Chapter 20 6. Exploration and discovery

Reform is considered a trend in Russia, Germany and Japan. Let's take a look at the characteristics of reform. First, the reform led by the old ruling class is a top-down reform. Second, the reforms in these countries are led by the ruling class, but capitalism in these countries is not fully developed, and the strength of the bourgeoisie is too weak, so these countries do not have bourgeois leadership.Of course, Germany is an exception. Germany can only find the reason from its cultural genes. Third, the remnants of the old system are preserved, the most prominent being the monarch and the landlord.Britain has a monarch, Germany and Japan are dual constitutional monarchies, and the imperial power is actually greater than any other power.The Diet can pass decrees, the Emperor can issue orders, and the Emperor's orders have legal effect. The Emperor can dissolve the Diet and hold no meetings. In fact, the imperial power is still supreme.The cabinet is accountable to the emperor, not to the Diet, and ministers at all levels are appointed by the emperor, not elected by the Diet.Not to mention Russia, the tsar is not subject to any restrictions, and the monarchy is autocratic.Russia's constitutional constitution and the first congress were held later than our Qing Dynasty. It has a monarch, and it also has landowners. Although Germany has no landowners, the nobles are all semi-bourgeois.

Fourth, all three countries have a tradition of militarism and external expansion.These three countries have all embarked on the fascist road without exception.Both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union embarked on internal high pressure, repression of the people, dictatorship, and crazy aggression abroad, so they were born injustice and died in disgrace. Fifth, the rise of Germany and Japan has changed the world pattern. The root cause of the initial formation of the capitalist world market is the completion of the industrial revolution.After the completion of the industrial revolution, capitalist countries began to aggressively invade and expand externally. After the completion of the industrial revolution, capitalist countries needed markets and raw materials, so they expanded externally, and they had the ability to invade and expand externally, which means that the industrial revolution provided it with the necessity and possibility.In this way, capitalist countries have occupied a large number of colonies and semi-colonies, and the capitalist world system has initially taken shape.

There are two models of capitalist foreign aggression and expansion, one is the British model, and the other is the Russian model. Now we generally talk about the bad things about Russia, because our ship was sunk by others, so we dare not say What is the model of Russia and Britain?It occupies colonies.The British are very smart. The purpose of my war is to get rich, so I seized the colony, got the market and raw materials, and it was over after I made a fortune.Russia's model is to directly expand its territory. This is the worst trick. In fact, the bigger the country, the better. First, the land must be useful, and second, you must be able to effectively control it.You can't control a place as big as Russia. Chechnya has been arguing with you all day, and invaded naked and armed.It took Tsarist Russia nearly 60 years to conquer Chechnya, and it has only been a few years since it has been arguing with you. When Putin is thrown into the sea, Chechnya will still have to quarrel.You said how much it would cost you to settle the fight with you for so many years. This money cannot be earned from Chechnya, so you have to consider this issue. It is not a matter of face.When Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was in power, the Philippines wanted to join China and sent envoys to say that we wanted to submit to the Qing Dynasty, but our emperor said no. There is an ocean between you and we can’t control it.The Qing Dynasty was already big enough, and its territory was recorded in the classics. Emperor Taizu didn't have you in the Philippines at that time, and he didn't want it at all. At the Cairo Conference in 1943, President Roosevelt asked Chairman Chiang, saying that if Taiwan is recovered in the future, do you want Okinawa? If you want, I will give you Okinawa.Okinawa is the original Ryukyu Kingdom, Jiang Gong does not want it, Taiwan is China's inherent territory, we take it back, Okinawa was originally a vassal, it is not our Chinese territory, so we don't want it.You don't care what you want, just your navy can dangle in the Yangtze River estuary, and it will sink as soon as it goes out to sea.Even if you want it, you will be taken back by others in the end, and you have to fight against them, so the bigger the territory, the better.

The role of the colonial system of the capitalist world, first of all, in the production of raw materials, commodity markets and investment places in the West, and second in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, the most prominent role is the issue of "dual mission".The first is destructive.The destructiveness is that it brought some huge disasters, such as the burning of the Old Summer Palace, and the "faucets" were snatched and sold.The second is to be constructive.Advanced technology and system ideas have been brought to the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. If you think about it, China can understand this. We learn from the West and explore the road to national salvation. We learn from the West. rise to thought.From the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, to the Revolution of 1911, and finally to the New Culture Movement, these advanced technologies, systems, and ideas all came from the West.This has a very obvious effect on the modernization of China, and even the modernization of Asia, Africa and Latin America, and the whole world.The last one is to strengthen the connection between various regions of the world, that is to say, global integration, which is beginning to emerge from this time.

In terms of the publishing system, I have finished talking about "world history", but I certainly have not finished talking about world history.No one has this ability, and the iron mouth and steel teeth are so ground that they can't explain one ten-thousandth of it.What I said is not only incomplete, but also incoherent. It’s like digging out fragmented cultural details from the soil of history, brushing off some dust with a brush, and explaining to you with my hand, here, what is this thing, the inventor Who is it? The background of the era was European, and my impressions were Barbara, and so on.However, it is an extraordinary ability to know the works by seeing the small things. I have no other ideas. I just want to use my "seeing the small things" to provide readers with the possibility of "knowing the works".So I will continue to talk about "Under the World History", and then blah blah.

(Finish)