Chapter 6 1. Rebellion from home to home

The early bourgeois revolution mainly talked about three countries, namely Britain, France and the United States.The first big problem at this stage is the revolution of the bourgeoisie, that is, its political situation. It is first necessary to understand the background of the outbreak of the revolution.The background of the exposure of the revolutions in Britain, France, and the United States is the same: first, the development of the capitalist economy.The situation in these three countries is different. Let’s first look at the UK. The development of the British capitalist economy is most evident in two aspects: one is the emergence of handmade factories in the cities.Its handicraft factories are mainly engaged in the textile industry, the earliest is the manufacture of woolen.Wool is needed in the woolen industry, and wool comes from sheep, so the land enclosure movement occurred. This enclosure made farmers leave their homes and go to work in cities, and farmers turned into workers.Landlords and nobles in the countryside began to enclose land, and the enclosed land was used to establish farms and breeding farms. Capitalized farms and pastures began to appear, and capitalist production relations also appeared in the countryside, so why is capitalism developed so thoroughly.It not only has capitalism in cities, but also in rural areas. It can be said that the enclosure movement is a very thorough capitalist mode of production, so that producers, laborers and means of production are gradually separated.

Next is North America.North America is such a wonderful place, I think if God is not an American, he must have American blood and give the United States such a good place.There are two oceans in the east and the west, no strong enemies in the north and the south, and the land can be cultivated everywhere. The north is industrial and commercial, the middle produces wheat, and the south has plantations. The economy is developing rapidly.Back in the days when it was a colony, the economic development had been excellent.You see, we say that the founding of the United States was in the 41st year of Qianlong (1776), and Tongrentang was in the first year of Yongzheng (1723). Our pharmacy is 53 years earlier than it, but you see, they are now No. 1 in the world in every respect. A powerful country known as the New Roman Empire.It has a total history of 230 years, and it has been in the first position in the world for 120 years. When it is not the first, it is fourth most of the time.This country is so rich, it has something to do with where it stays, and everyone in Mongolia is finished.

Again it is France.Its capitalist industry and commerce ranks first on the European continent, and there is no specific historical fact.In fact, it's simple. When we think of the most famous products in France, we immediately have the answer: wine, perfume, and green are mainly luxury goods, so the industry and commerce of France is second to none in continental Europe.A LV bag can sell for more than 300,000 US dollars when it is the most expensive. Of course, this item is exported to make money.However, although industry and commerce are second to none in continental Europe, its rural capitalism factor is very weak, unlike Britain and the United States, because the manufacture of luxury goods has little to do with the countryside, so the manufacture, production and sales of luxury goods have nothing to do with the countryside.The land enclosure movement in Britain made the countryside completely capitalist.Whether it is food or plantations in the United States, coffee and cotton are all for sale, and they are all commodity economies, which is not the case in France.So why do you see that in the era of early capitalist development, France also lagged behind Britain and the United States, and it has something to do with its industry. Its industrial structure is silk, porcelain, and perfume. These things play a role in disintegrating the rural natural economy. It is very small, just like our China. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, our China also made porcelain and silk, which were produced by luxury goods, but they had little connection with the rural natural economy. This is the first point of the background we are talking about, the capitalist economy. development of.

The bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy began to grow.Where is the so-called new aristocracy?Although the original aristocrats of capitalism have titles, they are no longer feudal exploited aristocrats.If you still collect rent and pay tribute, you belong to the old aristocracy, and if you pay workers wages, you belong to the new aristocracy.The landed aristocracy is the new aristocracy, and now the European aristocracy is the new aristocracy.We visited the castles on both sides of the Loire Valley in France. The buddy who drove the carriage and took us to visit was the owner of the castle.Of course, France has been a republic for a long time, and the earl also made a mistake on his own, just like we said here that you love Xinjueluo. What is the use of "Aixinjueluo"?Isn't it still driving the carriage by myself every day, soliciting customers here every day?He said no, he has a job, his job is a postman, and he rides a motorcycle to deliver letters to people every day.It's so strange for Bolu to deliver letters to people, but it's because he belongs to the new aristocracy. Of course, it's not exactly the same as China's, but it's not too different.Therefore, the forces opposing feudal rule in England were the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy.In America it was the bourgeoisie and the planters.France is still a bourgeoisie and liberal aristocrats, such as the Marquis de Lafayette. The frigate sold to Taiwan by France is Lafayette, named after him, and they belong to the liberal aristocracy.The capitalist economy developed, the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy grew stronger, and development was hindered.Obstructed by the Stuarts of England.

You see, the background of any bourgeois revolution erupting in any country is these three points, including the 1911 Revolution in China. After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the big powers further exported capital to China. After the development of capitalism, the national bourgeoisie grew stronger, and as a result, development was hindered. Therefore, the bourgeois Japanese revolutionaries proposed the overthrow of the clean government. Any country It's all like this, so follow suit.It's just that Britain and France are hindered by feudal dynasties, the United States and Britain are hindered by colonial rule, and China is unfortunately double hindered, with both autocratic dynasties and colonial rule. The road of "the revolution has not yet succeeded, comrades still need to work hard".

Second, the fuse. First came the British, Scottish people revolting. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I, the last Tudor king, died.The United Kingdom was strongest when it was ruled by two women, Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria.Queen Victoria reigned for more than 60 years from 1838 to 1901.All the British invasion of China in modern times happened during her reign.During the reign of these two women, the British national power was the strongest.Queen Elizabeth I was never married. The famous virgin queen in British history has no offspring, so the British Tudor dynasty will become extinct once she dies. It is very dangerous for anyone to propose to her. Foreign princes propose to her. Come on, after you come Imprisoned to death, because she thinks that you marry me, not because you really want to marry me, but because you want to win the throne of England, which is a bit psychotic.

The biggest difference between dynastic changes in European history and China is that the dynastic changes in Europe were definitely caused by the extinction of heirs.In Chinese history, the change of dynasties was usually due to wars, and no matter what happened, there was a palace coup. The emperor of the new dynasty strangled the old ones, and then made a hypocritical abdication; not in Europe. At that time, there was no concept of country and nation in Europe, only the concept of family.One family is one family, so which family rules which country, the stereotyped Catholics advocate monogamy, if the queen can't give birth to children, the dynasty will have no successors, and divorce is not possible. What should I do if there is no successor?The king may have N mistresses and N illegitimate children, but illegitimate children have no right to ascend the throne, so the dynasty is extinct, and after the extinction of the dynasty, it is necessary to find the closest relative to his family to ascend the throne.Elizabeth I had no descendants after her death, so her cousin's son, King James VI of Scotland, came to England to be the king, so he was James VI in Surorland.In England it was James I.Britain began to rule the Stuart dynasty, and Britain at that time referred to England, so you see, if we call Britain today, can we call it England in public in Britain?What should it be called?United Kingdom of Great Britain.Look at its seat in the United Nations, next to the United States, UK, over there USA, next to it, it is the United Kingdom, since when did it start to unite, from this time on.But King James, he is the king of Scotland and England. At this time, the two countries have not yet merged. Scotland is Pengland, and England is England. He is the king of the two countries. The crown of England, if you are happy, you two wear it together, and you are not afraid of death.Scotland is much more backward than England, and Batland is basically still a rural area. England’s industry has developed and its cities are thriving. After he came to England to become king, he inevitably brought some backward customs, habits, and influences of Scotland. Inkuran, especially his belief in the divine right of tears.

The beginning of the bourgeois revolution began in Britain, and the first reason was the background of Britain.The general background includes three points: the central line of Atlantic shipping, going to sea to open up overseas trade, followed by the development of handicraft factories; the enclosure movement, the emergence of capitalist farms and ranches in the British countryside, and the employment of agricultural workers, that is, the emergence of capitalism in rural areas. Doctrine, forming a new bourgeoisie, and then the new aristocracy; in addition, a very special point is the Tudor dynasty, which does not include the Tudor dynasty weakening the old aristocracy and strengthening autocracy.For example, it carried out religious reforms and established the Church of England.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, if the imperial court strengthened autocracy, it would be very unfavorable to the development of capitalism. Do you still remember the four factors that hinder the development of capitalism?That is, the stronger the autocracy, the more unfavorable it is to the development of capitalism. In Europe, it is just the opposite. Why?China is unified and centralized, while Europe is divided. If the king strengthens autocracy and sweeps away separatist regimes, at least one country can form a unified market for the development of capitalism.

Second, encourage industry and commerce and overseas plunder.You can see that China has emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce since ancient times, and the West has emphasized commerce and encouraged overseas plundering. Who did Britain mainly plunder at that time?Loot China?How can it have that level, how powerful China was at that time.It mainly plundered Spain, because Britain was rich in pirates, and everyone from the king to the common people was a qualified sailor, so British pirates were very powerful and haunted the ocean from time to time.The Spanish treasure ship came out of Latin America full of gold and silver, and was targeted by British pirates. Spain was in a hurry. You don’t care. Take out the sword, tap Drake on the shoulder, and make you a viscount and admiral, and we will share the things you grab in the future.Drake transformed himself into the Royal Pirates of Great Britain immediately. That guy has become more courageous since then—this is a robbery by order.So Spain got angry, I told you to take care of the pirates and you just take care of it? !

Third, at the end of the 16th century, Britain defeated Spain, which was very conducive to the development of capitalism.At that time, Spain was angry, and the king of Spain sent a huge armada to expedition to England, trying to destroy Britain in one fell swoop. At that time, there were more than 20,000 people in the Armada. The Royal Pirates rose up to resist. At that time, there were more than 9,000 Royal Pirates. Although the overall number of Royal Pirates was smaller than that of Spain, they were all battle-tested sailors. Therefore, the Spanish fleet was defeated, and the Spanish Empire never recovered.The Royal Pirates have been reorganized into the Royal Navy at this time. Her Majesty the Queen is very happy. I want to board the ship and condolences to those brave soldiers. The Royal Navy does not shy away from being a Royal Pirate, because the navy is too expensive and ordinary people cannot afford it. , so they usually rely on pirates, but at this time they are formally incorporated and paid by the state, and they become a navy.In fact, the British Navy had a tradition of piracy until the 19th century. They could rob enemy ships and ask for loot. After the robbing, they went down from the captain to how the levels were divided and how much the captain took. It still did this during the Opium War. Woolen cloth.Now that the Queen said she was going to board the ship, Drake was a little flustered, because although Her Majesty the Queen is an old woman, she still has a charming charm. He thought about my rough men, what if the Queen boarded the ship, who could not help themselves?This cannot be explained.So Drake ordered that when His Majesty boarded the ship, all people should stretch out their right hands to cover their eyes. When Her Majesty boarded the ship and found that everyone was like this, the Queen asked what it meant, and Drake explained This is a salute to His Majesty, and as a result, you can see that the salute has become this form today.Today, the British still salute like this, but they don't cover their eyes.

The Tudor period was conducive to the development of British capitalism. Later, Queen Elizabeth I died, and the Tudor dynasty became extinct. At the beginning of the 17th century, James I and Charles I of the Stuart dynasty advocated the divine right of kings, practiced autocratic monarchy, and implemented religious autocracy, which led to the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution in 1640. During the reigns of James I and Charles I, representatives of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy in the British Parliament formed an opposition, using the power of Parliament to pass taxation bills to fight against the king.We know that there is no absolute monarchy like China in Europe. It is the separation of powers between the king and the nobles. Like the Western Zhou Dynasty, the separation of powers by the emperor is a separation of powers. In the 13th century, there was a famous king in England—John the "King of No Land".It is said that John is very brave and good at fighting, so he has been fighting with foreign countries for many years. Unfortunately, every time his opponent is stronger than him, so John has been defeated repeatedly, and finally lost all British overseas territories.The United Kingdom itself was established by William, the Duke of Normandy in France, who conquered the United Kingdom in 1066. He originally had many territories in France and the European continent, but John, a prodigal, lost them all.John is not reconciled, he still wants to fight. The most important thing in war is to collect taxes. As soon as he collects taxes, the nobles are in a hurry. If they continue to fight, London will be occupied by them!So those big nobles, more than 40, hula-la rushed into the palace, put the sword on John's neck, and forced John to sign the "Magna Carta of Freedom" in 1215, which is equivalent to the Southern Song Dynasty in China. The "Magna Carta of Liberty" stipulates that without the consent of the nobles, the king cannot levy taxes, which is equivalent to the first written law restricting royal power in human history.If you don't collect taxes, you have no money, and if you don't have money, you can't support officials and soldiers. Wouldn't the king be in vain? There was such a law in 1215, which became the origin of today's British constitution.To this day, Britain does not have a written constitution. It is the sum of 700 years of customary law, dating back to the "Magna Carta of Liberty".Then how does it rely on to supervise the king, so that the king can guarantee that it can do this and that it will not collect taxes indiscriminately? In 1265, there was a parliament in England. After the parliament appeared, it began to restrict the power of the king, especially the king could not levy taxes. That is to say, before the British bourgeois revolution, the British king did not do whatever he wanted.In the parliament, the king is under the law, and the power of the king is limited by the law, but the king has the right to dissolve the parliament and not convene it. When the Scottish people revolt, taxation will be collected for repression, a parliament will be convened as soon as the tax is collected, and a revolution will break out as soon as the members of the parliament quit.So Britain is not like China. China is an absolute monarchy. It is impossible for you to limit the royal power, and there is no way.Like our Ming Dynasty, we levied taxes if we wanted to. The Ming Dynasty perished because it collected too much tax.After beating Li Zicheng, Li Zicheng was first paid, and when the salary was not enough, three pays were collected. As a result, Li Zicheng suppressed more and more, and finally the country perished. This is the reason. Next is North America.The American War of Independence was sparked by the Boston Tea Party.There are several backgrounds for the formation of the British North American colony: First, in 1607, the British established the first colony in North America—Virginia. On the Atlantic coast, a total of 13 colonies were established. The colonial governance model was established according to the British regime. .The UK is a constitutional monarchy with limited power.According to the establishment of 13 colonies in the United Kingdom as a whole, 8 of these 13 colonies belong to the British king, 3 owner colonies, and 2 are completely self-governing colonies.By 1763, the scope of British colonies in North America had expanded again.Owner colonies are big nobles and big landowners, who bought charters from the King of England to own owner colonies.The governors of proprietor colonies and self-governing colonies are elected by the parliament, not appointed by the king. That is to say, when the United States was still a colony, it had already established a relatively advanced political and economic system.It is because it was born out of its mother country - the United Kingdom, so today not only India, but also Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States and many other developed countries are fragments of the British Empire.Therefore, the British model was very advanced at that time. As of 1921, Britain still had colonization, which cannot be said to be ineffective in terms of development. After years of development, the United States has unified the market, English has become a common language, a common culture has emerged, the American nation has formed, and national consciousness has awakened. For example, the three of us, I am from England, you are from Italy, and he is from Germany.When we landed on the land of North America, we took Europe as our motherland, and then we lived here for 20 years at once, and English became our common language.We take the land we live in as our motherland, and when our descendants are born on this land, my son has never been to England, your son has never been to Italy, and neither has his son Germany, we were born on the land of North America, but our next generation must think that North America is his motherland and his hometown.In this way, a unified American nation is formed, no matter what country you are from, now you are North American, you are Virginian, you are from Carolina, you are from Rhode Island, wherever you are, On this land, we are the citizens of this place, and we should be the masters of this place, but now we are ruled by Europeans, why should we, so we need autonomy and independence. Second, Enlightenment ideas were spread in the British North American colonies in the first half of the 18th century, such as Franklin and Jefferson, and the national democratic consciousness of the British North American colonies was strengthened.Franklin and Jefferson are very familiar, why?It's printed on the dollar. On the $1 is the founding father of the United States, the first and second President George Washington; on the $2 is the third President Jefferson; on the $5 is the sixteenth President Abraham Lincoln who abolished slavery in the United States; The 20 dollars and 50 dollars are respectively the seventh US President Andrew Jackson and the eighteenth US President Ulysses Grant Glenn.Most of the portraits on the U.S. dollar are of previous prestigious presidents. The portraits on the hundred-dollar bill are not presidents, but Franklin, a famous scientist, financier and politician, because he drafted the famous "Declaration of Independence" during the American War of Independence. Although he has never been the president of the United States, he is the most valuable.But why do Americans print Washington on the 1 dollar and Lincoln on the 5 dollar?Commonly used, $100 is not commonly used, and one dollar is an angel every day.Holding the father of the nation as a gift every day, this is the avatar on the dollar. Third, the economy of the British North American colonies developed rapidly in the 18th century, with industry and commerce in the north, wheat production in the middle, and plantations in the south.Britain can't stand it anymore. Why do you develop so well, so it began to suppress the development of the colonial economy. The contradiction between the two sides became more and more acute, which led to the outbreak of war.Britain hopes that the colony will always be its commodity market and source of raw materials. The fuse that broke out of the war was the Boston Tea Party in 1773.Originally, North Americans were deeply influenced by Britain, and tea was also an essential drink for them.Because foreigners mainly eat meat, they will get tired of eating meat. Drinking some tea can not only supplement vitamins but also help digestion.Seeing that selling tea was profitable, the British monopolized the monopoly of tea, and only the British government could sell tea to North America.If a businessman from North America went to China to import tea and smuggled it into the United States, even though he had to travel to China by boat for a year to transport the tea back to the United States, but that was it, and the price was only equivalent to British government tea. One-sixth of the selling price, don't you think the British are profiteering?The Americans were very angry. You sell such cheap things at such a high price and forcefully sell them to us. Did you get the consent of the North American people?However, there are no representatives from North America or colonies in the British Parliament. They are all British. The vast majority of North American people have not agreed.Therefore, the people poured out the tea leaves in a fit of anger, saying that 100,000 pounds, according to the level of purchasing power, 1 pound at that time was equivalent to 10,000 pounds now, and 100,000 pounds was 1 billion pounds. All the tea leaves were poured out. After the fall, Britain became angry and sent troops to suppress it, and the people of North America resisted.The British army has been wearing brightly colored uniforms since the Cromwell era, with tall bearskin hats, scarlet jackets, white tight trousers, two white armed bags, and a long gunpowder gun. The North American people affectionately call it They are "lobster soldiers", so when people in North America saw that the "lobster soldiers" were coming to suppress us, we had to fight bravely. We stopped eating meat and drinking tea. The first Continental Congress was held, which was later the United States. Congress.Convene the Continental Congress, organize a militia, and prepare to fight the British. The Americans rebelled, and the French also started a great revolution. The fuse was the convening of the three-level meeting.We call the British revolution a bourgeois revolution, a Puritan revolution.The French Revolution was really a revolution. There are several reasons.First, the autocratic feudalism in France has a strict hierarchy. The first level is priests, the second level is nobles, and the third level is all ordinary people.Except for priests and nobles, the rest belong to the third class.The capitalists belong to the third estate, the beggars belong to the third estate, and the factory owner and his workers belong to the third estate.The first two estates in France wear leg-length shorts, stockings, and high heels, and so do the men, with wigs and powder.In addition to these two levels, the remaining third level is not allowed to wear shorts, but to wear long trousers without culottes, which is ridiculed as "no culottes".The main components of sans-culottes are small handicraftsmen, small traders, small shopkeepers and other working people, including some rich people.They were the main force of the urban revolution and participated in several armed uprisings during the Great Revolution.The king of France once publicly said that the first class is the priest, who rings the bell, serves the king with the bell, and bless the king with a long life; the second class serves the king with the sword, that is, the three musketeers and the three musketeers men; the third estates are all taxpayers, and serve the king with their purses.The first two classes accounted for 3% of the French population, while the third class accounted for 97%, so this system is a very careless system. If you let so many people hate so few people, once so many people turn their faces , so few people are sure to be finished. You can see why the feudal system in China is so strong, that is, the identities of the four levels of our scholars, farmers, businessmen, and businessmen are interchangeable.Farmers can become scholars by taking part in the imperial examination.If you study and pass the imperial examination, you can become an official. You don’t necessarily have to rebel, so we strive for the bigger the ruling class, the better.Since the Song Dynasty, 60% of the officials who took the imperial examination were the children of Baiding. Do you think the children of high officials need to study?Is the imperial examination necessary?So that 60% of the people are the children of Bai Ding, and the three generations of Zha have not even been selected as a scholar. If people like Jing go to study and become officials, the ranks of the ruling class will become more and more stable. The French system is very inconsiderate. Why do 97% of us pay taxes, and 3% of them ring bells, play swords, and do this all day long. You are too bullying, so the French revolution is easy. Success is because without revolution, the identity of the third level cannot be changed. In addition to the hierarchy, there is another reason that the development of capitalism is hindered by the autocratic system. In 1789, Louis XVI was forced to hold a three-level conference. At that time, the Bourbon dynasty ruled France. The last king of the Bourbon dynasty before the revolution was Louis XVI.Louis XVI is a famous locksmith king in French history. He ignored the government and repaired locks and watches all day long. He was comparable to the Emperor Apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty. Craftsman King".Louis XVI stuttered and didn't want to see ministers, so he repaired watches and locks all day long. He claimed that there was no lock in Europe that I couldn't open. In the end, he escaped and blocked him back to prison. He was going to be guillotined. That lock He didn't open it either.As for his queen, she is Princess Marie Antonit of Austria, the most beloved youngest daughter of Empress Theresia, a girl who has been used since she was a child and married to be the queen. Do you think this person can be a good person?Queen Mary spent money like leaflets, heavily in debt, and had no concept of numbers at all.She bought a necklace for 5 million francs, and if she had no money, she borrowed money from the banker, the third level, and the debt collectors went to her house every day.The queen has been married to the French royal family for more than 20 years. Her life circle is to draw a circle with the Palace of Versailles as the center and a radius of 20 miles. She has never left this circle at all.She doesn't do business all day long, just throws masquerade parties, banquets, disco, messy, extravagant and lustful, never goes outside to see how her people live, never enters the house of an ordinary Parisian citizen home.For example, when there is a famine, she is indifferent to these things. Some people say that the common people can’t eat bread. She said that if they can’t eat bread, they can eat cakes. This is the same as Emperor Hui of Jin in Chinese history. , specializing in meat.With such a king and queen, can the country be better off?Therefore, the government at that time was heavily in debt, with debts as high as 4.5 billion.The annual income of the French government is 400 to 500 million yuan, which is not enough to repay the interest, let alone repay the principal.In this case, the king could only be forced to hold a third-level meeting in May 1789. This third-level meeting had not been held for 165 years. This meeting was actually held this time to collect taxes, so it angered the people at once. , leading to a bourgeois revolution. The British bourgeois revolution is more typical. The fuse is the parliamentary struggle and the Scottish people's uprising. In 1640, Charles I was forced to convene a parliament, but attempted to collect taxes. At that time, the members of the parliament opposed it and demanded that the royal power be limited. This opened the prelude to the British bourgeois revolution. The parliament has been convened, full of joy, please let him listen to the voice of the people. Unexpectedly, as soon as the king came in, the first sentence was, gentlemen, the purpose of calling you here today is to collect taxes.As soon as the councilor heard this, he became angry, and the king's speech was immediately interrupted. The councilor slapped the table and started cursing, demanding that the royal power be revoked, and several stupid officials of the king be hanged.When the king saw that you kept doing this to me, he left. In a rage, he went back to the palace and called his guards to surround the British Parliament. When more than 200 guards came, the parliamentarians ran down the tunnel, leaving the king's guards in the air.After the congressmen ran away, they went to the street to beat gongs and drums. Fellow villagers, the king wants to levy taxes, so let's reverse it.As a result, more than 20,000 Londoners surrounded the palace.The king saw that he had only more than 200 guards, and more than 20,000 people surrounded the palace. It was not like knocking eggs on the stone, so the king also ran down the tunnel. All the ancient buildings in Britain have tunnels, and only the owner knows where they are. It's like a tunnel war.The king ran back to his hometown, Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and summoned 700 soldiers to announce the dissolution of Parliament.Isn't this a job? A king only leads 700 people, and a battalion commander in China has so many people. Of course, he cannot compare with China.Whoever wants to compare the number of people with China must lose miserably.Charles I led 700 people to provoke a civil war and fought as far as Oxford.Oxford is today's university town, only 40 miles away from London. By the time it arrived there, the king's army had grown to tens of thousands.Royalists from all over the country joined in one after another. Does it mean that Wang Jun is very capable of fighting?No, the parliament is very incapable of fighting.The parliamentary army did not dare to fight. At that time, the commander-in-chief of the parliamentary army was the Earl of Essex, a new aristocrat. He publicly declared that we defeated the king 99 times and he was still the king. As long as he defeated us once, we would all go to the gallows.Therefore, as soon as the army led by the earl saw the king's army coming, they were invincible, turned around and ran away, not daring to fight.The common people were angry and said, what is wrong with you, you are the commander-in-chief, but you escaped with everyone, and you don’t take beanbags as dry food, so they found a "Lengtouqing" buddy to replace him. When it comes to who is the most "stunned", Cromwell (01 Oliver Cromwell, April 25, 1599-September 3, 1658), a representative of the Puritans, was a British politician, military Family and religious leaders. During the British bourgeois revolution in the 17th century, the representative of the bourgeoisie-new aristocratic group and the leader of the independent faction. In the two civil wars of 1642 and 1648, he successively led the "Cavalry Army" and the New Model Army, and defeated In 1649, under the pressure of urban civilians and farmers, King Charles I was executed and a republic was announced. In 1653, a military dictatorship was established and he appointed himself the "protector of the country".).The so-called Puritans demanded that the remnants of Catholicism in the Church of England should be eliminated. For example, priests should not wear exquisite robes or use exquisite sacrificial vessels.Generally speaking, Protestant churches are very simple, there is no decoration inside the church, and there is no crucifix, just a cross.The Catholic churches we see now are generally resplendent and magnificent, with carved beams and painted buildings, statues, paintings, rose windows, and glass windows, all of which are tall Gothic buildings. The Puritans insisted on eliminating the residual influence of Catholicism, so the king persecuted them. Persecution of them has made them representatives of the bourgeoisie. They can only travel across the ocean to the United States, so the most authentic and authentic Americans today are called WASP (immigrants from Britain, especially England and Scotland in the colonial era). Cromwell, the "frozen" buddy, is very brave.In the two civil wars from 1642 to 1649, he successively commanded the "Iron Cavalry Army" and the New Model Army, and defeated the royalist army.He defeated the king. Unexpectedly, the king successfully "escaped" after being captured and fled to France. Therefore, the British government had to spend a huge price of 400,000 pounds to redeem the escaped king and execute him for treason.At that time, the annual income of the British royal family was only more than 10,000 pounds, which was equivalent to offsetting the national treasury.Cromwell was worried about how to deal with the king, just as you ran away, you treason, you should be executed!Charles I is also the first autocrat in human history to be executed after a trial. In 1649, the sixth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, and six years before that, in 1644, the first year of Shunzhi, an emperor in China also died. Who?Chongzhen.In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen's reign, Li Zicheng, a "thief" entered Beijing, and Meishan hanged himself to die for the country. That was just another change of dynasty.The king was put to death after a trial.The king was very calm when he went to the guillotine. He took off the St. George medal hanging around his neck, handed it to the bishop, and said that he hoped that my blood would be the last time for the British to shed blood. When it was over, there would be no more wars. If my death can bring peace in the country , then cut me off, and then die in peace.As soon as the king died, England declared a republic, but that republic was dictated by Cromwell, who became a military dictator. Cromwell, the "frozen" buddy, is still dizzy.The king did not hold a parliament for at most 25 years, and Cromwell actually dissolved the parliament.But his reign deserves affirmation.Because he is a bourgeoisie, you can see that the things he has done, such as developing industry and commerce, and expanding overseas trade, are beneficial to the development of Britain. One person, one group, one nation, one political party, one country, no matter what, look Whether what he did was progressive, whether it promoted social development, the most critical point is whether he promoted the progress of productivity. From this point of view, Cromwell did a good job.But once he died something went wrong. Cromwell is the Lord Protector of England, who will take over after he dies?The first thing that came to mind was his son, but these high-ranking generals quit. Jiangshan was brought down by your old man. It doesn’t matter how long he sits. Now that your old man is dead, why should you take over? ! From this point, we can see that the best way of dictatorship is monarchy. Why is monarchy the best?The order of successors is clear, I, my son, my grandson, my great-grandson, no one else thinks about it, if you dare to seek power and usurp the throne, you will be criticized by thousands of people.What I am most afraid of is this kind of dictatorship and oligarch. I am a great leader. If I pass the position to so-and-so, whoever wants to mess with me. To be clear, with this thing, it might as well be that I finished my son, and my son finished my grandson.Why did Yuan Shikai want to be the emperor? Yuan Shikai was very stupid and naive. He just felt that the political situation since the Republic of China was too chaotic.How is it now, the president, the prime minister, the chief minister, and the chief executive, who do you listen to?Democracy is a republic without an owner, and it means discord. I will be the master for the people, and I will be the emperor.You have been the emperor for thousands of years, why doesn't Duan Qirui support him as the emperor?This is the reason. If you become the president, I will still be able to rule after you are finished. If you become the emperor and your family always becomes the emperor, that will not work. Therefore, when these senior generals objected, Cromwell's son had no choice but to resign, and he really didn't have the ability.As soon as he resigned, these senior generals began to fight for power, and the country was in chaos again.Everyone thought about it, how can we do this all the time?Let’s just invite the emperor back. The political situation was quite stable when he was there, so the Stuart dynasty was restored. Of course, this king is no longer Charles I. Charles I was cut off, and he is the one to come back. Son Charles II.The key point is that the bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats are not stupid. When they went to France to invite Charles II, the two parties had an agreement. Charles II signed a "Breda Declaration" (02 "Breda Declaration" stated 3 promises: protection of land and property changes that occurred during the revolution; amnesty for all participants in the revolution; guarantee of freedom of religious belief. This declaration is a concession to the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy.), claiming to divide our family If you kill my father, you will be killed. After I go back, I will never ask you to settle accounts. As long as I can go back and ascend the throne, everything is easy to talk about.It turned out that it was well said, but when I really came back, my face changed. Whoever divided our property, return it to me. Where is the vase in my house?It is said that nine judges participated in the trial of Charles I at that time, and all the nine alive were killed for regicide.When the dead are dead, the coffin is opened and the corpse is slaughtered.The arch enemy who killed his father was Cromwell, so he dug up Cromwell's coffin, cut off his head, and inserted it on the golden roof of Westminster Abbey.Westminster Abbey is the national cathedral of the United Kingdom. The Chinese call it Westminster Abbey, and Princess Diana's soul-hunting mass is here.克伦威尔的脑袋在威斯敏斯特大教堂那个金顶上一插，就插了61年，后来被人遗忘了， 你想那教堂100多米高，上边插一脑袋谁看得见，最后风干了，变成了木乃伊， 61 年之后要开奥运了，想修缮教堂，有人突然想起来上面还有一个脑袋呢，然后给拆了下来，最后被一个考古学家给收藏了。查理二世一回来，倒行逆施，资产阶级和新贵族的肠子都悔青了，怎么弄他回来了？好不容易搞到他驾崩，他弟弟詹姆斯二世即位，这小子比他哥还坏，于是在1688年到1689年，英国资产阶级和新贵族发动了推翻詹姆斯二世的统治、防止天主教复辟的非暴力政变。西方资产阶级历史学家因为这场革命未有流血，故称之为“光荣革命”。 英国的革命从1640年到1688年，长达半个世纪，中间也经历了曲折和反复。 英国资产阶级革命开始于1640年的议会斗争，结束于1688年的光荣革命，历时将近半个世纪，最后的结果是英国人从荷兰请来了信奉新教的詹姆斯二世国王的女儿和女婿—玛丽和威廉入主英国，君主立宪政体确立。