开始了对你的惩治？ !