Chapter 19 5. There are more things about the island

Next came the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Why was the Meiji Restoration successful?The establishment of any country's political system is inseparable from its historical traditions.After the Taika reform in 646 of Japan, the emperor began to take power.Before the reform of Dahua, the regime in Japan was ruled by two noble families, the Soga family and the Monobe family. Then the emperor came to power.The emperor had been in power for less than 200 years, and the regime fell into the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a relative of Japan.The Fujiwara family served as the regent and Guan Bai of Japan for generations. The regent was when the emperor was young, and the Fujiwara family was the regent, just like Dorgon.After the emperor grew up, Guanbai served as ministers to assist the government. Therefore, the past two or three hundred years have been called Seguan politics in Japanese history.The power of the emperor fell to the side, and the Fujiwara family had the final say. The Fujiwara family was the emperor's grandfather, uncle and uncle, all of whom were relatives. All the emperors in the past 200 years were born of girls from the Fujiwara family.

This often happens, the elder sister married the father, and the younger sister married the son, often intermarriage in this way, the empress and the empress dowager turned out to be two sisters, or the emperor married the Fujiwara family, and could marry three generations of grandparents, from grandma to grandma. granddaughter.For two or three hundred years, the emperor was not in power, and the Fujiwara family ruled, and the emperor's power fell to the side.The result was the rise of the samurai class in Japan.It turned out that the samurai were just a bunch of dog legs for guarding the manor, and then gradually developed, and two big samurai groups fought fiercely in Japan, namely the Taira family and the Genji family.Heira and Genji are both descendants of the Japanese emperor. The emperor had too many children to support, so he was downgraded to the rank of minister and given a surname, Minamoto Heira.After 30 years of melee, Minamoto Yoritomo, the leader of Genji, won the victory and established the first shogunate in Japanese history. This shogunate was called the Kamakura Shogunate because it was located in Kamakura not far from Tokyo today.Japan began a period of shogunate rule, which lasted for more than 600 years.

The first general of the Kamakura shogunate was called Minamoto Yoritomo. He got the title of the Great General who conquered Yi from the emperor. In fact, from this era, the supreme ruler of Japan became the shogun. His time was from 1192 By 1333, it was from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty in our country.When Kublai Khan failed to conquer Japan, it was during the rule of the Kamakura shogunate.In the last years of the Kamakura shogunate, the shogunate was in chaos and the shogunate was in decline. The Japanese emperor wanted to regain power, but was defeated by the Muromachi shogunate.

We read "Smart Ikkyu", and Ikkyu was the crown prince of Emperor Go-Daigo of the Southern Dynasty. After Emperor Go-Daigo was defeated, some said that Emperor Go-Daigo committed suicide, and some said that he was exiled.Reluctantly, Ikyu was forced to become a monk and became a generation of eminent monks in Japan.Everyone in Japan knows him, he does everything from marrying wives, taking concubines, drinking, and eating meat, and no one knows how he became an eminent monk.The standards of Japanese eminent monks are different from those of China.Japan entered the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the turmoil in the Northern and Southern Dynasties lasted for more than 60 years. The Japanese Insurrection in the early Ming Dynasty was caused by this group of people. After more than 60 years, it was ended by the third-generation general of the Muromachi Shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, and then the Muromachi Shogunate of Japan unified Japan.

150 years after the Muromachi shogunate unified Japan, Japan was originally a small country, divided into 66 bullets.Japanese history has entered the Warring States Period, which is equivalent to the middle and late Ming Dynasty in China. It was the time when Japanese pirates were most rampant. Nowadays, boys play the Japanese "Sengoku Period" game. There are many characters like Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The era is an era in which famous generals emerge in large numbers.In the end, Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan and established the last shogunate in Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate. From 1603 to 1868, the emperor had no rights for more than 600 years.

As we said earlier, before the reform of Dahua, the Soga and Monobe clans were in power, and the emperor had no power. After the reform, the emperor had 200 years of power, and the Fujiwara clan's regent politics began. After the relatives stepped aside, it began In the shogunate period, that is to say, Japan has the tradition of a virtual monarch. Why was it able to establish a constitutional monarchy? Because the emperor was used to having no rights, and he was not used to having rights.When Little Japan competed with China, it always said this. We have a lineage of emperors in Japan, from the legendary Emperor Jimmu to the current Emperor Heisei, 125 generations. The imperial line has not been cut off. You Chinese emperors are not sacred. Yours The emperor always changed, Zhao Song for a while, Li Tang for a while, Zhu Ming for a while, you always change, so you are not entrusted with the heaven, our emperor is entrusted with the heaven, 125 generations, no disruption.

The question is, why did you replace him?It’s raining heavily outside, but it’s raining lightly in the palace. Sleeping all night, moving a few places, and holding a pot to continue, this is the emperor’s palace.The emperor sells his characters, and the court ladies sell their bodies, so they can only live like this.It is said that the princes from other places came to see the emperor, and the first thing the emperor did was to go to the pawn shop to redeem the court clothes.As soon as the minister came, the emperor cried poor, no money, please lend me some money.When the minister gave the money, the emperor was very happy. If you said how many ranks of officials you want, don't be embarrassed, I will give you a promotion.The people who are really in power change very frequently, every 100 years, this is a change of dynasty in Japanese history.The emperor is equivalent to Confucius in China. Wherever you go and how you change your dynasty, the descendants of Confucius are all Yan Shenggong. You have to respect others. In the Republic of China, he is also Yan Shenggong, for a reason.His emperor was not in power and had the tradition of a false monarch. The Meiji Restoration would finally be able to smoothly establish a constitutional monarchy.

Furthermore, it is the background of the Meiji Restoration. First, the feudal lord's economy collapsed.This involves another important reason for the success of the Meiji Restoration in Japan.Japan's social structure is different from that of China and the same as that of the West.On the surface, just like China, people are divided into four classes: scholars, farmers, workers, and merchants. However, the most different thing from China is that the identities of the four peoples cannot be transformed. Achieved through imperial examinations. We look at the Shanxi merchants in Shanxi, who opened a drug store, set up a four-rank Daotai, and went out to show off in green wool sedan chairs during the New Year and festivals. No problem, just donate an official and it's over.Therefore, China's agriculture, industry and commerce can be transformed into soldiers, which means that the foundation of China's ruling class is solid.Once our imperial examination system was implemented, any force that was dissatisfied with the ruling class was transformed into a force that supported the ruling class.If Hong Xiuquan could pass the exam, would he rebel?There may be an additional second river god in the Qing Dynasty, or you directly overshadowed Heshen, it is entirely possible.So in ancient China, it was not easy to carry out a revolution to overthrow the rule, because the foundation of the ruling class was too solid.If you want to be successful, there is a shortcut, you don’t need to rebel, you are done with studying, no matter how hard it is, you will lose your head.

Not in Japan, there is no transfer between identities.When Japan was studying China in an all-round way, the Japanese said that we did not learn two things, eunuchs and imperial examinations. It was good if the eunuchs did not learn, but there was a problem if we did not learn the imperial examinations.How do you select officials if you don't have academic examinations?In Japan, officials are hereditary, which is equivalent to China's pre-Qin period.If you want to be the regent Guanbai, you must be the Fujiwara family. This Fujiwara family was divided into 5 families, one, two, and nine. Only these 5 families can serve as the regent Guanbai. You don’t care whether he is useful or not, at least in name. Japan highest official position.If you want to serve as the general who conquers barbarians, you must come from Genji. The Muromachi shogunate is from the Ashikaga family, and the Tokugawa shogunate is from the Tokugawa family, but their ancestors are all from Genji.The general must be a Genji, and people with other surnames cannot be appointed, so they are all hereditary. This has formed Japan's strict social hierarchy, like France, with three levels.In name, it is the emperor who stands above the ground. How miserable is the emperor? The shogunate gives him 50,000 tans of white rice a year, with a discount of 30%. Attached to his minister.The emperor can't afford to have a son by himself, so he can only give surnames to ministers and find a way out for himself. I'm sorry, you are 18 enough, I don't care.Why?The emperor is poor, the emperor is too poor, and the palace has been in disrepair for a long time, so the emperor is only the supreme ruler in name.

Down is the general, the shogun.This is the supreme ruler of Japan in the actual sense, occupying 1/4 of the richest land in Japan, and the remaining 3/4 is distributed to more than 260 daimyo.The daimyo is equivalent to the princes of our pre-Qin period. There are three kinds of daimyo, the genealogical daimyo, the same surname as the general, the Tokugawa clan and the Mito clan, which have the same surname as the Tokugawa family, and they are descended from the Tokugawa family.This name has a total of 260 names, and only the family with the same name as the general. In the pre-Qin period, King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed 71 vassal states, and 40 vassal states with the surname Ji, because he was afraid that the vassals with different surnames would rebel. This is good, there are only 7 in total .

The second is the pro-fan daimyo. The pro-fan daimyo was either married to Pudai, or was before the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. Not many belonged to Tokugawa before 1603, and most daimyos belonged to foreign daimyos.The general doesn't want to see them, and they don't want to see the general.Now that you have a strong army, I will temporarily pretend to be a grandson. One day, I will rise up and rebel.In the end, the Meiji Restoration was able to succeed, and the four powerful domains in the southwest, Changzhou, Satsuma, Tosa, and Hizen, all belonged to the "foreign daimyo".For example, Shimadzu, the lord of the Satsuma domain, was dissatisfied with Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He fought fiercely. Further down is the samurai.Samurai are also divided into grades, and there are N types. It does not mean that an individual with two knives in his waist is called a samurai.Warriors are divided into grades, and the highest grade warrior is called Banner.The samurai, regardless of family or family, are hereditary. There are 32 million people. The samurai accounted for 2 million people. The banner samurai were less than 5,000. The banner samurai could serve as officials at all levels of the shogunate. For example, you can see the Shinemon in Ikkyu. Uemon's official position, in our current terms, is the mayor of Beijing, the commander of the Beijing Municipal Garrison, the director of the Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, and the director of the Religious Affairs Administration of the State Council. In fact, it is quite a big official.Why does he play with Yixiu all day, isn't he in charge of the temple?The director of the Bureau of Religious Affairs of the State Council is equivalent to this official, so the banner warriors belong to the senior warriors.Some of the Banner Samurai's annual salaries can exceed 10,000 tan, and some are even better than the poor daimyo, and he is deeply trusted by the shogunate. Next to the samurai is the royal family samurai.There are less than 20,000 samurai warriors in Japan, and they can generally serve as daimyo officials at all levels. When fighting, they are all generals with helmets and crowns. Further down, it is commonly known as the middle and lower-level samurai, and the worst samurai is called the ashigaru samurai.As the name suggests, they are infantry when fighting. "足" means feet, and "light" means insignificant, and when one dies one dies.The ashigaru samurai did not have armor in battle. They had a bamboo hat on their heads, straw sandals underneath, and bamboo spears. They went straight up and fought with people.If in China, as such an ashigaru samurai, it is also possible to rise to the banner.Isn't Yue Fei from a small soldier background? At the age of 32, he became a Jiedu envoy and made military exploits on the battlefield.But not in Japan, all levels in Japan are hereditary, the descendants of Hashimoto will always be Hashimoto, the descendants of the Mikami family will always be Mikami, and the descendants of Ashigaru will always be ashigaru, then you will be irritating.Our army today has no battles. If I am a second lieutenant after three years, I can still be promoted to lieutenant if I am capable. After three years as a lieutenant, I will be promoted to captain. After four years as a captain, I will be a major. I have to be promoted step by step. Ah, you can't make me a second lieutenant forever, otherwise, there's no energy.In war, I was extremely brave. If I made meritorious service on the battlefield and beheaded the enemy, I could still be promoted, which is great. For more than 200 years, the Tokugawa shogunate ruled the peaceful and prosperous age, putting swords and guns into storage, and releasing horses to Nanshan. What chance do you think the ashigaru samurai have to stand out?Their salaries are very meager.The salary of the Japanese samurai is rice, not money. You have to sell the rice for money. When you sell the rice, the price of the rice is decided by the rice merchant.Otherwise, you can eat rice, wear rice, drink rice, and do whatever you like.There is no way, you are being exploited by others, and you get very little. Originally, samurai were very proud. They had two privileges—surname and saber.The oldest Japanese have no surnames.Only samurai have surnames.The emperor does not have a surname until now. The emperor's full name is Jin. When you first look at the Japanese emperors, you think they are brothers.The names of the Japanese are all like this. Emperor Meiji’s name is Muren. Look at this name, he is harmonious and benevolent. In fact, he is the grandson of the grandson.Afterwards, Emperor Taisho was called Karen, Emperor Showa was called Hirohito, today’s Emperor Heisei is called Akihito, the Japanese crown prince is called Naruhito, and the next generation of Japanese emperors is called Naruhito.A samurai has a surname, but other people don't have a surname. If you have a name, you are done greeting. Sanshiro, Qibalangjun, and two hundred and five. Take the number to make it auspicious. After the Meiji Restoration was successful, the Japanese government felt that the common people were ashamed to have no surname, and that they were not a civilized country, so they promulgated the "Decree that Miao Characters Must Be Called", and within one month, everyone had a surname, and no surname would not allow them to register.The Japanese have all kinds of surnames, and they don’t have such a long tradition of surnames in China. They can pick up any surname: Yamamoto, Yamagami, Yamashita, Yamada, Tanaka. Yamada should go back to farming, and Tanaka is even farming; Oshima, Kojima, Da Qiao, and Xiao Qiao didn't have refrigerators or color TVs at that time, or the Japanese would have this last name. There are 1.3 billion Chinese people, including ethnic minorities, there are more than 5,000 surnames.There are 130 million Japanese people and 200,000 surnames.If any of its surnames exceeds one million, it is definitely a big surname.What Sato, Tanaka, if you call Ms. Zhang on the street, ten people will turn their heads back. I don’t know who you are calling. If you call your last name on the street, only one person will look back at you. Only his last name, There is no second person, and I can't find it. I can't find anyone with the same surname as you.Why is your last name this?have no idea.The surname is Quanyang, their family raises dogs, their surname is Zhusi, their family raises pigs, and there are also people with the surname Zhukou and Zhuzui.There is also a surnamed toilet.The toilet in Japan is called Mitarai. When you come to Japan, if you see this sign on the door of someone’s house, don’t think it is a public toilet.My surname is this surname, and my surname is toilet. Just this surname, toilet, put Japanese verbs behind, what do you do. The samurai can also wear a sword and put two knives in his waist.The short ones are called ribs, and the long ones, if the blade is upwards, it is called a dao, and if the blade is downwards, it is called a tadao, depending on how it is hung. A samurai's hair is different from that of a normal person. There is a knot on the top, the middle is shaved off, and the back is braided, tied around the body, and glued with spit.He is also not like a Khitan, with a lump here, a lump there, a lump at the back, and three braids, he is not.He braided his hair and pulled it over, like ours with full hair, this is boring.Look at the samurai, the samurai is very powerful, the surname Saber, this is the privilege of the samurai, the samurai in ragged clothes, when you meet a businessman who is well-clothed and well-fed, if you don’t give way to me, draw your sword and kill him, and you will not bear any responsibility.You dare to block the way of the samurai, don't you want to die?The samurai forges a new knife, I want to test whether this knife is fast, I go to the street at night to chop people, homeless people or citizens who pass by at night, I will kill them with one knife.Hey, my knife is very fast. The next day the police saw that there was a man with a different head. This must be a samurai practicing swords. Come on, buddy, you are unlucky. No one cares. Report the case No one cares, the samurai has this privilege. The samurai are very proud, the Japanese admire the samurai the most, the samurai does not mean a bunch of reckless men, he is equivalent to the class of Chinese shishi, which is equivalent to the class of intellectuals.They are capable of writing and martial arts, so the Japanese samurai were very proud at first, but now with the decline of the economic level, the samurai are miserable. They still have two knives in their waists, a hoe on their shoulders, and they are wearing shorts and going to the ground.Some people say that I can't stand the day of hoeing, so I paste umbrellas and fans. Japanese handicrafts are very beautiful and magnificent.What's more, I can't bear all these hardships. I might as well be the son-in-law of a rich businessman, or I can be the son-in-law of a rich businessman.In Japan, you want to be a door-to-door son-in-law, and your surname is similar to that of a slave. You are discriminated against, and the company does not want you or recruit you, because you are considered incompetent.You can't survive, kill yourself, like a samurai.When you become a door-to-door son-in-law, your life will be worry-free, but your status will change. The mid-level samurai's dissatisfaction with reality is another important reason for the success of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. The biggest difference between Japan and China is that land is owned by lords, and land cannot be bought or sold.It is not like China, where land can be bought and sold. China has imperial examinations. Once you study, pass the imperial examinations, become an official, and buy land, you will become a big landlord from a farmer. Yue Fei loves soldiers so much, is so poor, and is so clean. When he died, he confiscated their family and returned more than 4,000 mu of land.Generals like Han Shizhong, whose family owns tens of thousands of hectares for two days, were originally small soldiers and came from poor backgrounds.If you have money, you can buy land, and you become a big landlord, but it is impossible in Japan, and it is impossible in Europe. The land belongs to the lord, and the land of the lord is divided, which is equivalent to our pre-Qin period in China.So if you want to acquire land, if you want to change this situation, you have to rebel and overthrow it. There is no choice, so why did the Meiji Restoration succeed in Japan?Let's talk about it, it has the tradition of a virtual monarch, and it is a feudal lordship system of land ownership.By this time, its development has aroused the dissatisfaction of the middle and lower-level warriors with knives in their waists. Unlike China's Reform Movement of 1898, a group of people are here to stir up troubles. That thing is useless, you see This, plus at this time, for Japan, there are both internal and external troubles, which is the detention of officers by US warships. In 1853, Commodore Perry, commander of the US Asian Fleet, led four warships to Japan's Maizuru Port and asked Japan to open the port.Japan has been closed to the outside world for 200 years, leaving only Nagasaki to do business with China, North Korea, and the Netherlands. Without a charter from the shogunate, Japanese ships cannot go to sea. Japanese fishermen go fishing and are blown to other countries by the wind. If they return home, they will die. beheaded.So the Japanese fishermen drifted to Russia and never came back, and they died when they came back. After 200 years, the country was closed to the outside world, and now the US warships are coming, asking Japan to open the port, but the Japanese refused. The Japanese samurai put on the magnificent armor handed down from their ancestors, rode on a BMW, tied a treasured sword, and brought their entourage to fight against the Americans.300 U.S. Marines landed, and General Perry ordered the guns to go forward. As soon as the guns were fired, all the Japanese war horses were shocked. They turned around and ran away without hearing the sound. The Japanese rowed their boats and prepared to set fire to the "Red Cliff". , Give the US warship a little more power.Once the Americans fired their cannons, they couldn't hit the Japanese ships. They were too small, and the waves created by the shells sank all the Japanese ships. Therefore, the Japanese saw that they were facing an unprecedented opponent. You see, when China closed its doors, it disdained to understand the affairs of the outside world. Where is the UK? It's none of my business. Why do I know this.Japan is different. Every ship that comes to Japan or returns from Japan has to be reported to the shogunate. Even hearsay is fine. What have you learned abroad? How is the world situation today? Let me explain.The shogunate uses this to understand the outside world. Although it closed the country, it is no stranger to the outside world, so the Japanese can understand at a glance that this is a product of industrial civilization. We can't beat them. Their ships are powered by steam. As tall as a ten-story building, look at my small boat, which is not as big as a propeller, so I simply don’t do it. So when the switch is turned on, the door of the country is opened, and the imperialist powers come in and start to invade Japan.I haven't figured it out until now, what can Japan invade, it doesn't matter what it wants, how can it have markets and raw materials. Japan, which is being invaded, is in the same situation as China.Forcibly signing consular jurisdiction, one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, treaty ports, and renting land to create things are exactly the same as China's situation, but you see today, when the Japanese mention Perry, tears fill their eyes. The founding benefactor, without Perry, opened the door to Japan. It is still closed to the country like that. In Japan, there is a statue of Perry and a monument. The monument reads: The place where Perry, Admiral of the Navy of the United States of America landed, was signed by Prime Minister Hirobumi Ito.Every year, the day of Perry's landing is regarded as a carnival in Japan, and ordinary people pretend to be Perry's mighty appearance. This is a benefactor. Little Japan is really funny, it’s so messed up, people can think about it, whoever beat me, whoever I learn from, I can play the rest of your stuff, and I can play better than you.When we say that the four great inventions belong to China, we are so brilliant. We invented gunpowder, and others started the Opium War. We invented everything, but they are better at playing than us, and they can beat us.Little Japan is very evil. As soon as its gates are opened, the Japanese will understand the external situation. The Japanese realize that it is impossible to rule like this, especially some Japanese realize that the shogunate is Japan’s biggest resistance , So set off a down-curtain movement. Let’s first look at the formation of the Banbai faction.Japan's downfall faction is headed by middle and lower-level samurai. In 1862, a Japanese ship called Senryu Maru came to Shanghai, China. The three heroes of the Meiji Restoration: Shinsaku Takasugi, Matsuin Yoshida and Ryoma Sakamoto.When I arrived in Shanghai, I saw that where you Chinese live, the houses are low and the sewage is flowing. The Chinese are dressed in rags and their faces are disheveled. When they see foreigners, they nod and bow their heads. You see that the foreigners are well-dressed, the houses are grand, the streets are neat, sewers, drainage ditches and so on. Make it very scientific.Looking at the weapons equipped by the soldiers of the Qing Dynasty, the Japanese samurai said, "Give me 10,000 iron cavalry to cross the north and south of the river, and 10,000 people are enough to fight these soldiers."Look at our Japanese treasured swords. The Japanese hairstyles are quite weird. The British soldiers have never seen them. The British soldiers looked around.The British came up to take the sword of the Japanese samurai. The Japanese samurai was better at the sword than his wife. He could not sell the sword even if he sold his wife. With a wave, all the guns of the British soldiers were cut off, the precious swords that cut iron like mud!The precious sword in the sun shakes so that people around can't open their eyes. The Chinese sword will collapse when cutting trees, so you think, how can you fight against others with your broken iron piece.So the Japanese realize that we have learned from China for more than a thousand years, and the Tang Dynasty for more than a thousand years. Now that the Chinese are beaten like this, if we learn from him again, it will not end well. We must change course, learn from Europe, and overthrow the shogunate . After the formation of the Banbai sect, they began to carry out the Fallen Curtain War, overthrew the rule of the shogunate, and established the Meiji government headed by Emperor Muren.The reign names of all Japanese emperors are taken from ancient Chinese books. For example, the reign titles of Emperor Meiji come from the "Shangshu": "The sage listens to the world from the south, and governs from the bright face." It takes one character for each.Today's Emperor Heisei's year name comes from "Historical Records".Showa comes from "Shangshu": "Showing the people, harmonizing the nations." Then after they learned Chinese culture, they betrayed their promises and ungrateful. The establishment of the Meiji government was the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, which had ruled Japan for 265 years, by means of war, and the measures for the Meiji Restoration began. The measures of the Meiji Restoration, according to the original Japanese text, the first one is to abolish feudal domains and establish prefectures, the original daimyo is abolished, and the four peoples are equal.This abolished feudal domain can provide a unified market for its capitalist development.In fact, our country started doing this when Qin Shihuang was in power.Originally, during the Tang Dynasty of China, Japan adopted the system of the Tang Dynasty of China and implemented the Dahua Reform. It was the same, centralizing power, but it was less than two hundred years old. Later, especially after the rise of the samurai class, this split that lasted six to seven hundred years After the Meiji Restoration was completed, feudal vassals were abolished and prefectures were replaced. The administrative division of Japan today is one governor, one governor and two prefectures, forty-seven counties: one governor is the governor of Tokyo, one is Hokkaido, the two prefectures are Osaka and Kyoto, and then forty-seven counties counties.The level from the governor's office to the county is equivalent to our province. In fact, Japan is as big as a province in China. So if you go to Japan, you can see that the county magistrate is much higher than the mayor. Its county magistrate is called the governor. Like our magistrate, its mayor is equivalent to our district mayor. Before World War II, Japanese officials also had ranks. I don’t know if they have them now. In the past, there were ranks.It abolished the feudal domain and set up counties to provide a unified market for the development of capitalism.The four peoples are equal, and the four peoples refer to the original scholars, farmers, workers, and merchants. Later in Japan, farmers, workers, and merchants were combined into one clan. After the Meiji Restoration, the social hierarchy was divided into royal family, Chinese clan, gentry clan, and common people.The royal family is the royal family and nobles, and the Chinese family is the original daimyo, the heroes of the Meiji Restoration, and those with titles.The original samurai were called gentry, and the original farmers and businessmen were called commoners.Except that the royal family does not intermarry with civilians, the remaining three classes can intermarry, and their identities can also be transformed. Therefore, the equality of the four peoples is formed, and the equality of the four peoples can provide labor for the development of capitalism.In fact, it not only provides labor, it can also provide capitalists.You think, for the samurai class, the salary was redeemed by the court, so after the samurai's salary was redeemed by the court, the samurai used the money to do business.It turned out that at the end of the four peoples of business and residence, this class was looked down upon by others, and samurai did not know how to do business, so middle and lower class samurai often went bankrupt in large numbers. After bankruptcy, they had no fixed salary income, so they could only sell their labor.The high-ranking samurai and some original daimyos were redeemed by the state, and they were given relatively generous salaries, so they could use this thing to invest and do business. In this way, Japan's capitalist class and working class have grown stronger through the equality of the four peoples. .Therefore, these two measures provide a market and sufficient free labor for the development of capitalism in Japan. Let's talk about the original Japan. Its land was not allowed to be traded, which caused a big problem.After the Meiji Restoration, land became privately owned, and the private ownership of land by emerging landlords was recognized. It also solved the land problem, because your land was not allowed to be bought and sold, but now it is owned by emerging landlords and has become absolutely private.I have money, I want to buy as many acres as I want, and I want to buy as much as I want. This is called solving the land problem.As for whether the land is in the hands of the peasants or who owns it, this is not a question to be resolved by the bourgeois revolution.Of course, Japan has also established a small-scale peasant economy, which has resistance to industrial development, and then reproduces and prospers. In 1871, the Japanese government sent a high-level delegation, the right minister (equivalent to the prime minister) Iwakura Tomomi, who led the famous Iwakura Mission, and spent more than a year with important officials such as Okubo Toshimichi, Kido Takayoshi, and Ito Hirobumi. During this time, he visited more than a dozen countries in Europe and America in order to seek ways of reform.The total number of officials in this mission accounted for 65% of the total number of senior officials in the Meiji government, and the funds spent accounted for several percent of the Japanese government's fiscal expenditures that year.They are shocked at the beginning, drunk at the second, and crazy at the end when they are surprised by the developed material civilization and industrial civilization of the West.At the beginning, when they saw the developed material civilization in the West, they were very surprised. Everyone lived a good life, upstairs and downstairs, electric lights and telephones, and we returned lanterns; the first time I was drunk, seeing these were too exciting, and then fainted Intoxicated, intoxicated; finally crazy, finally crazy, we in Japan have to learn and do this. The stimulated Japanese are unswervingly determined to transplant good things from abroad to Japan to develop Japan's economy.China sent the first batch of envoys abroad in 1875. Guo Songtao, the envoy, was a little better. After the deputy envoy went to a foreign country, it was not good here, not good there, and it was not as good as our Qing Dynasty. People are short, so who do you learn from?Conversely, when we look at Japan, we must learn from the West in an all-round way and develop our own capitalism.When he was developing his country's capitalism and engaged in the reproduction of industries, the most brilliant move was to support private enterprises.We compare China's Westernization Movement, our Westernization Movement is also learning from the West, but if you have the impression, the enterprises in the Westernization Movement are all government-run. After the government-run enterprises were launched, they attacked and suppressed private enterprises. They are afraid of private enterprises. compete with it.In this way, the competition between officials and the people has been formed, so why is the Westernization Movement not capitalist in nature, because not only do you not support private enterprises, but you suppress them on the contrary.It was not until after the Sino-Japanese War that the imperial court did not suppress private enterprises and relaxed restrictions on private factories.If the imperial court completely abandoned the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business, this would be the part of the New Deal preparing for constitutionalism.And let's look at Japan, which supported private enterprises at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.Because private capital is weak, the government sets up a factory and gives you a low price after the factory is set up, which is basically like giving it away.For example, the Hyogo Prefecture Shipyard in Japan, the state invested 590,000 yen to establish this shipyard. At that time, the yen was the ocean.A few years later, the fixed assets of this shipyard were 1.1 million yen, the working capital on the book was 91,000 yen, and three ships were built. All these things were auctioned to Mitsubishi for 125,000 yen. , In fact, it is equivalent to giving it to him for nothing.After Mitsubishi got the shipyard, it took half a year to monopolize the route from Japan to Shanghai.After one or two years, the maritime shipping in the Far East was basically monopolized by Mitsubishi.It turned out to be the British Swire Shipping Company.Think about it, when the government supports private enterprises and develops, the government only collects money, and when workers are laid off, they will not go to the market and sit in front of the government. You have to sit in front of Mitsubishi and theirs, and it has nothing to do with you.This kind of thing should be the best. You can see that after World War II, the capitalist countries in Western Europe also practiced state-owned systems, and no state-owned enterprises could do well.The theory is that no one cares about what you don't own, that's the reason.Therefore, your development and support of private enterprises will make a considerable contribution to the national economy and the people's livelihood.The Japanese understand this very well. The second is private ownership of land, breeding and developing industries. The third is the new army.The purpose of the Meiji Restoration was to enrich the country and strengthen the army. Japan established a so-called imperial army, which was loyal to the emperor.The original Japanese military position was monopolized by samurai, so after the Meiji Restoration, the privilege of samurai to wear a sword was abolished, and anyone can join the army, forming a compulsory soldier.In this way, there will be problems. A large number of samurai will go bankrupt. Love to fuck.So samurai joined the Japanese army one after another.Although the Japanese army is equipped with modern equipment, their ideological level is basically still in the Japanese Warring States Period and the spirit of bushido.The performance of the Japanese army on the battlefield is not known for being good at fighting, but for being barbaric, killing captives and mistreating civilians. This is the best job.When you look at World War II, the military discipline of all countries in the world was the most corrupted by the Japanese Imperial Army.It is the SS, and it is not the Waffen SS, but the people who guard the concentration camps. Those people are also scumbags in Germany.The most corrupt is the Japanese army. The Japanese army is related to its national tradition and Bushido spirit.The Japanese and we Chinese seem to be both Confucianists on the surface, but the core of Chinese Confucianism is benevolence. The benevolent loves others and does not do to others what we do not want to be done to others, so the Chinese will not be barbaric.Little Japan will give us the Nanjing Massacre, and we will give him the Tokyo Massacre in turn. To put it bluntly, you are just eating your mouth. Is it really possible for him to kill you?He has no grievances with you, standing in front of you, a five-year-old kid, gouging out his eyeballs, can you do it?The Japanese can do it, but the Chinese can't do it.You know that the Nanjing Massacre is wrong, and you know that it is wrong for a dog to bite a person. Can that person bite a dog?So here we are. Why can the Japanese do this?It is because Japanese Confucianism takes loyalty as its core, and it emphasizes loyalty to the emperor and patriotism.So Mencius is the least popular in Japan. Mencius said that the people are more important than the emperor, and this is the most unpopular.Japanese Bushido is based on loyalty, and in Japanese traditional culture, people believe that after death, they become gods, while in China, saints become gods only after death. Yue Fei, Guan Yu, Wen Tianxiang, they are saints, and they become gods after death.This is not the case in Japan, so there are more than three million "gods" enshrined in the Yasukuni Shrine. Since they are dead, they are gods. Can gods make mistakes?Therefore, it is right for a "god" to kill, set fire to, and rape before becoming a "god", and they are all expressions of loyalty to Japan.I don't think there's anything shameful about what I do, I kill the enemy, I don't feel guilty, I'm loyal to the Emperor, and I'm loyal to my country.So why the Japanese army behaved so brutally on the battlefield has something to do with its cultural traditions. The Japanese only have a sense of shame, not guilt.It is wrong for me to do this, he does not have such a feeling, he has no sense of right and wrong, so after the establishment of the Japanese army, a huge disaster for the neighboring country came, these samurai would not do anything else, they would spend all day thinking about how to fight against the outside world . The fourth is civilization, and this is the original text of Japanese.Look at today's yen, the largest denomination is 10,000, followed by 5,000, 1,000, 500, and then down to steel coins.一万日元上印着一个人，叫福泽谕吉，这个人被称为日本的伏尔泰，是明治维新的思想理论家。他指导明治维新，所以日元最大一万上印的是他。五千上边印的是1898年用英文写《武士道》一书的人——新渡户稻造。一千是夏目漱石，五百才是天皇呢，天皇最不值钱，才轮到五百。这个福泽谕吉的主张就是四个字儿——脱亚入欧。与欧美强国共进退，完全学欧洲。他认为我们日本是亚洲国家，但是亚洲太落后了，我们不能跟亚洲一起成长繁荣，而是要学习欧洲，特别是他在对外政策上提出来了施之欧美，取之邻国。英国在我们这儿有不平等条约，有治外法权，那我们也到朝鲜、到中国弄这玩意儿去。欧美国家怎么对付我们，我们也怎么对付其它亚洲国家。把我们定位成欧美国家的一员。这个思想对日本的影响根深蒂固，一直到现在，也许还有将来。从明治维新到现在140年了，140年的欧风美雨，已经使得日本人在心理上完全不是亚洲人了，他们永远是背对着亚洲。你看日本向来给自己定位，西方七国成员，他在地理位置上最东。他这时候不说自己是日出之国了，给自己定位成西方七国成员，太平洋沿岸国家，只是地理上位于亚洲，坚决不承认自己是亚洲国家。咱们中国人头发染得跟鹦鹉似的，眼珠给弄蓝了，最早这种风气是从日本学来的。你要到日本银座那地方，吓死个人了，我去一趟回来老做噩梦。Are you a human?男男女女浑身上下都涂黑了，嘴唇也黑，哪儿都是黑的，你一看跟幽灵似的，特别可怕。 小日本讲文明开化，就是什么都跟欧美学，说日本人在明治维新以前，我们讲一千多年，日本人是不吃肉的，日本人一千多年都不吃肉，只吃粮食和海产品，它就是白肉可以，飞禽走兽都不吃，因为有佛教信仰。明治维新之后，说身体素质不好，不能总是一米五啊，就是因为不吃肉。于是天皇带头，早点吃牛肉、牛奶，不吃寿司了。你说天皇爱吃那玩意儿吗？你要是一直不吃肉的话，猛地尝到肉的味道，还真接受不了。天皇说我们老吃海产品容易得霍乱，我们争取得疯牛病，大家一起吃肉吧。再有，日本人现在都穿西装，武士把发髻都剪掉，都改西装了。日本的建筑物也都仿效西方，你看日本国会，盖的跟凡尔赛宫似的，全都效仿法式的，文艺复兴式的，巴洛克式的，一概西化。有人跟天皇讲，应该废除日语，以英语为国语，咱们日本2009年全民说英语，应该这样。天皇觉得这主意可以啊，就开始推广了。一推广发行，不行，日本人的舌头短，舌头构造有问题，所以很多发音也发布出来，你像“see”，日本人就说“细（发音）”，但是即使是这样，日本人也坚持说英语，只不过它说的老外都听不懂。有一笑话，说日本的大使在联合国发言，主席是英国人，越听越不爽，说你能说英语吗，那大使说，我说的就是英语啊，英国人无语了；英国人越看他越别扭，说你能站起来发言吗，他说我一直站着呢。当然这个是笑话，甚至还有人跟天皇建议，禁止日本人通婚，就是不许日本人跟日本人结婚，只能跟白人结婚，改变人种。天皇可不干了，那得跟皇后离了，这很困难，你说你男的要是一米五，女的一米八，太不配套。但是不管怎么讲，日本的文明开化，全面学习方，最后成为帝国主义六强之一，如果从人种的角度说，抛开国家的民族的概念不谈，证明了黄种人不比白人差。你看我学的你，我用的你的玩意儿，结果我也不比你差，这个真是挺了不起的，所以有时候善于学习比善于传播更重要。 咱们老说我们发明了指南针，人家利用指南针，有了地理上的大发现；我们发明了印刷术，人家利用印刷术，搞文艺复兴，启蒙运动；我们发明了火药，结果你让人家打成这样。什么都是你发明的，你都没玩好，都被人家玩了之后战胜了你。而且小日本文明开化里边最重要的一点，就是对教育的重视程度超乎想象。你看日本人，在明治维新前识字率就达到54%，武士阶层识字率就达到100%。所以它对教育非常重视。 1904年日俄战争爆发的时候，日本就普及了小学，“九·一八”事变爆发的时候，日本普及了初中，当时连英国都做不到。英国三百年的殖民帝国都做不到，1904年普及小学，1931年普及初中，日本做到了。所以日本的军队在二战的时候，就是抗日战争、侵华战争爆发的时候是40万了，抗日战争转入相持阶段是60万，投降的时候是130万。1944年以后日军的素质已经很差了，精壮的都在太平洋战场战死了，130万一直保持在中国战场上进攻的事态，到它投降的时候都保持一种进攻的事态，证明它的战斗力相当强，刨去武器装备的因素，它的士兵作战能力就是很强，因为它的文化水平高。人人都鼓捣迫击炮、照相机、指南神什么的，都能看的懂地图。而咱们很多人大字不识，这玩意儿就没法比。 由于这几点措施，日本的明治维新取得了巨大的成功。 日本明治维新之所以能够成功，有几个原因。第一，日本她有一个虚军的传统，包括英国、法国这些欧洲国家，没有日本这种军队的君主专制，王权在革命以前也受限制。第二，日本的领主土地所有制，它的土地不能买卖，不能转让，所以地主也是受压迫、受剥削的。地主想造反，这在中国不可思议。第三，身份等级制度，就是日本的四民的身份不能转化。你要想改变自己的境遇，就必须得通过革命手段。日本的统治阶级力量之所以薄弱，是因为领主土地所有制和身份等级制度，倒幕派的力量十分强大。那是西方侵略者集中进攻中国，给了日本比较宽松的环境。西方侵略者为什么集中进攻中国？因为中国又打，又弱；为什么不进攻日本？因为日本又小又强。日本人太强横了，实实在在的“小强”。西方要侵略，就是要那里的市场和原料，日本最缺的就这东西，傻子才侵略它呢。你要市场，要原料，它就缺这个。加上日本它民风强悍，骁勇好斗，中国掌权的都是文人，手无缚鸡之力。明朝末年，你要是一个秀才，带着弓箭出去，你爸能抽你，不好好读书，舞枪弄棒的，跟武夫一样。但是在日本，大学回家腰里也插两把刀。 萨摩藩的藩主，在江户城朝见完将军回来，回来的时候，这藩主的队伍过来了，老百姓应该赶紧低下头跪在路边，或者九十度鞠躬。诸侯不能平视，就是你不能平着看你的藩主，也不能仰视，天皇出来你抬头看都不行，那是太阳神，看一看，小命送，别把眼睛给刺瞎了，赶紧趴在那儿吧。可就是有这么三个人，三个法国水手，他们可不管那套，我是外国人，管你什么诸侯、天子，就跟藩主的队伍撞进仪仗队来了，结果日本的武士二话不说，拔刀斩之，把仨法国水手全宰了。这法国人可不干了，你日本人太野蛮了，我们发过提倡自由、平等、博爱，进你的队伍里参观一下，怎么给杀了？这你不能说是反侵略吧。于是发过炮舰就开来了，日本藩主傻了，杀人可能也不是藩主让杀的，这炮舰，片儿刀肯定打不过。法国领事说了，你杀了我三个人，你得赔钱给我们，另外你要用30个武士偿命，除了动刀杀人的那几个人，你还得出人偿命。藩主一听小意思，不就30个人嘛，贴一个招贤榜，征募志愿者：国家现在需要30个武士剖腹，谁愿意去？两千多人报名，这是为国尽忠，死后会变成神，像樱花一样。 “花属樱花，人属武士”，多好的机会啊，两千多人报名，经过海选、初赛、复赛，决赛一层一层，最后30个武士进入决赛。你得剖腹自尽，不能给国家丢脸。胆小的、下不去手的，不能要；心理素质不好的也不能要。 30个武士，在佛寺里面，释迦牟尼的面前，上演了最血腥的一幕。日本人给法国领事设一席位，法国领事们兴高采烈地坐在那看，优雅的表演结束后，30个武士走进来，穿着白色的亚麻布的礼服，每个人前边一个盘子，里边就是纸包的肋叉，拿起来轻轻的跟擦工艺品似的，把这肋叉擦干净，把衣服脱下来，袖子垫到两腿之间，然后开始剖腹。武士剖腹的时候，脸上不能有任何痛苦的表情，就是你不能让人看出你有表情，你高兴也不行。然后倒下去的时候，身体一定要向后倾倒，如果你向前倒，就证明你不是一个真正的武士。一刀插进去，刚剖俩，法国领事就晕过去了。Is it human?后边那估计剖不剖不看了，受不了了。你说在战场上他杀你的时候得什么表情，为什么日本军队残忍野蛮，笑着干自个儿，你说弄你你受得了吗？所以就是说这种民风强悍、好斗造成的结果。 明治维新最大的作用实际上就是两点，第一，日本完成了民族独立，如果不谈国家民族观念，就站在人种的角度上看，日本的成功确实是证明了黄种人的成功。它完成了民族独立，成立近代亚洲唯一走上独立发展道路的国家，也是世界近代历史上，在海外建立过殖民地的唯一的非白人国家。第二，日本开始对外扩张。当然历史不能假设，如果日本国强大起来之后，真的能像它宣传的那样，中日两国同种同文，互相提携，那真的是黄种人的幸事，我们联手对抗欧美列强，真的不错，可问题是它对待黄种兄弟，比对欧美人还狠，说的和做的完全不一样，完全不是同一回事儿。它对欧美人态度毕恭毕敬，今天日本人在世界上最听美国的话。