Chapter 2 Chapter 2 The History of my country's Sewer Pipeline-1

Chapter Two History of my country's Sewer Pipeline Now, when I write about personal superstitious misbehavior, I always keep nailing the 3738 year that is like a stick in my throat.It left an impression on people's minds, as if no one had been locked up before or after it, and everything was in 3738. I don't have any statistics at hand, but I'm not afraid to make a mistake: the flow in 3738 was neither the only one nor even the main one, probably just one of the three largest flows that ever filled the dark, fetid pipes of our prison sewer system of a share. Before that there was a flow in 2930, as mighty as the Ob River, that packed some 15 million farmers (and maybe more) into the tundra and taiga.But the peasants were taciturn and illiterate people who wrote neither complaints nor memoirs.For them, the investigators don't have to work hard all day and night, and they don't have to spend time taking notes, as long as the decision of the Soviet is enough.The water overflowed and seeped into the permafrost, an event that few even the most ardent of people recall today.As if it didn't hurt Russia's conscience.However, Stalin (and you and I) committed no crimes more serious than this.

Then came the flow of 4446, as vast as the Yenisei: along the sewers, taking captive whole nations and millions of millions (that's for us!).Deported by those who had been driven to Germany and then returned to their homeland (this was Stalin's remedy for cauterizing a wound so that it would scab over quickly, lest the whole body of the people needed to rest, to breathe, to recuperate).But in this current, most of them are ordinary people and have not written memoirs. However, the flow of water in 1937 took people with status, seniority in the party, and educated The educated people were also involved, and they were also taken to the archipelago. Around them, there were many implicated people who stayed in the city, and how many pens there were!They are now writing, talking, and reminiscing together: 1937!The Volga of people's misery!

But you say to the Tatars, Kalmyks, or Chechens in Crimea: "37 years" and they will just shrug their shoulders.For Leningrad, three or five years have passed before, so what is three or seven years?And for those who "entered the palace twice" or the people along the Baltic Sea, wouldn't 4849 be more difficult?If those interested in stylistics and geography reproach me for neglecting other great rivers of Russia, please wait a moment, for I have not yet finished describing the various streams, and let me detail them below.With the flow of water, there is no need to worry about not converging into other big rivers.

Everyone knows that any organ will perish if it is not practiced. If, therefore, we know that not a single tentacle of that organ which is sung and exalted above all living beings (they themselves call themselves that ugly word) does not wither away, but grows longer and more sinewy. Getting stronger and stronger - it is easy to guess that they are constantly practicing. The water flow in the pipes fluctuated, and the pressure was sometimes higher than the design standard, sometimes lower than the design standard, but the prison sewer was never empty.Our squeezed blood, sweat, and urine are constantly beating against the walls of the tube.The history of this sewer pipe is a history of continuous swallowing and flowing away, but the flood seasons and flat water seasons alternate from time to time.The water flow is larger for a while, and smaller for a while, and there are some trickling mountain streams, gutter drainage, and individual water droplets that are collected, converging here from all directions.

The facts listed in chronological order below will cover both the stream of millions of arrested people and the ordinary inconspicuous stream of dozens of people.But it's still far from complete, it's still poor, and it's limited by my ability to see through history.This aspect requires much supplementation by living insiders. When listing historical facts, the most difficult thing is the beginning.Because the farther back the years go, the fewer witnesses remain, and the rumors are obliterated and blurred, but the chronicles are not, or have become forbidden books.At the same time, it is not very fair to compare a particularly cruel age (civil war) with the first peaceful age when goodwill could have been shown.

However, before the civil war broke out, it was already clear that in a Russia as it is now, with such a population, socialism of any kind would naturally be impracticable.The country was already a mess.The first blows of the dictatorship fell on the Cadets (under tsarism it was an extreme contagion of revolution, under the power of the proletariat it was an extreme contagion of reaction).At the end of November 1917, during the scheduled session of the unconcluded first Constituent Assembly, the Cadets were outlawed and arrests of their party members began.Around the same period, the "Constituent Assembly Alliance" and "Soldier University" systems were arrested and detained.

It is easy to guess from the will and spirit of the revolution that during these months "Crest", "Butyrka" and many other provincial prisons of the same kind were filled with the great rich, famous persons of society, generals and Military officers, as well as those officials in ministries and the entire state apparatus who did not carry out the orders of the new regime.One of the first acts of the Cheka was the arrest of the strike committee of the All-Russian Staff Union.The original Decree of the NKVD in December 1917 stated: "In view of the sabotage of the officials ... the localities should exert the greatest initiative and not abandon the means of confiscation, coercion and arrest".

Although V. I. Lenin, in order to establish "the strictest revolutionary order" at the end of 1917, demanded "the ruthless smashing of all attempts by drunkards, hooligans, counter-revolutionaries and others to create anarchy", that is to say, he expected The main danger of the October Revolution will be from the drunkards, and the counter-revolutionaries will only gather somewhere in the third row.But he also has a broader reference to the task.In the article "How to Organize a Contest" (January 7-10, 1918), V. I. Lenin proclaimed a general and united goal of "cleaning the Russian soil of all vermin".Moreover, he understood vermin not only as class aliens, but also as "workers who avoided work", such as the compositors of the party printing office in Petersburg (this happened a long time ago. It is even difficult for us to understand now that the workers had just become dictators, how can they avoid working for themselves).And: "...in which block of the big city, in which factory, in which village... are there no saboteurs...we call intellectuals?" The anticipation is varied: in some places they are imprisoned; in others they are told to clean toilets; in others they are given "a yellow card as soon as their prison term is over"; in others they are shot for parasites, Here the options are: prison "or the most exhausting forced labor".Although Vladimir Ilyich has stipulated and suggested the basic direction of punishment, he also suggested that finding the best way to clean up should be the object of the "communes and villages" competition.

Who is included in this broad definition of vermin we are now unable to study exhaustively: the population of Russia is so heterogeneous that it is possible to come across isolated, totally unnecessary, and now forgotten small group.Zemstvo workers are, of course, vermin.Co-op founders are also vermin.Homeowners are vermin.There are not a few pests among the faculty of liberal arts schools.The parish council of the church is full of vermin, and vermin are buzzing in the church choir.All priests are vermin, to say nothing of all monks and priestesses.And even the Tolstoyans, when they went to work in the Soviets, for example on the railways, without a written oath to defend Soviet power with arms, showed themselves to be vermin (we shall see case of trial).Now that we are talking about railways, let’s talk about railways. There are many pests hiding under the uniforms of railways. We must find them out, and beat some of them.Then there are the telegraphers, who for some unknown reason are largely incorrigible vermin who have no sympathy for the Soviets.Nothing good can be said about the All-Russian Executive Committee of Railway Workers and other trade unions, which are often full of pests hostile to the working class.

Only the groups we have listed.That's already a huge number enough for several years of cleanup. And how many hateful intellectuals of all kinds, restless students, weirdos of all kinds, truth-seekers and ascetics?Peter the First had endeavored to rid Rus of these persons, for they were always a hindrance to the integrity of the regime. This sanitation was impossible with outdated forms of litigation and legal norms, and under conditions of war.However, a brand-new form has been adopted; non-judicial sanctions, the All-Russian Cheka is a revolutionary sentinel that integrates tracking, arrest, investigation, prosecution, trial and execution of decisions, and the unique punishment agency in human history. took on this unworthy work.

In 1918, in order to speed up the cultural victory of the revolution as well, the hollowing out and scattering of the remains of the saints and the removal of church furniture began.Popular riots broke out in defense of bankrupt churches and monasteries.Alarm bells were sounded everywhere, and Orthodox Christians came running, some with sticks.Of course, some must be spent on the spot, and some must be seized. When we think about 19181920 now, we encounter some difficult problems: Do people who collapsed before being sent to prison count as prison traffic?All those who were picked up by the poor peasants' committee next to the office of the village soviet or behind the yard, where should they be placed?Chengdulu's conspiracy was uncovered in every province (two in Ryazan, one in Kostroma, one in Vesyhanvogsk, one in Verizh, several in Kyiv, several in Moscow, one in Saratov, one in Cher Nikov together, Astrakhan together, Sherigorsk together, Smolensk together, Pobruysk together, Tangbov together, Kavaklisk together, Chembalsk, Verigoro K, Mstislavli, and others).Even if their participants had time to set foot on the land of the archipelago?Or because there is no time, there is no need to include the objects of our research?In addition to the suppression of some famous riots (Yaroslavl, Muromsk, Rybinsk, Arzamas), we only know a name for some events, such as Corbyn in June 1918 What's going on with the SK shooting incident?Who was shot? ...Where should I write it? There were also difficulties in resolving the following question: Should tens of thousands of hostages be counted here, or included in the balance sheet of the civil war?These were peaceful citizens who had not been personally charged with any crime or even entered their names with a pencil, and were captured and exterminated to intimidate and avenge military enemies or rioting mobs.After August 30, 1918, the NKVD issued instructions to various places to "immediately arrest all Right Socialist Revolutionaries, and take a large number of hostages from the bourgeoisie and the officer class." (Well, what if, for example, after the attempted murder of Alexander Ulyanov's group, not only this group was arrested, but all Russian students and a large number of Zemstvo workers were arrested ?) The National Defense Committee's resolution of February 15, 1919, apparently under the auspices of Lenin, advised the Cheka and the NKVD to the peasants in areas where the work of clearing the railways from snow "was not entirely satisfactory" Taken as hostages, "if the work of clearing the snow is not completed later, they will be shot." A resolution of the Council of People's Commissars at the end of 1920 allowed the taking of Social Democrats also as hostages. However, while confining ourselves to ordinary arrests, we should point out that the torrent of "revolutionary" socialists, which has been torrenting for many years, began to flow as early as the spring of 1918.All these parties, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Mensheviks, the Anarchists, the People's Socialists, have for decades only pretended to be revolutionaries, only put on a mask, and they also went to hard labor for that, and that's all a sham.It was only in the rapid course of the revolution that the bourgeois nature of these social traitors was immediately revealed.Then of course they should be arrested!After the arrests of the Cadets, the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the disarming of the Preobrazhensky and other regiments, the arrests of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks began, little by little, at first quietly.From June 14, 1918, the day when they were expelled from all the Soviets, the arrests took place more and more regularly.From July 6th, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who were more cunning and longer pretending to be allies of the only consistent proletarian party, were also driven there.From that time onwards, whenever workers' disturbances, dissatisfaction and strikes occurred in any factory or in any city (these disturbances, dissatisfaction and strikes occurred many times in 1918, in March 1921 shook Petrograd, Moscow, and later Kronstadt, and forced a new economic policy), the Cheka, while placating, making concessions, and satisfying the legitimate demands of the workers, silently drove the Mensheviks and The Socialist-Revolutionaries were apprehended as the real culprits of these disturbances.In the summer of 1918, and in April and October 1919, the anarchists were seized.In 1919, that part of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party that could be captured was thrown into prison. They sat in Butyrka Prison until their trial in 1922.As recently as 1919, the famous Chekist Lacis wrote about the Mensheviks: "Such people not only hinder us, but also do more harm, so we have to clear them from the road, so as not to stumble In our footsteps, we lock them up in a secluded place, send them to Butyrka, and force them to sit until the end of the struggle between labor and capital.” In July 1918, the non-party All the workers' congress representatives were arrested by the Kremlin's Latvian guards.Almost all were shot in Taganka. In 1919 it was already decided that the Russians returning from abroad (for what? with what mission?) were very suspicious. The returning officers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps (in France) were therefore thrown into prison. In 1919 a large net was cast around conspiracies, real and false ("National Centres", military conspiracies), and in Moscow, Petrograd, and other cities, shootings by lists (that is to say, Free people were arrested and shot immediately), and the so-called intellectuals who were close to the Cadet Party were simply dragged into prison.What is the "near-Cadet" intelligentsia?Means neither Royalist nor Socialist, that is to say the whole of science, the whole of universities, the whole of art, literature, and the whole of engineering.With the exception of extreme writers, theologians and socialist theorists, the entire intelligentsia, 80 per cent of it, is almost Cadets.According to Lenin, Korolenko, for example, is included here as a "poor philistine captured by bourgeois prejudices," "it is not too much for such a genius to spend a few weeks in prison." Regarding the individual arrested groups we start from learned from Gorky's protests.In reply to him on September 15, 1919, Ilyich said: "...we know that there are mistakes here too," but "what a disaster! What a great injustice!", and advised Gorky should not waste energy "complaining for rotten intellectuals." From January 1919, the Surplus Grain Collection System was implemented. In order to collect surplus grain, surplus grain collection teams were organized.They encounter resistance everywhere in the countryside, sometimes softly and sometimes violently.The suppression of this resistance also provided a very sufficient flow of arrests (not counting executions on the spot) in two years. Here we consciously leave aside the large number of people who were exterminated by the Cheka, the Special Division, and the Revolutionary Tribunals as the fronts moved, as the provinces were captured.The NKVD directive of August 30, 1918, mentioned above, demanded that all localities "unconditionally shoot all those who have any connection with the activities of the White Guards."But sometimes you feel at a loss: how should the boundaries be drawn?In the summer of 1920 the civil war had not yet ended in its entirety, but it had already ended in the Don region. If at this time a large number of White Guard officers were sent from Rostov and Novocherkassk to Archangel Sk was then barged to the Solovets Islands (it is said that several barges were scuttled in the White Sea. But this kind of thing also happened in the Caspian Sea.) So should this be counted as the period of civil war or the beginning of the period of peace building Woolen cloth?If in the same year, in Novocherkassk, a pregnant wife was shot for harboring her husband, in what category would it be written off? In May 1920, there was a resolution of the Russian Communist Party and the Communist Party of China on "Concerning Sabotage in the Rear".We know by experience that every such resolution is an impetus to a new overflow of the prisoner's stream, and is an external sign of the stream. A special difficulty (as well as a special advantage) in the organization of the above-mentioned streams is that before 1922 there was no penal code, no system of criminal law.Who to arrest, how to deal with them, the captors and the sewer managers are all based on the revolutionary legal consciousness (and it is never wrong!). This book will not examine the flow of criminal repeat offenders and "ordinary criminals", so here is just a reminder that the general disaster and scarcity during a period of great administrative, institutional and legal change will inevitably lead to theft, robbery, violence, bribery and scalping (speculation) A surge in numbers.Such criminal offenses, though not so dangerous to the existence of the Republic, were partly prosecuted and augmented the flow of counter-revolutionaries with their stream of prisoners, however, according to the signature of Lenin on July 22, 1918 The People's Commissariat decree states that speculation can also be of a purely political nature: criminals who have committed the crime of selling, buying for sale, or stockpiling state-monopoly food and earning a living from it (peasants stockpiling food for sale and doing so Otherwise, what should the farmers’ livelihood be?? Author’s Note)……Deprivation of liberty for a period of no less than ten years, and at the same time, the heaviest compulsory labor and confiscation of all property. " Since that summer, the already overburdened countryside has handed over its harvest without compensation year after year.This led to peasant riots and, of course, their repression and new arrests. ("The most industrious part of the people has been wiped out." Korolenko letter to Gorky, August 10, 1921.) We know (don't know...) that in 1920 there was a "Siberian peasant Association" trial, at the end of 20, initially suppressed the peasant uprising in Tambov Province (no judicial trial was held against it). But arrests from the Tambov countryside took place mainly in June 1921.The whole of Tambov province is dotted with concentration camps where the families of peasants who took part in the uprising were detained.Blocks of commons were surrounded by wooden posts and barbed wire.If the man of any family is suspected of participating in the riot, the family will be imprisoned there for three weeks.If within three weeks the man of the family did not come forward and ransom his family with his head, the family would be exiled. Even earlier, in March 1921, passing through the Trubetz Fortress of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the sailors who rioted in Kronstadt, except those who were shot, were sent to the archipelago. The year 1921 began with the Cheka's order "Intensify the suppression of the bourgeoisie" (January 8, 1921).Now that the civil war is over, the repression should not be weakened, but strengthened!How this was the case in the Crimea is preserved for us by Voloshin in several of his poems. In the summer of 1921, the Commission for the Relief of the Famine, which was trying to stop the unprecedented famine facing Russia, was arrested (Guskova, Prokopovich, Kishkin, etc.).The problem is that these feeding hands are not hands that are allowed to feed the hungry.The committee's pardoned chairman, the dying Korolenko, called its destruction "the worst kind of politician, government politician". (Letter to Gorky, September 14, 1921.) (Krolenko also drew our attention to an important feature of the prison in 1921 "it was completely soaked with typhoid fever". Lipnikova and others confirmed this.) In 1921 there was already a practice of arresting university students for "criticizing the current system" (not in public but in private conversations) (for example the E. Doyalenko group at the Timiryazev Academy).The above-mentioned group was interrogated by Menzhinsky and Yagoda themselves, so there were not many cases of this kind at that time. But not so little.How could the sudden and heroic strike of the students of the Moscow Higher Technical School in 1921 not end in arrests?Since the days of the heinous Stolypin reaction, the school has had a tradition of electing its headmaster from among its own professors.Elected was Kalinnikov (we will also see him in the dock), and the revolutionary regime replaced him with an obscure engineer.During the stressful exam period.The students refused to hand in the test papers, held a heated rally on the campus, rejected the sent principal, and demanded to maintain the system of school autonomy.Then all the participants of the assembly set off on foot to Mokhov Street, to hold a joint meeting with their classmates from Moscow University.It was a mystery: what would the authorities do?It's a mystery, but not for the Communist Party.In the tsarist era all the noble press, the whole intelligentsia will seethe: Down with the government, down with the tsar!But now write down the list of speakers, let the assembly disperse, stop the exam, and arrest all the people to be arrested one by one in different places during the summer vacation.Others didn't get their engineering degrees because of it. Also in 1921, the scope of arrests of alien elements was expanded and became regular.All the parties in Russia, except, in fact, the victorious ones, have been wiped out (oh, don't dig someone else's hole!).And for the disintegration of parties to be irreversible, the members of these parties, the bodies of the members of these parties, must also be disintegrated. No citizen of the Russian state who at some time joined a party other than the Bolshevik party could not escape his doom, he was doomed (if, like Maisky or Vyshinsky, he had not had time to cross emergency springboard to the communists).He may not be the first to be arrested, he may live (according to his degree of danger) until 1922, 1932, or even 37.But the list is kept, the long queue is moving, and when the rank is up, he is arrested, or he is politely invited, and the only question is asked of him: has he participated in ... from ... to ...? (Occasionally questions about his hostilities were asked, but the first question was decisive, as we know it decades later).There may be various fates in the future.Some immediately fell into one of the Tsar's famous central prisons (fortunately, these central prisons are well preserved, and some socialists even happened to sit in the cells where they sat in the past, and the guards were familiar to them ).Some were suggested to live in exile, the period is not long, two or three years.It's even lighter: you only get a "minus" (that is, you are not allowed to live in certain cities), and you can choose your own place of residence, but in the future, please stay in this place obediently and wait for the national political situation. The Security Bureau handles it arbitrarily. The operation dragged on for many years because its main condition was to be done quietly and unobtrusively.What matters is the decisive removal of all socialists who are not of our kind from Moscow, from Petrograd, from the port cities, from the industrial centers, and from the county towns in general.This is a large-scale silent "card array".Its rules are completely incomprehensible to modern people, and its content is only now that we can estimate a rough idea.It was designed by someone's visionary mind.Someone's conscientious hand, without missing a blink of an eye, pulled out the three-year-old cards from one pile, and gently put them into another pile.Squat through the central prison and transfer to exile (go to a farther place), and go to exile when the "minus sign" expires (but stay away from the city that belongs to the "minus sign"), and those who have been exiled go to exile again and again, and then close again Into (another) Central Prison.It is patience and patience that dominates the minds of those who place cards.As a result, the foreign party elements gradually disappeared without making noise, without crying or screaming, and lost any contact with the places and people who knew them and their revolutionary activities before. Men who have proudly worn the tsar's shackles, covertly and tirelessly prepare the conditions. (Korolenko wrote to Gorky on June 29, 1921: "History will one day show that the Bolshevik Revolution punished sincere revolutionaries and socialists with the same means as the tsarist government." Ah, if only That's good! Those people will survive.) Most of the old political convicts were exterminated in this "big card" operation, because it was the Social Revolutionaries and Anarchists, not the Social Democrats, who received the harshest sentences in the tsar's court , the inhabitants of the old penal colony were made up of them. However, the sequence of elimination was fair: in the 1920s, they were advised to sign a written statement of leaving the party and abandoning their party's ideas.Some people refused, and naturally fell into the first batch of extermination targets, and those who signed this statement could live a few more years.But they were still doomed.At that time, it is still inevitable that people will fall to the ground. Sometimes you can read a little article in the newspaper that makes you dizzy with surprise.Izvestia of May 24, 1959 reports: A year after Hitler came to power, Maximilian Haukai was arrested for being a member of ... the Communist Party (and not the usual party).Has he been eliminated?No.Sentenced to two years.Must have been sentenced to a new sentence later?No.He was released.Later, he lived quietly and established an underground organization, so this article introducing his fearless spirit appeared. In the spring of 1922, the Extraordinary Committee for the Elimination of Counter-Revolutionaries and Speculation, which had just been renamed the State Political Security Bureau, decided to intervene in religious affairs.A "religious revolution" was also needed - to remove the old leadership and replace it with one that turned only one ear to God and the other to Lubinka.The new believers are willing to take on such a role, but without the help of external forces, it is impossible for them to get the church organs.For this reason Archbishop Tikhon was arrested, and two trials were held with great fanfare, in each case someone was sentenced to be shot: in Moscow for the distributor of the Archbishop's call; Trial of Archbishop Ming for obstructing the transfer of church power to nascent believers.Provincial and county archbishops and bishops were also arrested in many places.Behind every big fish caught in the net, there must be groups of small fish such as high priests, monks, and deacons.These people are not reported.Anyone who did not swear allegiance to the pressure of the Neo-Reformists was imprisoned. The clergy were an integral part of the daily catch, and their silvery hair shone in every queue of prisoners sent to Solovitz. From the beginning of the 1920s, small groups of theosophists, mystics, spiritualists (Count Palin and his gang engaged in anti-revolutionary activities), religious groups, and philosophers from the Berdyaev group were also arrested. The cliques of the "Oriental Catholics" (followers of Vladimir Solovyov) and A.N. Allerikosova were also crushed, and all members were imprisoned.Even ordinary Catholics, Polish Catholic priests, followed them unknowingly. One of the main goals of the NKVD throughout the 1920s and 1930s was the total abolition of religion in the country, but this goal had to be achieved by mass incarceration of Orthodox believers themselves .The outlawing, imprisonment, and exile of the monks and nuns by whom Russian life had previously been blackened was intense.Church activists were also arrested and sentenced.The scope became wider and wider until later even ordinary religious laymen, the elderly, and especially women were included.Women were especially stubborn in their faith and for many years were called nuns in exile and labor camps. True, it was believed at the time that they were arrested and tried not for their beliefs per se, but for speaking out about their beliefs and educating their children in that spirit.As Danny Chodkiewicz writes: "You are free to pray, But... only God alone can hear. "(She got ten years in prison for the poem) A person who believes he has spiritual truth must keep it hidden from...his children!! Religious education for children started in the twenties Item 10, Article 58 of the Criminal Code, is the crime of counter-revolutionary propaganda! It is true that you will be given a chance to declare your renunciation in court. This kind of situation is not common, but there have been: In a family, the father left Come down to raise children, while mothers go to Solovets (during these decades, women have shown great perseverance in their faith). All religious prisoners are sentenced to ten years, the maximum sentence at that time. (At the same time, especially in 1927, when the cities were being purified for the coming of a pure society, prostitutes were mixed with "nuns" and sent to Solovets. The punishment for the flowers is light, and the sentence is only three years. Neither the escort, the deportation station nor the environment of Solovitz itself can prevent them from continuing to earn money from the officers and soldiers of the escort team with their romantic career. Three years After a while, they returned to the place of departure with heavy boxes. But the religious prisoners have forever cut off the prospect of returning home and reuniting with their children.) Already in the early twenties there were purely national currents, which were not so large for the respective border regions, especially by Russian standards: Equality Party members in Azerbaijan, Dashnak Party members in Armenia , the Mensheviks in Georgia, and the Turkmen Basmachi who resisted the establishment of the Soviet regime in Central Asia (the Russians accounted for a large proportion of the Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers in Central Asia, and they were said to be Russian regimes).In 1926, all members of the Zionist "Gaiharutz Society" were imprisoned because they could not catch up with the wave of internationalism. Regarding the 1920s, many people later formed a fixed concept in their hearts, thinking that it was an era of unfettered laissez-faire.In this book we meet people who experienced the twenties in a different way.Back then, college students were still independents who fought for "university autonomy," for the right to assemble, and against filling the syllabus with political common sense.The answer was arrest.Every festival (for example, the eve of May 1st in 1924) is a big catch.In 1925, college students in Leningrad (about a hundred people) were sentenced to three years of political isolation for reading the "Socialist Bulletin" and delving into Plekhanov's works (Plekhanov himself was in the The anti-government speech next to the Kazan Cathedral was much cheaper).The first (young) Trotskyists were thrown into prison already in 1925 (two naive Red Army soldiers, remembering the Russian tradition, set out to raise funds for the captured Trotskyists political isolation). Needless to say, the exploiting classes have not escaped the blow either.The wear and tear of the surviving old officers continued throughout the twenties.Among them are officers of the White Army (who did not commit crimes worthy of being shot during the civil war); some officers of the White Army and the Red Army who fought on both sides, and some who only served in the Red Army for a period of time or had a break in the middle without proof materials former tsarist officer.I say "wear and tear" because they are not sentenced to prison at once. They have to go through (also a kind of card array!) endless inspections, work restrictions, residence restrictions, arrest, release, and It was only through these steps that they were sent to labor camps without return. In sending the officers to the Islands, however, the solution of the problem was not the end, but only the beginning: for the officers' mothers, wives, and children were out.运用绝对正确的社会分析方法，很容易预见到这些人在一家之主被捕后有什么样的情绪。这就等于是他们自己逼着当局把他们也关起来。于是，又多冒出了一股水流。 在二十年代，对参加国内战争的哥萨克宣布了大赦。许多人从利姆诺斯岛返回了库班，得到了土地。后来他们都被关进了监牢。 所有以前的国家官吏都躲了起来，也必须加以搜捕。他们巧妙地伪装自己，他们利用当时在共和国里既没有身份证制度，又没有统一的劳动手册，混进了苏维埃机关。偶尔的失言、偶然被认出、邻居的告密……不，不是告密，而是战争情报，全都帮助了对他们的揭发。（有时纯属偶然的机遇。有一个叫做莫瓦的人，出于对秩序的单纯的爱好，在家里保存了一份过去的司法官员名单。一九二五年偶然在他那里发现了这份东西统统被抓，统统被枪毙。） 这样，"因隐瞒社会出身"、因"原社会地位"的水流便一股一股地流起来了。这类罪名可以做很广泛的解释。在被抓之列的有作为社会阶层的贵族，有他们的家属。最后还不甚了然地抓过所谓个人贵族，其实就是以前的大学毕业生。一旦抓了，便是有来无回，泼水难收。革命的哨兵是不会有错的。 （不然，回来的路毕竟还是存在的！这是一些细弱的回流但它们有时能够穿透石壁。这里我们略谈一下其中第一股。贵族和军官的妻女中不乏人品出众、姿色动人的女子。她们之中的一些人得以作为一股小小的对流返回地面。这些人记得，生命只有一次，最可贵的莫过于我们的生命。他们自荐于肃反委员会一国家政治保卫局，愿意充当情报员、工作人员或随便什么人，被看中者便被接纳。这些人是情报员当中最有成效的分子！她们给国家政治保卫局帮了大忙，因为"过去的人们"很相信她们。这类人中有最后一位公爵夫人维亚塞姆斯卡哑，她是革命后最著名的"眼线"［她的公子在索洛维茨也是一名"眼线"〕；有康考尔吉娅?尼古拉耶夫娜?约塞一看来是一位具有非凡素质的女人：她的丈夫，一个军官，当着她的面被枪杀，她自己也被遣送到索洛维茨，但是她竟能获准返回原籍，并在卢宾卡附近开设了一间理发厅，这座大楼里的大头儿们都成了她的常客。只是在一九三七年她才跟她的雅果达顾客们一起再度被关进监狱。） 说来可笑，但由于荒唐的传统，从旧俄保存下来了一个政治红十字会。它有三个分会：莫斯科分会（E?彼什科娃一维纳魏尔），哈尔科夫分会（桑多米尔斯卡娅）和彼得格勒分会。莫斯科分会很守规矩一因而在一九三七年前没有被取缔。彼得格勒分会（老民粹派舍夫佐夫、瘸子加特曼、科切罗夫斯基）则表现得颇为讨厌和狂妄，立卷进政治事件，寻求施吕瑟尔堡要塞老囚犯们（诺沃鲁斯基，亚历山大?乌里扬诺夫的同案人）的支持，不仅帮助社会主义者，而且还接济反革命分子。它于一九二六年被查封，它的活动家们被流放。 岁月在流逝，过去的事情不再重温便会在记忆中销蚀。我们今天看那蒙胧远方的一九二七年，觉得它是新经济政策还没有被砍掉手足以前的一个无忧无虑丰衣足食的年头。而实际上它是很紧张的一年，时常被报纸上的爆炸性新闻引起震荡的一年。当时在我国产生的感觉和制造的印象是我们正处在世界革命战争的前夜。苏联驻华沙政治代表的遇害占据了六月份报纸的大量版面，马雅可夫斯基为此写了四首惊雷般的诗作。 但事不凑巧：波兰道了歉，暗杀沃伊柯夫的唯一的凶手在当地被捕获诗人号召如何执行和对谁执行呢： "用团结， 用建设， 用自制 和惩治， 把放出来的一群恶狗 拧下脖子！ " 惩治难呢？拧下谁的脖子呢？于是就开始了"沃伊柯夫招生"。向来如此，在发生任何骚动和紧张情况时，就把"过去的人们关起来，把无政府义者、社会革命党人、孟什维克关起来，而且不需什么特别理由还把知识分子关起来。实际也是这样在城市里该把谁关起来呢？总不能是工人阶级吧！"近立宪民主党"知识界从一九一九年起就已经给折腾够了。那么是否到了动动那些貌似进步的知识界的时候了呢？对大学生必须进行清理。这时马雅可夫斯基又得心应手了： "日日月月 要想着 共青团！ my own team 瞧得锐利些。 是否全部 Communist Youth League member 真正是团员 or 只是 假装成共青团员？ " 方便的世界观也就产生方便的法律术语：社会预防。它施行了，它被接受了，它立即为大家所理解（不久以后，白波运河建设工程的一个长官拉扎尔?柯甘就会说："我相信，你本人是完全无辜的。但你是有教养的人，应当理解，这是在实行广泛的社会预防！"）真的，这些不可靠的同路人，整个这堆知识分子破烂货，如果不是在世界革命战争前夕把他们关起来，那什么时候关起来呢？大战一开始就晚了。 于是，在莫斯科就一个街区接一个街区进行有计划的掏挖。到处都有什么人应当抓起来。口号是："我们要一拳头砸在桌子上，叫全世界都吓得发抖！""乌鸦车"、小汽车、有篷卡车、敞篷马车甚至在大白天都纷纷向卢宾卡、向布蒂尔卡奔驶。大门口发生堵塞，院子里发生堵塞。对于抓来的人连卸车和登记都忙不过来（这种情况也出现在其他城市里。在顿河罗斯托夫，三十三号大楼的地下室里，这些日子连地上都已经挤满了人，新抓去的包依科好不容易才找到坐下来的地方）。 这条水流中的一个典型例子：几十个年轻人时常聚在一起举行事先没有得到国家政治保卫局许可的音乐晚会。他们听音乐，然后喝茶。茶钱是他们随意出点零钱凑的份子。完全清楚，音乐是为掩护他们的反革命情绪，凑钱也根本不是为了喝茶，而是用以帮助正濒于灭亡的世界资产阶级。于是把他们全体逮捕，分别判了三年到十年（安娜?斯科里普尼科娃五年），而不认罪的首恶分子（伊万?尼古拉耶维奇?瓦伦佐夫以及其他一些人）枪毙！ 再一个例子。在同一年，流亡国外的高等法政学校学生在巴黎某地集会庆祝传统的"普希金"高等法政学校纪念日。此事登在报上。显然，这是受了致命伤的帝国主义耍的花招。于是，所有留在苏联的前高等法政学校学生都被逮捕，与此一起，还把"前法学院毕业生"（另一所这样的特权阶层子弟学校）也抓了起来。 "沃伊柯夫招生"的规模暂时还受着北方特种营的容量的限制。但是古拉格群岛已经开始了它的恶性的生存，而且很快就会把它的癌细胞扩散到国家的全身。 尝到了新的味道，新的食欲也就产生。摧毁技术知识界的时刻早就到来了，这些人过分地以为自己不可替代，并且不惯于迅速领会上级的意志。 这就是说，对于工程师们对于资本主义！日主子的这些仆从们，我们历来就没有相信过，我们从革命初年起，就把他们置于工人的正当的不信任和监督之下。然而，在恢复时期，我们还是容许他们在我们的工业中工作，而把阶级打击的全部力量指向其他的知识分子。但是，我们的经济领导（最高国民经济委员会和国家计划委员会）越成熟，计划的数量越增多而这些计划是经常互相冲突和打架的旧工程界的暗害本质、它的假心假意、狡猾和叛卖行径，就显得越清楚。革命的哨兵更加锐利地眯缝起眼睛只要他把眯缝着的眼光射向哪里，哪里就立即发现暗害行为的巢穴。 从一九二七年起，这项保健工作就开足马力进行，并且立即有真凭实据地向无产阶级揭示了我们经济上失利和短缺的全部原因。交通人民委员部（铁路）有暗害行为（怪不得难以坐上火车，怪不得运输经常中断）。莫斯科国营电站联合公司有暗害行为（断电）。石油工业有暗害行为（买不到煤油）。纺织工业有暗害行为（工人穿不上衣服）。煤炭工业有大规模暗害行为（所以我们挨冻！）。金属工业、军事工业、机械制造工业、造船工业、化学工业、矿山开采工业、黄金白金冶炼工业、水利事业到处都是暗害行为的脓疮烂疱！四面八方都是带着计算尺的敌人！国家政治保卫局为了揪出和抓捕暗害分子忙得喘不过气来。在各首府和各省都有国家政治保卫局的委员会和无产阶级法院在进行工作，翻腾这堆粘糊糊的股东西，劳动者每天从报纸上惊异不止地获知（有的并没有获知）他们的新的卑鄙勾当。他们知道了帕尔钦斯基、冯-梅克、维里奇科，还有多少无名之辈呀。每个部门、每个工厂和手工业合作社都应当在本单位找寻暗害行为，而刚一开始马上就找到了（靠国家政治保卫局的帮助）。某个革命前毕业的工程师如果还没有成为被揭穿的暗害分子，那一定可以怀疑他是这种暗害分子。 这些老工程师是怎样一些诡计多端的坏蛋啊，他们多么善于用各种方法穷凶极恶地进行暗害啊！尼古拉?卡尔洛维奇?冯一梅克在交通人民委员部里假装成很忠于新经济的建设，能够长时间兴致勃勃地谈论社会主义建设的经济问题，并且喜欢提出建议。他的一项最有害的建议就是：增加货运列车长度，不要害怕重载。在国家政治保卫局的帮助下，冯-梅克被揭穿了（并被枪决）：他想使线路、车轮和机车损耗，让共和国遇外国武装干涉时没有铁路使用！过了短短的时间，新的交通人民委员卡冈诺维奇下令使用重载列车，甚至两倍、三倍超载的列车（因为这项发明，他和其他领导人获得了列宁勋章），这时，坏心肠的工程师们就以极限论者的姿态出现他们大叫大嚷，说这太过分了，说这将毁灭性地损耗机车车辆，于是他们就因不信任社会主义交通运输的优越性而公正地遭到了枪决。 这些极限论者挨了好几年打，他们在各部门摇晃着自己的计算公式，并且不想理解人的干劲能帮助桥梁和机床提高强度（这是整个人民心理大翻个的年代；那种"要快就不会好"的瞻前顾后的民间智慧受到嘲笑，那则"欲速则不达"的古老谚语被颠倒过来）。对老工程师们的逮捕有时延缓，只是因为接班人还没有准备好。尼古拉?伊万诺维奇?拉德仁斯基是伊热夫斯克军事工厂的总工程师，起初因"极限论"、因"对备用强度的迷信"，由于这种迷信，他认为奥尔忠尼启则签署的扩建工厂的投资金额不够用（据说，奥尔忠尼启则同旧工程师们是这样谈话的：他在写字桌的右边放上一支手枪，左边还有一支。）而遭到逮捕。但后来改为对他实行监外管制，并命令他在原单位工作（业务没有他就要垮台）。他渐渐把工作搞上轨道。但资金原来不够，现在依然不够于是这时又以"资金使用不当"为名重新把他投入监狱：资金之所以不够，是因为总工程师对资金处理不当！拉德仁斯基在戊木场好歹拖了一年就死掉了。 这样，在几年内，加林一米哈伊洛夫斯基和扎米亚金惯于描写的主角曾为我国增光的老一辈俄罗斯工程界的脊梁就被砸断了。 不言而喻，在这股水流中，象在任何水流中一样，也会捎进其他一些人，与受害者亲近和有牵连的一些人，例如还有……我根本不想珐污哨兵的晶莹光泽的古铜色面孔，但不得不如此……还有未收买成的情报员。我请读者永远记住这股完全秘密的、一点也不公开显露出来的水流特别是革命后最初十年：当时人们往往很高傲，许多人还不认为道德是相对的、只具有狭隘的阶级含意的东西，还敢于拒绝请他们效劳的建议，因之他们全都遭到了无情的惩罚。有一次，要求一个年轻女人马格达林娜?艾朱波娃监视工程界人士。她不仅拒绝了，并且还告诉了自己的监护人（他正是应当监视的对象）；然而这个人很快就被抓了起来，并在侦查中招认了一切。怀孕的艾朱波娃"因泄露业务上的机密"被捕，并被判处枪决（然而，她只服了数种刑期加起来共为二十五年的徒刑）。这些年内（一九二七），在另一类人哈尔科夫的显要共产党人中间，也有一件这样的事，纳杰日达?维塔里耶芙娜?苏罗维茨拒绝对乌克兰政府成员进行监视和告密为此，她被抓进国家政治保卫局，并且只是在过了四分之一世纪以后，才半死不活地在科雷马河上挣扎钻了出来。关于没有浮出来的那些人我们就不知道了。 （在三十年代，这股桀骜不驯者的水流已化为乌有：既然要求提供情报，那就应当提供往哪里躲呢？"胳膊拧不过大腿。""不是我还有别人。""与其让别人坏人去当密工，不如我这好人来充当。"这时人们争先恐后自告奋勇去充当"密工"：又有利，又显得英勇。） 一九二八年，在莫斯科审理了轰动一时的沙赫特案件这次审判因赋予它的公开性，因受审人（暂时还不是全部）令人惊愕的供认和痛心悔恨而轰动。过了两年，在一九三O年九月，对饥荒制造者食品工业中的四十八名暗害分子（他们！他们！就是他们！）进行了大叫大嚷的审判。一九三O年底，进行了更加轰动的并且已经排练得无懈可击的工业党案件审判：这里，全体受审人已无一例外地把各种荒唐的卑鄙勾当都揽在自己身上于是，在劳动者的眼前，象揭开了盖布的大石像，呈现出一个巨大而巧妙的编结物，它把迄今被揭露的各个单独的暗害行为编成一个同米留科夫、里亚布申斯基、迪特丁和彭加勒连在一起的魔鬼结子。 一着手考察我们的审判实践，我们便已经懂得，大家看得见的审判这只是田鼠在洞外堆的土堆，而全部主要的挖掘工作是在表层下进行的。提审的只是一小部分在押人犯，只是那些同意反常地诋毁自己并诬陷别人以期得到宽恕的人。对于有勇气和理智驳回侦查员的胡说八道的大多数工程师不声不响地进行审判，但这些不认罪的人得到的照样也是国家政治保卫局委员会准备好的那十年。 水流在地下流着，顺着管道流着，排定地面上的繁茂生活的废水。 正是从这个时候起，采取了一个走向全民参与下水道工程、全民对它分担责任的步骤：那些还没有掉进下水道口的人，那些还没有被管道输送去群岛的人他们应当在上面举着旗帜游行，颂扬审判，并为坏人得到司法制裁而高兴（这是远见卓识！一几十年后，历史将会清醒过来但侦查员、审判员和检察长们却不会比你我之辈普通公民们更有罪！我们之所以能长满一头体面的白发活到今日，正因为我们当初体面地投了赞成票）。 如果不算列宁、托洛茨基一九二二年审判社会革命党的那次实验，那么这样的尝试可以说是斯大林搞"饥荒制造者"审判时开的头。当大家都在富饶的俄罗斯土地上挨饿的时候，当大家都在东张西望诧异我们的粮食被藏到哪里去了的时候，这种尝试怎会不成功？于是，在各工厂和机关，工人和职员们赶在判决前面，愤怒地表决赞成把那些落入法网的坏蛋处死。对"工业党"就更不用说了那是普遍的群众大会，那是游行示威（捎带上中小学生），那是法庭玻璃窗外几百万人的整齐步伐和吼叫："处死！处死！处死！" 在我国历史的这个转折点上，也曾发出过一些孤孤单单的抗议或保留之声在那个合唱和吼叫声中说出一个"不"字是要有许多勇气的与今天的轻易不可同日而语！（就是今天敢于表示反对者也不很多）。而且，凡是我们所知道的这都是那些腰杆最不硬、最脆弱的知识分子发出的声音。在列宁格勒工学院的会议上，德米特里?阿波里纳利耶维奇?罗然斯基教授弃了权（看来他是根本反对死刑的。要知道，杀头，用科学的语言来说，是一个不可逆转的过程）马上就被关进监狱！大学生狄马?奥利茨基弃了权，也马上被关进监狱！于是，这些抗议之声刚一开始就沉寂下去了。 就我们所知，白胡子的工人阶级是赞同这些死刑的。就我们所知，从火热的共青团员到党的领袖，到传奇般的集团军司令整个先锋队都一致赞同这些死刑。著名的革命家、理论家和有远见卓识的人在自己的不光彩灭亡前的七年内，都曾向这种群众吼声表示欢迎，而不曾想到，他们的时刻已迫在眉睫，他们的名字很快也将在这吼声中遭到唾骂"魔鬼"，"败类"。 对于工程师们来说，打击恰好到此结束了。在一九三一年初，约瑟夫?维萨里昂诺维奇说出了建设的"六个条件"，我们的君主作为第五个条件指出：从打击旧技术知识界的政策转到使用和关心它的政策。 关心它！我们正义的愤怒消散到哪里去了？所有我们的威严的指控扔到哪里去了？这时正在进行着对瓷器工业中暗害分子的审判（他们在这个行业里也干了许多坏事！）而且全体被告都异口同声地痛骂自己并招认了一切突然间照样异口同声大声叫道：我们没有罪！ !于是就把他们释放了！ （在这一年甚至形成了一条小回流：让一批已经被审判或侦查折磨得濒死的工程师们活着出来了。德?阿?罗然斯基就是这样回来了。是不是应当说，他顶住了同斯大林的角斗？是不是应当说，具有公民勇气的人们是不会为写作这一章或这本书提供根据的？） 在一九三一年三月对"孟什维克联盟局"、对格罗曼-苏哈诺夫-雅库博维奇的公开审判中，斯大林在早就被打翻在地的孟什维克身上又踩了几蹄子。（格罗曼更像是立宪民主党，雅库博维奇是布尔什维克，而吉梅尔-苏哈诺夫则是二月革命的理论家。一九一九年十月十日布尔什维克中央就是在彼得格勒卡尔波夫卡河滨路他的住宅里开会并通过了武装起义的决议。）忽然间他又犹豫起来。 白海边上的人这样说潮水"水犹豫起来了"：这是潮水快要低落时的情形。啊，把斯大林的浑浊的心灵与白海之水相比是不行的。是啊，也许他丝毫也没有犹豫过。也许从来也没有低落过。但在这一年还发生了一个奇迹。紧接着对"工业党"的审判，准备在一九三一年对"劳动农民党"一支似乎（从来也没有！）存在过的由农村知识分子、消费合作社和农业合作社活动家以及发达的上层农民组成的、准备推翻无产阶级专政的巨大的地下组织力量，进行大规模的审判。在"工业党"的审判中已经提到"劳农党"，当做一共查获的、情况已弄得很清楚的组织。国家政治保卫局的侦查机关不间断地进行了工作：已经有几千名被告招认是劳农党员，并供认了自己的犯罪目的。预计总共会有二十万"党员"。算作党的首脑的，有经济学家一土地问题专家亚历山大?瓦西里耶维奇?恰扬诺夫、未来的总理N?风?康德拉季耶夫、刀?H?尤罗夫斯基、马卡罗夫、季米里亚泽夫学院教授阿列克谢?多亚连科（未来的"农业部长"）。 也许把后来四十年间担任过这个职务的人拿来审判将会更好些。这就是人的命运！多亚连科是原则上从来不问政治的！当他的女儿把一些似乎持有社会革命党人观点的大学生带到家里来的时候，他把他们都赶了出去。可是斯大林忽然在一夜间改变了主意为什么？我们也许永远也不会得知。他想洗刷洗刷肮脏的灵魂？那太早。是幽默感露了头？感到太单调了，太乏味了？可是谁也不敢发出这样的指责，说斯大林具有幽默感！我看多半是这个原因：他估量了一下，整个农村就这样也很快将因饥荒而死光，何止是二十万，那干吗还去花费劳力。于是，整个劳农党的案件撤销了。要求所有"低头认罪的人"否认已经作出的供认（他们的高兴是可以想象到的！），代之把小小的康德拉季耶夫-恰扬诺夫集团拉出来审判一番了事。（在一九四一年，受尽折磨的瓦维洛夫被控说，劳农党是存在过的，并且他，瓦维洛夫正是暗中领导了这个党。） 事件挤成一团，年代挤成一团我们怎么也无法次序分明地说出发生过的一切（而国家政治保卫局却对付得很好！而国家政治保卫局却什么也没有遗漏）。但我们将始终记住： 教徒们不断地自然而然地被关进监狱，（这方面有一些日期和高峰浮到了表面，一是列宁格勒一九二九年圣诞节前夕的"反宗教斗争夜"，那一次抓了许多宗教知识分子，而且不是在黎明前动手的，不像是圣诞节的神话。一是一九三二年二月在该市一下封闭了许多教堂，同时对宗教界进行了密密麻麻的逮捕。再还有什么日期和地点，谁也没有传下来让我们知道）； 也不放过打击各种教派，甚至是同情共产主义的（例如在一九二九年，把索契和霍斯塔之间的公社的全体社员都统统关了起来。他们一切都是按共产主义原则行事，生产也好，分配也好，而且一切都做得那么诚实，国家一百年也达不到那个水平，但是，可惜，他们太有文化了，宗教文献读得太多了，并且他们的哲学不是无神论，而是洗礼教派、托尔斯泰主义和瑜伽论的混合物。因此，这样的公社是犯罪的，它不可能造福人民）。在二十年代，相当大的一群托尔斯泰主义者被流放到阿尔泰的山前地带，在那里，他们与洗礼派教徒一起创建了公社村。当开始建设库兹涅茨联合企业的时候，他们向它供给了农产品。后来开始抓人起初是教师（不按国家规定的教学大纲进行教学），孩子们叫嚷着跟在汽车后面跑，然后是村社的领导人。 社会主义者的大牌阵不断地、自然而然地摆来摆去； 在一九二九年，把未被及时逐出国境的历史学家（普拉托诺夫、塔尔列、柳巴夫斯基、戈季耶、利哈乔夫、伊兹梅洛夫）、杰出的文学理论家M?M?巴赫金投入监狱； 会儿从这个边区，一会儿从那个边区，冒出一股股民族的水流。 亚库梯人在一九二八年暴动后被关进监狱。布里亚特蒙古人在一九二九年暴动后被关进监狱（据说枪杀了将近三万五千人，我们未能核实）。哈萨克人在布琼尼的骑兵于一九三三一年进行英勇镇压后被关进监狱。在一九三O年初审判了乌克兰解放同盟（叶弗列莫夫教授、切霍夫斯基、尼科夫斯基等），如果你知道我们公开宣布的东西和秘密的东西之间的比例那么还有多少人在他们的背后呢？暗中逮捕的有多少呢？ ... 轮到执政党党员蹲监狱的时刻正在临近，缓慢地，但是正在临近。暂时（一九二七二九年）这是"工人反对派"或者是那些选择了不成功的首领的托洛茨基分子。他们暂时是几百人，很快将是成千上万的人。但是只要开了头就好办！正如托洛茨基分子曾无动于衷地看着异党成员进监狱一样，现在其他党员也赞同地瞧着把托洛茨基分子关进去。接着就出现了一股莫须有的"右倾"反对派水流。一张大口从尾巴开始一节一节地咬嚼，最后就要嚼到自己的头上来了。 从一九二八年起，同资产阶级余孽耐普曼算帐的时间来到了。往往是要他们交付越来越大的力不胜任的税款，一旦他们拒绝交付，马上就把他们以破产为理由关起来，并没收财产（对于小手工业者理发师、裁缝，还有那些修理煤油炉子的，只是取消营业执照）。 耐普曼水流的开导有其经济利益。国家需要财产，需要黄金，可是连一个科雷马都还没有呢。从一九二九年起开始发作著名的黄金热，只是发热的不是那些找寻黄金的人，而是那些被搜刮黄金的人。新的"黄金"水流的特点是，国家政治保卫局对于这些家兔们，说实话，并不指控犯有什么罪行，并且不一定把他们送到古拉格之邦去，而只要按强者的权力取走他们的黄金。因此，监狱挤得满满的，侦查员们疲惫不堪，而递解站、宿泊站、劳改营得到的补充却少得不成比例。 在"黄金"水流中关起来的是些什么人呢？所有在十五年前经营过"实业"、做过买卖、靠手艺挣过钱因而照国家政治保卫局的想法可能会保存下黄金的人。但恰好他们往往是没有黄金的：他们有过动产、不动产，所有这些，在革命中都失掉了，被没收了，什么也没有留下来。当然也抱着极大希望把技师、首饰匠、钟表匠关起来。根据告密可以获知在最意料不到的手中拥有黄金的消息：一个百分之百的"机床工人"不知从哪里得到并保存着六十个尼古拉皇帝五卢布金币；著名的西伯利亚游击队员穆拉维约夫来到了敖德萨，随身带来了一口袋金子；彼得堡的鞑靼马车夫人人都藏有金子。黄金告密的暗影落在谁的身上，他就不能用任何理由无论是无产阶级的本质也好，革命的功劳也好，来进行辩护。他们全都被抓起来，塞进国家保卫局的牢房，每间屋子里关的人数之多以前简直难以想象那更好，他们会更快地交出来！甚至搞到了令人难堪的地步，男男女女都关在一起，彼此当着面上马桶谁管这些小事，交出金子来，坏蛋！侦查员们不作笔录，因为谁也木需要这种文书。以后是否能判得上刑，这也很少有人关心，重要的只是：交出金子来，坏蛋！国家需要黄金，你要它干吗？侦查员嗓子已经喊哑了，进行威胁和拷打的力气也不够了，但是有一个通用的手法：光给囚犯吃咸东西，不给水喝。谁交出金子就给谁水喝！一块金币换一杯净水！ 人为金属而死亡…… 这股水流有别于以前各股和以后各股水流之点是，即使不是这股水流的一半，至少一部分，自己的命运就跳动在自己的手中。如果你真的没有金子，你就毫无出路，你将挨打、挨烧、受刑讯， 用鞭子活活抽死。也许到了真的相信你没有金子的时候终于住手。但如果你有金子，那就由你自己来确定用刑的程度、能忍受的程度和自己未来的命运。然而，这在心理上并不轻松些，而是要更沉重些，因为一经失着，你将永远对不起自己。当然，已经熟知这个机关习性的人，会让步交出来，这样会轻松些。但也不能过分轻易就交出去：他们不会相信你已完全交出，还会把你扣留下来。但交得太迟也不行，那会把小命丢掉的，或者他们会恼羞成怒给你判卜几年、一个鞑