Chapter 4 1. Prince’s apology is not new

The early bourgeois revolutions mainly took place in three countries, England, France and the United States.When a bourgeois revolution breaks out in a country, there are generally three backgrounds: First, the development of the capitalist economy.The development of the British capitalist economy is most obvious in two aspects: one is the emergence of handmade factories in the cities.Mainly engaged in the textile industry, the manufacture of woolen.The woolen industry needs wool, and the wool comes from sheep, so the land enclosure movement appeared. The land enclosure made farmers leave their homes and go to work in cities, and farmers turned into workers.Farms and breeding farms were established on the land encircled by noble landlords in the countryside, capitalist farms and pastures began to appear, and capitalist production relations also appeared in the countryside.Why did British capitalism develop so thoroughly?Because it not only has capitalism in the cities, but also in the countryside. It can be said that the enclosure movement is a very thorough capitalist mode of production, so that the producers and the means of production are gradually separated.

Second, the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy began to grow.Where is the so-called new aristocracy?Although a capitalist nobleman has a title, he is no longer a feudal nobleman.If you collect land rent and let people pay tribute, you belong to the old aristocracy; if you pay workers wages, you belong to the new aristocracy.Now European aristocrats are all new aristocrats. When we visited the ancient castle in France, the man who drove the carriage and took us to visit was the owner of the castle.Of course, France has been a republic for a long time, and this earl is just flirting with himself, which is the same as saying that I am Aixinjueluo here. What is the use of "Aixinjueluo"?Don't you still drive the carriage by yourself every day, soliciting customers here?Earl Avar has a job as a postman, and he rides a motorcycle to deliver letters to people every day, and only on weekends can he work for the earl.Therefore, the forces opposing feudal rule in England were the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy, in the United States it was the bourgeoisie and planters, and in France it was the bourgeoisie and the liberal aristocracy, such as the Marquis de Lafayette.The frigate that France sold to Taiwan is the Lafayette class, named after him.

Third, the development of the capitalist economy has been hindered.The Tudor dynasty in England weakened the old aristocracy, strengthened autocracy, carried out religious reforms, and established the Church of England.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, if the imperial court strengthened its autocracy, it would be very detrimental to the development of capitalism.Europe is the exact opposite.why?China is unified and centralized, while Europe is divided. If the king strengthens autocracy and sweeps away separatist regimes, at least a unified market can be formed in a country, which is of course beneficial to the development of capitalism.

The Tudors also encouraged commerce and overseas plunder.After the opening of the new shipping route, Britain is on the Atlantic shipping center line.China has emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce since ancient times, while the West is mercantile and encourages overseas plunder.Who did Britain mainly plunder at that time?Loot China?How could it have that ability? China was so powerful at that time.It mainly plundered Spain, because Britain was rich in pirates. From the king to the common people, everyone was a qualified sailor, and British pirates appeared in the ocean from time to time.Spanish treasure ships loaded with gold and silver from Latin America were robbed by British pirates.Spain is in a hurry, tell the King of England that you don't care?The king says it doesn't matter!Queen Elizabeth I boarded the ship of Drake, the biggest pirate leader at the time, took out her sword, tapped Drake on the shoulder, and made you a viscount and admiral, and my sister and son will share the things you will grab in the future.Drake transformed himself into the Royal Pirates of Great Britain immediately, and since then he has become bolder and bolder—this is a robbery by order.So Spain got angry, I told you to take care of the pirates and you just take care of it?The King of Spain sent a huge armada to expedition to England, trying to destroy Britain in one fell swoop.There were more than 20,000 people in the Armada, 13,000 troops were preparing to land in England, and only 7,000 sailors. The commander was a seasick general.The British royal pirates rose up to resist. At that time, there were more than 9,000 royal pirates. Although the total number of royal pirates was less than that of Spain, they were all battle-tested sailors. They defeated the Spanish fleet and the Spanish Empire never recovered.

The Royal Pirates have been reorganized into the Royal Navy at this time, and Her Majesty the Queen is very happy. I want to board the ship and condolences to the loyal and brave soldiers.The Royal Navy does not shy away from being a member of the Royal Pirates, because the navy is too expensive for the general state to support, so it relies on pirates in peacetime, and is formally incorporated in wartime. The state pays for it and becomes a navy.In fact, the British Navy had a tradition of piracy until the 19th century. It could rob enemy ships and ask for spoils.After the robbery is over, dividends are distributed from the captain down to all levels. It still did this during the Opium War.Drake was a little flustered when he heard that the Queen was going to board the ship, because although Her Majesty is an old woman, she still has a charming charm. He thought about my rough men, what if the Queen boarded the ship, who can't help it?Can't explain.So Drake ordered that when His Majesty boarded the ship, everyone should stretch out their right hands to cover their eyes.Her Majesty boarded the ship and found that everyone was like this, so she asked what it meant, and Drake explained that it was a tribute to Her Majesty.Today, it has become a military salute in all countries.Today, the British still salute in this posture, but they don't cover their eyes.

The rule of the Tudor dynasty was conducive to the development of British capitalism.But in 1603, Queen Elizabeth I, the last king of the Tudor dynasty, died.Britain was strongest when it was ruled by two women, Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria.Queen Victoria reigned for 64 years from 1837 to 1901.All the British invasion of China in modern times happened during her reign.During the reign of these two women, the British national power was the strongest.Queen Elizabeth I remained unmarried throughout her life and was the famous "Virgin Queen" in British history. She had no offspring, so when she died, the Tudor dynasty in England became extinct.It is very dangerous for anyone to propose to her. If a foreign prince proposes to her, come on, he will be imprisoned to death after he comes, because she thinks that you married me not because you really love me, but because you want to win the throne of England, which is a bit psychopathic.

The biggest difference between dynastic changes in European history and China is that dynastic changes in Europe are generally caused by extinct heirs, while dynastic changes in Chinese history are accompanied by violence. Dynasty wars, at least the entire court coup, the emperor of the new dynasty strangles the old , and then hypocritically make a concession.This is not the case in Europe. At that time, there was no concept of nation-state, only the concept of family. Which family ruled which country was stereotyped.Catholics are monogamous. If the queen can't have children and can't divorce, the family will be extinct and the dynasty will end.The king may have N mistresses and N illegitimate children, but illegitimate children have no right to ascend the throne.After the dynasty dies out, it is necessary to find the closest relative to the family to take the throne.

After Elizabeth I died, she had no descendants, so her cousin's son, King James VI of Scotland, came to England to be the king. In Scotland, it was James VI, and in England, it was James I. England began ruled by the Stuart dynasty.At that time, Britain referred to England. Today, Britain cannot be called Britain on formal occasions. What should it be called?United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Look at its seat in the United Nations, next to the United States, the UK, and the USA over there.It is the United Kingdom, and since when has it been united, since then.But in the time of King James, the two countries have not yet merged. Scotland is Scotland, and England is England. He is the king of the two countries. He wears the Scottish crown in Scotland, and the English crown in England. Not afraid of death uncle.Scotland is much more backward than England, and it is basically still a rural area. England’s handicraft industry has developed, and its cities are thriving. After he came to England as king, he inevitably brought some backward customs, habits, and influences of Scotland to England, especially He firmly believed in the concept of divine right of kings, practiced absolute monarchy, and practiced religious autocracy, which finally led to the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution in 1640.

During the reign of James I and his son Charles I, representatives of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy in the British Parliament formed an opposition, using the power of Parliament to pass taxation bills to fight against the king.We know that there is no absolute monarchy like China in Europe. It is the king who divides power with the nobles. Like the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor divided power and divided power with the princes.The kingship in Europe is subject to double constraints, above is the Holy See, below are the great and small lords. In the 13th century, there was a famous king in England—John the "King of No Land".It is said that John is very brave and good at fighting. He has been fighting with foreign countries for years, but unfortunately every time his opponent is stronger than him, so John has been defeated repeatedly and lost all the overseas territories of the United Kingdom.The British dynasty was established by William, the Duke of Normandy in France, after he conquered England in 1066. He originally had many territories in continental Europe, but John, a prodigal, lost them all.John is not reconciled, he still wants to fight. The most important thing in war is to collect taxes. As soon as he collects taxes, the nobles are in a hurry. If they continue to fight, London will be occupied by them!So more than 40 nobles hula-la rushed into the palace, put the sword on John's neck, and forced John to sign the "Magna Carta of Freedom". The time is 1215, which is equivalent to the Southern Song Dynasty in China.

The "Magna Carta of Liberty" stipulates that the king cannot levy taxes without the consent of the nobles. This is the first written law in human history that limits the power of the king.If there is no taxation, there will be no money, and if there is no money, there will be no way to support officials and soldiers. Wouldn't the king be in vain? There was such a law in 1215, which became the origin of today's British constitution.To this day, the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution, but the sum of 700 years of customary law, dating back to the "Magna Carta of Liberty".So what does it rely on to supervise the king and make the king guarantee that it will not collect taxes indiscriminately?

In 1265, there was a parliament in England.After the parliament appeared, it began to restrict the king's power, especially the king's inability to levy taxes. In fact, before the British bourgeois revolution, the British king could not do whatever he wanted.The king is in the parliament, the king is under the law, and the power of the king is limited by the law, but the king has the right to dissolve the parliament and not convene it. Both King James I and his successor Charles I believed in the "divine right of kings" and tried to implement an absolute monarchy.In some articles, James I enthusiastically advocated autocratic monarchy, advocating the despotism theory of divine right of kings and supremacy of kingship.He believes that the king's power comes from God, so he has supreme authority, and the king is only responsible to God.This caused a serious conflict with England's political tradition, and the contradiction between the parliament and the king gradually intensified. After the beginning of the Stuart dynasty, the financial situation continued to deteriorate, and the government was unable to make ends meet.The royal family suppressed the parliament formed since the 13th century and manipulated the monopoly system. The king often circumvented the parliament to collect taxes in clever names, forced debts from the British people, and imprisoned those who refused to pay. They demanded the restriction of royal power and started a struggle with the king. The battleground between the two sides is mainly in the parliament. In 1628, the Parliament passed the "Petition of Rights", which required: "Thereafter, without the consent of the Parliament, the king shall not levy taxes at will; no specific charges shall be presented, and no one shall be arrested at will; military laws shall not be implemented arbitrarily in peacetime, and troops shall not be stationed In the residential area.” Charles I first agreed to the petition against his will, and later deliberately misinterpreted the original intention of the petition, continued to collect taxes without approval of the Parliament, and dissolved the Parliament in 1629. From then on, England began the 11-year personal rule of the king without a parliament. During the period, the king's tyranny caused widespread dissatisfaction in British society.The bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy fought the king. In 1638, an uprising broke out in Scotland to protest the religious persecution of Charles I.In order to raise military expenses to suppress the uprising, Charles I was forced to reconvene the parliament. The opposition to the king in the parliament put forward a request to limit the royal power, and Charles I dissolved the parliament again.The struggle between Parliament and the king became the beginning of the British bourgeois revolution.So Britain is not like China. China is an absolute monarchy. It is impossible for you to limit the royal power, and there is no way.The Ming Dynasty levied taxes if it wanted to, and the Ming Dynasty perished because it collected too many taxes.After the fight, Liao's salary was levied, and Li Zicheng was levied first, and then the training salary. The result of the three levies was that Li Zicheng suppressed more and more, and the country finally perished. After the parliament was held in 1640, the rights of the parliament and the request to limit the royal power were put forward, and Charles I dissolved the parliament again.After that, the Scottish uprising invaded the territory of England, and the situation was urgent, and Charles I was forced to convene Parliament again.The parliament has not been held for more than ten years. Members are full of joy when they see that the king is about to convene a parliament. Please ask him to listen to the voice of the people. Unexpectedly, when the king comes in, the first sentence is, gentlemen, today I will call you The purpose of calling is to collect taxes.The councilors became angry when they heard this, and the king's speech was immediately interrupted. The councilors slapped the table and started cursing, demanding that the king's power be restricted and several of the king's favorites be hanged. In 1641, the Parliament passed the "Great Protest", which listed Charles I's abuse of royal power, condemned feudal tyranny, condemned the monarch's disregard and damage to parliamentary rights and people's freedom, proposed the bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats to demand the development of industry and commerce, and the abolition of feudal privileges , the government is responsible to the parliament and other requirements.Charles I refused to accept the "Great Protest". When the king saw that you dared to do this to me, he returned to the palace in a rage and called his guards to surround the British Parliament. When more than 200 guards came, the parliamentarians ran down the tunnel, leaving the king's guards in the air.After the congressmen ran away, they went to the street to beat gongs and drums. Fellow villagers, the king wants to levy taxes, so let's reverse it.As a result, more than 20,000 Londoners surrounded the palace.The king saw that his guards were only more than 200 people, and the councilors fooled more than 20,000 people to surround the palace. Wasn't that knocking eggs on rocks?So the king also ran down the tunnel. Many ancient buildings in Britain have tunnels, which were built to prevent pirates from attacking. Only the owner knows where the entrances and exits are. It is like a tunnel war.The king ran back to his hometown - Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, summoned 700 soldiers, and announced a crusade against Congress.The king only led 700 people, and a battalion commander in China must have so many people. Of course, he cannot compare with China.Charles I led 700 men to provoke a civil war, and soon reached Oxford, today's university town, only 40 miles from London.At this time, the Wang army had grown to 22,000 people, and royalists from all over the country joined in one after another. Does it mean that the Wang army is very capable of fighting?No, the parliament is very incapable of fighting.The parliamentary army did not dare to fight. At that time, the commander-in-chief of the parliamentary army was the Earl of Essex, a new aristocrat. He publicly declared that we defeated the king 99 times, and he was still the king. As long as he defeated us once, we would all go to the gallows.Therefore, as soon as the army led by the earl saw the king's army coming, they were overwhelmed and turned around and ran away.The common people were angry and said, what's wrong with you, you were appointed commander-in-chief, and you ran away with everyone, and you didn't use bean buns as dry food, so they found a buddy "Lengtouqing" to replace him. When it comes to who is the most "stunned", Cromwell, the representative of the Puritans.The so-called Puritanism is one of the Protestant denominations of Christianity, which emerged in England in the 16th century.The faction demanded the reform of the Church of England based on Calvin's theory, recognized the "Bible" as the only authority, and opposed the autocracy of kings and bishops.It advocates the elimination of the old Catholic system retained by the state church, simplifies the ceremony, and advocates a thrifty and clean life, hence the name Puritanism.Later divided into Presbyterians and Independents.During the period of domestic persecution, a large number of Puritans fled to North America to establish colonies, and most of the Puritans fled to the United States. Therefore, when people talk about Puritans today, they generally refer to the Puritans in the United States. Puritans are not a sect in the strict sense, but an attitude, a tendency, and a value. It is a general term for groups of believers.Puritans are the most devout Protestants with the most holy life. They believe that "everyone is a priest and everyone has a calling", and that each individual can directly communicate with God, and oppose the arbitrariness, corruption, red tape and formalism of the priesthood.They advocate a simple, practical, and equal life of believers before God. The Puritans in England demanded that the remnants of Catholicism in the Church of England should be eliminated. For example, priests should not wear exquisite robes or use exquisite sacrificial vessels.Generally speaking, Protestant churches are very simple, there is no decoration inside the church, and there is no crucifix, just a cross.The Catholic churches we see now are generally resplendent and magnificent, with carved beams and painted buildings, statues, paintings, rose windows, tall Gothic buildings.The Puritans insisted on eliminating the residual influence of Catholicism and establishing a clean church.The king persecuted them, and they became representatives of the bourgeoisie. Many people can only travel across the ocean to the United States, so today the most authentic and authentic Americans are called WASP, W means white, white people; AS means Anglo— — Saxon, that is, the British, P is Puritan, Puritan. Cromwell, the "frozen" buddy, is very brave.In the two civil wars from 1642 to 1649, he successively led the "Iron Cavalry Army" and the New Model Army, defeated the royalist army, defeated and captured the king.Unexpectedly, after the king was captured, he successfully "escaped" and fled to France, so the British government had to spend a huge price of 400,000 pounds to redeem the escaped king and execute him for treason.At that time, the annual income of the British royal family was only more than 10,000 pounds, which was equivalent to the loss of the national treasury.Cromwell is worrying about how to deal with the king, and it happens that you are treasonous and should be executed!Charles I is also "famous through the ages" as the first absolute monarch who was tried and executed in human history. 1649 was the sixth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. Six years before that, in 1644, the first year of Shunzhi, an emperor in China died. Who?Chongzhen.In the 17th year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng, a "burglar", entered Beijing, and Chongzhen Meishan hanged himself to die for the country. That was just another change of dynasty, and the British king was executed after a trial.The king was very calm when he went to the guillotine. He took off the Order of the Garter hanging around his neck and handed it to the bishop, saying that he hoped that the blood I shed would be the last time a British person would shed blood. Then cut me down and die in peace.On the death of the king, England declared a republic, but this republic was dictated by Cromwell, who became a military dictator. Cromwell, the "frozen" buddy, is still dizzy.The king did not hold a parliament for at most 11 years, and Cromwell actually dissolved the parliament.But his rule is worthy of recognition, because his development of industry and commerce and expansion of overseas trade are beneficial to the development of Britain.A person, a group, a political party, a nation, or a country can see whether his actions are progressive and whether they have promoted social development. The most important point is to see whether he has promoted the progress of productivity. From this On one point, Cromwell did a good job.But once he died something went wrong. Cromwell is the Lord Protector of England, who will take over after he dies?The first thing that came to mind was his son, but those high-ranking generals quit. Jiangshan was brought down by your old man. It doesn’t matter how long he sits. Now that your old man is dead, why should you take over? From this we can see that the best form of dictatorship is monarchy, why?The order of successors is clear, I, my son, my grandson, my great-grandson, no one else thinks about it, if you dare to seek power and usurp the throne, it will be criticized by thousands of people.Why did Yuan Shikai want to be the emperor? Yuan Shikai was very stupid and naive. He felt that the political situation since the Republic of China was too chaotic.How is it now, the president, the prime minister, the chief minister, all with the "general manager", who do you listen to?Democracy means no master, and republic means discord. I will be the master for the people, and I will be the emperor.You have been the emperor for thousands of years, why doesn't Duan Qirui support him as the emperor?This is the reason. If you become the president, I can still rule after you are finished. If you become the emperor, your family will always be the emperor, that will not work. Therefore, when these senior generals objected, Cromwell's son had no choice but to resign, and he really didn't have the ability.As soon as he resigned, these senior generals began to fight for power, and the country was in chaos again.Everyone thought about it, how can we do this all the time, let's just invite the king back. When he was there, the political situation was quite stable, so there was the restoration of the Stuart dynasty.Of course, this king is no longer Charles I. Charles I was cut off, and it is his son Charles II who please come back.The bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats are not stupid. When they went to France to invite Charles II, the two sides had an agreement. Charles II signed a "Declaration of Breda", claiming that the property of our family would be divided. If you kill my father, you will be killed. After I go back, I will never settle accounts with you. As long as I can go back and ascend the throne, everything is easy to talk about.He said it well, but when he came back, he changed his face. Whoever divided our family property will return it to me. Where is the vase in my house? Bring it back to me.Who killed my father, we are not finished.It is said that 9 judges participated in the trial of Charles I at that time. Among the 9 people who were alive, they were all killed for the crime of regicide, and the dead ones were opened up and slaughtered.The arch-enemy who killed his father was Cromwell, who dug up Cromwell's coffin, cut off his head, and stuck it on the spire of Westminster Abbey.Westminster Abbey is the national cathedral of the United Kingdom. The Chinese call it Westminster Abbey. Princess Diana's soul-hunting mass is held here.Once Cromwell's head was stuck in the spire of Westminster Abbey, it stayed there for decades before it was forgotten.You think that the church is more than 100 meters high, no one can see a head stuck in it, and finally dried up and turned into a mummy.Decades later, when the church was being repaired, it was discovered that there was still a head stuck in it, so it was removed and finally collected by an archaeologist. As soon as Charles II came back, he went against the law, and the bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats felt remorseful. How did you get him back?It was hard to survive until he died, and his brother James II came to the throne. This kid was worse than his brother.So from 1688 to 1689, the British bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats launched a non-violent coup to overthrow the rule of James II and prevent the restoration of Catholicism.Western historians call it the "Glorious Revolution" because it was bloodless. The British bourgeois revolution began with the parliamentary struggle in 1640 and ended with the Glorious Revolution in 1688. It lasted nearly half a century, and the final result was that the British invited the daughter and son-in-law of the Protestant King James II from the Netherlands—— Mary and William came to England and a constitutional monarchy was established. After the revolution is successful, what should be relied on to consolidate the achievements of the revolution?By legislation!A prominent achievement of British revolutionary legislation was the enactment of the Bill of Rights, through which the gains of the bourgeois revolution were consolidated.Everyone knows that Britain today is a typical parliamentary monarchy. Some people think that a constitutional monarchy is the same as a republic with a responsible cabinet, because the head of state has no power.But it was a long process, and the king didn't have any power at first.The British "Bill of Rights" stipulates that without the consent of Parliament, the king cannot legislate; without the consent of Parliament, the king cannot levy taxes; without the consent of Parliament, the king cannot raise troops and maintain a standing army.In other words, the parliament has a limit on the royal power, but the royal family is not without power at all.In this way, the country formed two centers of power: one was the parliament and the other was the king.This kind of constitutional monarchy is called a dual constitutional monarchy, where the parliament and the king check each other.Basically, every country has this model when it establishes a constitutional monarchy.Typical countries are the United Kingdom, Germany before World War I, and Japan before World War II.There is no such regime in the world today.Why is the British monarch completely powerless today? In 1701, the British Parliament passed the "Succession to the Crown Act".Succession to the throne has been incorporated into the scope of the law. It is no longer a matter of your family, but a matter of the country.So we can understand why the Empress Dowager Cixi wants to abolish Guangxu, and the Western countries don't do it. This is the reason.This "Succession to the Throne Act" stipulates the order of inheritance of the British royal family. At that time, William and Mary were in power in the United Kingdom, that is, William III and Mary III.William III died first, and his wife came to the throne, which was Mary III. After Mary III died, there was nothing left, because the two had no children, so Mary's sister came to the throne, Queen Anne.During the 12 years of Anne's reign, Britain reached a period of prosperity in literature and art, leaving a solid and shining mark on history.But her personal life was gray. Her children were either miscarried or died young, and none of them survived.Queen Anne died and the Stuart dynasty came to an end.How to do it?Picks from all over the world, and one pick won the German Elector George of Hanover.You belong to the House of Stuarts, and you come to be king of England.George said I don't know a word of English, how can I become king of England?The British side said, it doesn't matter, it doesn't affect your being a king, so you can come here with confidence.George happily went to England with his bag on his back. From then on, England began the Hanoverian Dynasty. This dynasty was renamed during World War I, because Britain and Germany were enemy countries, and the British were surprised to find that their king was a German, so the dynasty quickly changed its name to the Windsor Dynasty.Today's Britain is still the Windsor Dynasty, named after the royal residence Windsor Castle.But in fact, today's British royal family are all descendants of Germans.George I has been in the UK for more than ten years, and he can't speak a word of English. It's too late for people in their fifties to learn, so he never attends meetings of the Parliament, does not attend meetings of the Privy Council, and does not receive ministers. You can’t understand a sentence, and you have to get a translator. Do you know if the translator told you nonsense?Originally, the British cabinet was called the cabinet because the king called the ministers and held secret meetings in a small room.The king always does not do this, he does not summon the ministers, these ministers organize themselves, and the first finance minister is the convener. Later, the first finance minister has an exclusive title called Prime Minister (Prime Minister).The British cabinet system was formed. George I took the initiative to stand aside, and his son George II loved fighting. It was the Second Hundred Years War between Britain and France, and he was fighting with Louis XIV for the hegemony of the European continent.George II was the last king of the United Kingdom to drive himself. He spent much more time on the European continent than in London, and spent more time on the battlefield than in the court, so the British also The king was not seen.Their third generation, George III, suffered from epilepsy and neurosis. When receiving ministers, he would foam, tremble and bite his fingers.These three Georges reigned for a long time, until 1820, more than 100 years. Over time, it has become a political practice for the King not to attend cabinet meetings.This marked the gradual formation of the British responsible cabinet system, and Walpole actually became the first British cabinet prime minister. The cabinet is nominally responsible to the king, but actually to the parliament.In the early days of the cabinet system, the king could still choose the prime minister and cabinet members according to his own wishes, but with the gradual expansion of voting rights and the development of the two-party system, parliamentary elections became a competition between the two major political parties.A political party gains a ruling position when it becomes the majority party, and the party leader is appointed prime minister by the king.The position of the prime minister is very important. He has the right to nominate cabinet members, that is, ministers of various ministries, decide important policies of the country, and hold the administrative power of the country.At the same time, he can control the legislative power through parliament.In this way, the Prime Minister actually holds the power of the country.Cabinet members must advance and retreat with the Prime Minister and take collective responsibility.If the parliament passes a vote of no confidence in the government, the cabinet will collapse, but the prime minister also has the right to dissolve the parliament and re-election. In order to obtain the majority of seats in the parliament, the British bourgeoisie launched a fierce competition, and the bourgeois parliamentary party system gradually formed and developed. The King of England gave up his duties and quit what he was supposed to do, so by the time of Queen Victoria, it was impossible for the Queen to restore the dual monarchy.Today's British king has only one power, which is the right of consent.The decree of the cabinet is brought, and you must sign and agree.You must also sign the legislation of Parliament to hang the king.You said why you sentenced me to hang me, I am definitely dissatisfied in my heart, but all my powers are only the right to consent, and I can only sign and agree, and I cannot disagree.Today's Her Majesty Elizabeth II receives the Prime Minister every Tuesday. The Prime Minister she is receiving now is younger than his son and was born after World War II.Every Tuesday, the prime minister took a bunch of documents and asked the queen to sign them, but the queen didn't even read them.Ask the prime minister if he has eaten?Sign one.What to eat, how many children, are they in middle school?Have you entered the experimental class yet?After asking and signing, she only has this power. Once, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales sent an e-mail to a friend, saying that Prime Minister Blair cared too much about immigrants, far more than he cared about farmers in his own country.I don't know how this matter was finally announced on the Internet.I don't know if it was told by a friend or was intercepted.There was an uproar in British public opinion. As the crown prince, you are not qualified to talk about politics. Who do you care about the prime minister? You can think about Diana or Camilla if you have nothing to do; you can care about whether the fox is red or white. You can only care about this.As soon as the matter came out, the prince was very embarrassed, and the head of the royal family came out to help the prince explain that Britain values ​​freedom of speech, and the prince also has freedom of speech.The British public immediately came up with a legal basis. You have freedom of speech, but you can say whatever you want, but you cannot talk about state affairs.There is no way, the prince can only come forward to apologize.In fact, he didn't say it publicly, he sent an e-mail to a friend, and we chatted in private.This doesn't work either, because your identity is there, you have to apologize.So today's British royal family does not bear any political responsibility, it exists as a symbol of the country, a bit like our ancient Chinese Confucius, as a symbol of the country, a symbol of political power, and a symbol of orthodoxy. exist.Therefore, Britain has gone through a long process. If it hadn’t been for the Germans to become kings in the UK, it might not have been so smooth, and the dual monarchy was gradually replaced by a parliamentary monarchy.