Chapter 3 3. Renaissance, fierce men emerge in large numbers

In order for capitalism to develop, in addition to money, the key is to remove obstacles ideologically, so there is a Renaissance! The Renaissance occurred in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. The Renaissance was earlier than the opening of new sea routes, which is equivalent to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties in my country.The Renaissance is a movement to promote bourgeois ideology and culture initiated by the emerging bourgeoisie in the name of revival of Greek and Roman classical culture. It originated in Italy.Pay attention to a few key words: the bourgeoisie in formation, launched in the name of revival of Greek and Roman classical culture.According to our Chinese language, this belongs to the transformation of the ancient system, just like the "Confucius Reform of the System" written by Kang Youwei.Kang Youwei wanted to reform the law and was under great pressure, what should he do?Write a book to tell readers that we are all disciples of Confucius, and the sage Confucius advocated it.At that time, European bourgeois culture was on the rise, and it was under great pressure.Because the bourgeoisie is being formed, it is under the banner of revival of Greek and Roman culture, but this is not the real revival of Greek and Roman culture, but the rise of bourgeois culture.This is the nature of the Renaissance.

The Renaissance first originated in Italy.One is that capitalism sprouted first in Italy, and the bourgeoisie was first formed.The second is that Italy retains more of the classical culture of Greece and Rome.The number of human cultural heritage in China ranks third or fourth in the world, followed by Italy.There are only two urban human cultural heritages in China, Lijiang in Yunnan, Pingyao in Shanxi, and four in the United States, because the style and features of the 17th and 18th centuries are well preserved.You can say that the Great Wall is, the Forbidden City is, and the Summer Palace is, but can you say that Beijing is?That big glass egg is a cultural heritage of mankind?Are iron pants a cultural heritage of mankind?Beijing no longer looks like an ancient capital.But in those ancient cities in Italy, like Florence, everything is up to date?Exactly the same as in Finch's day.Rome is even more terrible. People say anything casually, which is almost equivalent to China's Han Dynasty or even the Warring States Period.For example, the Temple of Fire is about 2,000 years old; the Pantheon was built during the time of Octavian, which is equivalent to the Han Dynasty in China; Cleopatra came through this gate, and Caesar was assassinated here, exactly the same as back then.Of course, their buildings may be made of big stones, which are not easy to destroy, unlike our bricks, wood and mud tiles.Another reason is that there is less human damage.So it is said that it is equivalent to the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, and it is truly displayed in front of you.

I went to visit a stock exchange, which was full of computers, which made people dizzy, and the buildings outside were from the Caesar era.In the ancient buildings of the Caesar era, there is a layer of large glass and reinforced concrete.Just a few steps away from the street is an ancient statue, and it may be one or two thousand years old, so ancient civilizations are well preserved and passed down in Italy.Even in China, experts from the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage are invited to overhaul the Forbidden City.It is estimated that it will be repaired until 2020. It is said that after the completion of the repair, the Forbidden City will reproduce the scene of the prosperous age of Kangxi and Qianlong. I can't afford to go.

The third reason why the Renaissance originated in Italy is that after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, scholars from the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) fled to Italy, bringing with them a large number of cultural classics in Latin and Greek.In this way, Italy has a very deep cultural heritage.Switzerland has the best natural scenery in Europe, and the Nordic countries are also good. Italy is the best place in humanities.Every ancient city really makes people linger and forget to return. It has well preserved the style of the Middle Ages and is particularly beautiful. When Chinese people go to Europe, the country they feel most familiar with is Italy.There are cigarette butts all over the floor, small advertisements all over the street, and random parking everywhere.Italians are called European Chinese by Europeans.The police will not fine you if your car is impounded. Wait a day to see if you have anything to do with it. If you have something to do with the car, you will not be fined.At any rate, China issues the fines first, and then finds someone to shovel them.

Humanism is the core idea of ​​the Renaissance.Humanism attaches great importance to the value of human beings, upholds human nature, and requires liberating people from religious shackles. It is the ideological weapon of the bourgeoisie against feudalism and the theological worldview of the Middle Ages.In other words, the core of the Renaissance is to use human rights to oppose theocracy. The biggest difference between Europe and China is that in ancient China, imperial power was supreme.Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva should avoid Li Shimin's taboo and change his name to Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva.You say I am a Bodhisattva, but what is a Bodhisattva?Smash you, are you still?The emperor's name is Li Shimin, but you can't be called Guanshiyin, you have to avoid it!This is the supremacy of imperial power.In Europe, the religious power is supreme, and the Pope of Rome is the largest. Because everyone in Europe is a Christian, the Pope of this religion has become the supreme leader.For example, for example, I am a Ph.D., and my student is a bureau chief. If you say that we meet each other, which identity is the most important to me?You are the chief, I have to kneel and kowtow to you?Then I'm still your teacher, who do you think is better between us?Europe doesn't look at this. He is the leader of the religion, and we are followers of the religion, so you have to kneel down.Why do European countries discriminate against Jews, and it reached its peak during World War II?It is because the Jews do not believe in Christianity.They don't recognize Jesus, they only recognize God Jehovah, because they have their own traditional beliefs, Judaism is 7 centuries earlier than Christianity.But if you don't believe in Christianity, you can't get along in Europe, at least you can't be an official, you can't serve as a soldier, and you can't engage in administrative work, so Jews can only do business.This group of people is really smart, and they all made a fortune in business, and the Europeans are even more angry. Is there any reason for the pagans to get rich?Europeans are very upset, so the richer you get, the more you are discriminated against, the more you are persecuted, and the more you are killed.Jews are persecuted because their religious beliefs are different from those of Europeans. From the Chinese point of view, it is completely incomprehensible.

The religious power in Europe is supreme, and the Pope has to deify himself to maintain his authority. At that time, more than 95% of the people in Europe were illiterate, and only priests mastered culture. They misinterpreted the Bible and controlled the people ideologically.Every European farmer has to pay a tithe to the church, so the church is the richest in Europe, directly controlling one-third of the richest land in Europe.In addition, the secular countries in Europe are divided, but the religious power is highly unified. Religion and theology have seriously hindered the development of capitalism, which is why the Renaissance used human rights to oppose theocracy.Capitalism cannot develop without opposition to theocracy.Europe is not without gold, but all the gold is used to build churches.If we pin our hopes on the afterlife and heaven, then there will be no enjoyment in the world, and capitalism will not be able to develop.It is said that the West is a paradise, but once you go, you can’t come back. Usually it’s a one-way ticket.Western bliss, or this bliss, it's hard to say.Therefore, if the bourgeoisie wants to promote human rights, can they directly promote human rights and oppose theocracy?The answer is NO!To what extent is the supremacy of religious power in Europe?

Today's pope is Benedict XVI, the previous one was Paul II, and the previous one was John XXIII.There are twenty-three popes named John in history. Except for the first and twenty-third popes, none of the other Johns was a good person.The worst of them was John VI, with more than twenty illegitimate children alone.The Pope is a clergyman, so he should be celibate and abstinent, but he has more than 20 illegitimate children, and he named his illegitimate children as cardinals, and even appointed his illegitimate son as the next pope. Nephews are actually his kind.These popes, wearing a religious cloak, are extravagant and licentious, doing bad things.

The Bible teaches that people are born sinful, because the first ancestors of mankind, Adam and Eve, sinned and were expelled from the Garden of Eden by God.Of course, if a person always has a guilty heart, then this person must be a good person.If you always think that I am guilty and I am sorry for the society, then you must be a good person.If you always feel that the society owes me that I should steal manhole covers and smash trash cans, then you will be in trouble. But the Pope said that through confession and practice to atone for sins, it does not solve the problem.The Pope sells tickets—indulgences, and you buy this ticket, and your sins are redeemed.When the gold coins "clink" in the cash box, a sinful soul is forgiven by the Lord.So what has become of this master?Wouldn't that be a business in the sea?Paradise has become a private club for real estate developers and coal bosses.In fact, if you can understand the "Bible", you will know that the "Bible" says that it is harder for a rich man to enter heaven than for a camel to go through the eye of a needle.But the "Bible" is written in Latin, and Latin is the language of the Roman Empire, and the Roman Empire has perished. No one understands Latin, only priests understand it.The pope just misinterpreted the meaning of the Bible and talked nonsense.Indulgences were sold most fiercely in Germany, that is, the Holy Roman Empire, which the Pope affectionately called "my cow."He sold tickets there, and Henry IV, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, was very unhappy. All the property in Germany went to the Holy See in a steady stream. He was not happy, how could he do such a thing!But what is the role of the Pope? When he sees a sign, he announces to the outside world that he will enforce the law of breaking the door against Henry IV. He will not recognize you as a Christian and will expel you from the church.In this way, it will be bad food, and all the German princes will rise up against their emperor-absolutely not allow a heretic to be our emperor.Henry IV had no choice but to go to Rome to confess to the Pope and ask for the Pope's forgiveness.The Pope was not in Rome yet, in the Alps villa, Henry IV hurried to the place where the Pope lived, who would have thought that the Pope would never see him.

Henry IV took off his cloak, hat, and boots in the blizzard, and stood barefoot for a day and a night.The next day the Pope got up for a walk after eating. He stood on the castle gate and looked down. There was a snowman with moving eyes. It turned out to be Henry.The Pope was moved. The Pope was born as a commoner, but Henry has been an aristocrat for generations. The nobles came to confess to me, a commoner. The Pope was moved, opened the gate of the castle, and walked towards Henry.Henry knelt down excitedly, his body was covered in snow, his body was covered with a layer of ice, and then he went to kiss the cross on the pope's boot toe.The Pope patted his head, I forgive you my child, you can continue to be the emperor.

This is the fate of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who offended the Pope. One can imagine what would happen if ordinary people violated the laws of Catholicism.The Holy See has a special religious tribunal—the Heresy Inquisition. If it is judged to be heresy, it will be burned alive on the stake. Joan of Arc was burned to death as a heresy.The Catholic Church is too powerful to directly oppose it.So the bourgeoisie opposed Catholicism under the banner of revival of Greco-Roman civilization. We preach humanism, but humanism is not what we say, it is the product of our ancestors-Greek and Roman times.

Western culture has three major artistic achievements: architecture, painting, and sculpture. In the Greco-Roman era, there were only mosaic paintings on the walls, but no oil paintings on paper.The achievements that remain today are mainly architecture and sculpture.The sculpture art that has been handed down from Greece and Rome to the present, firstly carves people, especially naked people.Because they believe that the human body is the most beautiful thing, created by God in his own image, and the artist's instinct is to faithfully record this beauty.The body proportions of ancient Western sculptures are stronger than those of ancient Chinese sculptures, which is simply a world of difference.China's terracotta warriors and horses, that is, tens of thousands of them put together, are densely packed and black, which is really spectacular; if you look at them individually, they basically look the same in length.Most Chinese sculptures are out of proportion and even ugly.What really made Chinese sculpture art develop was the introduction of Buddhist statues to China, and Buddha statues were Indian sculptures, which developed by drawing on Greek techniques.The sculptures of Greece and Rome are equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China. They have been able to carve the folds of human skin with marble, which is very remarkable. When Westerners sculpt the human body, men must emphasize the strength of muscles, and women must emphasize the beauty of curves.Chinese paintings of beauties are different. People are all in the "S" shape. If they really look like this, they dare not go out with the third-grade style.In fact, the beauty of Lin Daiyu is a sick beauty, while the West emphasizes a healthy beauty.Western statues also have themes of gods, but the gods are all created in the image of humans.No one in China looks like Sakyamuni, but Athena in the West is carved out of the image of a person.And whether it is Greece or Rome, gods have the same problems as humans.In China, only saints and perfect people can be placed in the temple. Confucius, Mencius, Yue Fei, Guan Yu, Qi Jiguang, Wen Tianxiang... this type of people.Merit is put aside first, character is definitely not selected, civil servants do not love money, military generals are not afraid of death.Don't keep concubines, don't save wealth, and serve the country loyally. Only such people can be enshrined in the temple.You see, the gods of Greece and Rome, Zeus in Greece, and Jupiter in Rome are actually one person, equivalent to our Jade Emperor. As soon as this father sees a beautiful woman in the world, he descends to the earth and brings the beautiful woman to the world. In the sky, the illegitimate child is the God of Dionysus, the God of Saturn, all the gods in the sky are born of him.There is also Hera, who is equivalent to our queen mother, who always cheats on her.In China, can this kind of person go to the temple?too terrifying. Why do Europeans shape people like this?It obviously embodies the idea of ​​humanism, and it is actually a kind of psychological comfort, which means that even God can do this, why can’t I? During the Renaissance, Europe used the culture of Greece and Rome as a banner to promote humanism, with the purpose of promoting the development of capitalism.I hope everyone pursues the pleasures of this world, because the pursuit of pleasures in this world costs money, and if you spend money, I will have a market, and with a market, capitalism can develop.If you don't buy roses, don't buy chocolates, and build churches, how can I develop?This is why Europe used the banner of Greco-Romanism to promote humanism during the Renaissance. Early representatives of the Renaissance included Dante, Giotto, Petrarch, and Boccaccio.Dante's masterpiece is "Divine Comedy", which has plots involving heaven and hell.Who should decide who goes to heaven and who goes to hell?It's not God, you can't see God, and you can't come back after seeing God, but the Pope, God's governor on earth.The first Pope, St. Peter, was the head of the twelve disciples of Jesus. Today, he is the 226th pope. Heaven and hell should be decided by the church.Although "Divine Comedy" is a religious theme, it has broken through the restrictions of the church.According to the teachings of Christianity, the Archangel St. Michael, a very handsome young man, who welcomes you to heaven, is wearing armor and has a pair of wings. Some books translate it as Gabriel.Many churches in Europe are called St. Michael's Church.But in "Divine Comedy", Dante asks his first love in his youth to guide you to heaven, maybe unrequited love, no lover in love.There is also a guide, the ancient Roman poet Virgil who he admires the most.One is his lover, the other is his idol, he arranged for these two people to guide you to heaven.Giotto is the father of European painting.Petrarch, the father of humanism in Europe, was the first to propose anthropology against theology.Boccaccio's book is dedicated to exposing the lewdness and evil of the church. The original work is a bit similar, and it is not suitable for children, but what you read must be suitable, because it is translated. Who are the three masters of Italian Renaissance art?Finch, Michelangelo, Raphael, forever in the annals of history.Da?Fincher's representative works are "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa". "The Last Supper" is a religious theme, and Jesus bid farewell to the twelve disciples, but both Jesus and the twelve disciples have character prototypes, and they are not just imagined.Da?It was easy for Finch to draw others, but it was difficult when he drew Judas. Judas betrayed his mentor for 30 silver coins, but Jesus knew it and said that one of you betrayed me. Judas clutched the money bag , very frightened.The painting can't be finished for a long time, Da?Finch was very depressed. He was walking in the city and thinking on the bridge—the bridge was not wide in the first place, and there were gold shops on both sides, selling gold jewelry, and it is still the same today.A carriage rushed over, and the horse pulling the cart was startled, and ran wildly pulling the cart.At that time, a small businessman had just finished paying the bill and was almost trampled to death. After the carriage rushed past, he held the money bag, and his frightened expression was deeply imprinted on Da?In Finch's mind - buddy, you are Judas!No one knows the name of this businessman, but it later became the prototype of Judas. As for the "Mona Lisa", it is a thoroughly secular theme.It is said that she is Da?The youngest daughter-in-law of Finch's father's friend, married by Xu Xian, is only in her twenties, showing a very strange smile.Now European medical research says that she is so happy because she has lost all her teeth. With her mouth pursed, she is a toothless old lady.Some people joked that the three treasures of the Louvre Museum are three disabled people: Venus with a broken arm, the headless goddess of victory, and the toothless Mona Lisa.Now when you go to the Louvre, you will find that two of them are placed there directly for everyone to watch, without railings, especially Venus with a broken arm.Chinese people like to use copied ones and put them there for people to see, but foreigners think this is too fake.All the exhibits in the Louvre are real, except for the jewelry of the Queen of France, because I couldn't find it, I made a fake one.The staff in the museum will tell you directly that this is a fake.All other exhibits can be touched at zero distance, not even a rope.I couldn't help touching it, it was so fun.Only the "Mona Lisa", when I went to France for the first time, was exhibited in a small room, and everyone could not stay in front of "her" for more than 30 seconds. If everyone watched it endlessly, Exhaled breath can destroy the Mona Lisa.When I went there for the second time, "she" was placed in the hall, but it was also a special area surrounded by an entrance and security guards with guns on both sides.The only exhibit in the Louvre is the "Mona Lisa", and there are people with guns watching there, and no one cares about anything else.It is said that it was stolen three times and all were recovered. Michelangelo's representative work is "David", a nude young man holding a catapult.David is the great ancestor of Israel, Emperor Gao, the founder of the country, and he was carved like that. If we were in the Qing Dynasty, you made Nurhachi like this, and you would have to kill everyone.If you want to see the original copy, you have to make an appointment half a year in advance, so generally Chinese people can't see the original copy when they go to Europe, and they can't get a visa. Japanese people see it more.But all over Florence there are replicas of David, from a few feet high to several storeys high, and they are beautiful.The pope's private chapel, the entire dome is Michelangelo's "Doomsday Judgment".When the Pope is in the Vatican, this small chapel is not open, and it is only open when the Pope is away. I went there twice, and the Pope was there, so I didn't see it.According to people who have seen it, it is very interesting. When Michelangelo painted, he lay on the scaffold and painted for 11 years.He didn't allow anyone in, including the Pope himself, until the painting was finished.No one was allowed in except those who brought me food.He painted like this for 11 years. After finishing, he threw away the brush and said everyone, come in. The Pope came in excitedly to visit.As soon as I came in, I was stupid. When I saw the zenith painting, everyone was naked.The Pope said that he was watching this thing all day long, so he discussed with Michelangelo, can you draw my clothes for me?Michelangelo said no, and left.As soon as the Pope was thinking about how to fix this thing, he asked a painter to mend the clothes.If you see this painting with your own eyes, you will clearly see that where there are clothes, the coloring is not very good, stiff, and it looks like a painter's brushwork, and the exposed skin looks like a painting by a master.Now some people advocate using high technology to wash down the clothes and expose the original works of the master. Some people say that it is unnecessary. This thing just protects the paintings of the master from sticking to dust and other messes. Therefore, there are still clothes. This painting It has been 500 years. Raphael's representative work is the oil painting "Sistine Madonna".This Madonna is different from the Madonnas painted in the Middle Ages.The Madonna of the Middle Ages has five thousand years of vicissitudes engraved on her face, and this Madonna is as beautiful as she can be.In medieval paintings, Jesus in the arms of the Virgin has a beard. Although it is a baby, it has a 32-year-old adult face, because Jesus was already 32 years old when he was crucified.In Raphael's works, the Jesus embraced by the Virgin is a cute baby with bare buttocks, just like an advertisement for Johnson & Johnson's diapers.Draw it like this, return to human nature.Can you imagine painting Confucius like this?There is a bare butt Confucius hanging in the Confucian Temple, and a photo album of Confucius when he was one year old.Whether Confucius had this time, he must have.But as long as the Confucius that hangs out must be Eguanbo with a sword on his chest, the most holy teacher Confucius, it is impossible to hang up a one-year-old.It's the same reason that Emperor Taizu couldn't be naked.If you look at this one again, it shines with the brilliance of humanism. These three masters of fine arts are also very accomplished in architecture. Many buildings in Florence today are their original works at that time.Florence is arguably the most beautiful city in the world, everything is exactly the same as it was 500 years ago.The tallest building so far is the Basilica of Our Lady of Hundred Flowers, a landmark building that can be seen from a distance.Cars are not allowed in the entire city. If you want to go in and visit, you can only carry a backpack. It is estimated that it is only one-tenth the size of Haidian District in Beijing.European cities are very small, so you just carry around. Every building is very good, and you don’t have to be afraid of getting lost. You will definitely feel dizzy after entering. The alleys are very deep. They are all the works of these masters back then, which is very remarkable. The Renaissance started in Italy, followed by Western European countries.The most famous one is Shakespeare in England. He created a large number of popular works such as "Hamlet" and created many characters with great personality. With the help of the characters in his works, he passionately eulogized the greatness and nobility of human beings, calling them human beings. "The essence of the universe, the primate of all things", is full of personality and fully reflects the thought of humanism.There is also Rabelais in France, whose masterpiece is; Erasmus in Holland, whose masterpiece is "Ode to Fools"; and Spain's Cervantes' "Don Quixote". "Don Quixote" is like our Chinese.The most important governing system in ancient China was the civil service system. How should civil servants be employed?Therefore, it damages the imperial examination system and shakes the ruling foundation of Chinese society.Western Europe has a chivalry system, and "Don Quixote" damages knights. During the Renaissance, the beginning of modern natural science in Europe started with the revolution in the field of astronomy.Ptolemy in ancient Greece proposed the theory of the center of the earth, believing that the earth is the center of the universe. After the formation of Christianity, the church supported this view.Copernicus in Poland founded the heliocentric theory, believing that the sun is the center of the universe.It’s ridiculous to look at Copernicus now, but it always makes the progress of human beings’ understanding of the universe one step further.But Copernicus was timid. He was afraid of being persecuted by the church, so he published his research results when he was dying. Kepler of Germany discovered the law that planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.Kepler said that what Copernicus said was right, the sun is the center of the universe, the sun is a star, the earth is a planet, and the planet revolves around the sun, and he also calculated its orbit.Anyone who has studied physics knows that there is Kepler's three laws, which are named after him. Galileo of Italy made a self-made telescope to observe celestial bodies.Do you see what was produced by ancient Chinese astronomy research?Armillary spheres, traveling spheres, and studying celestial phenomena, I don't know what these things have to do with celestial phenomena. Europeans observe celestial bodies directly.Two other famous scientists are Bruno in Italy and Bacon in England.Bruno was burned alive by the church in the Campo de' Fiori in Rome. Until the end of the 1990s, the recently deceased Pope John?Paul II only rehabilitated Bruno, sorry, I made a mistake, you are not a heretic, you are a saint, but people have been dead for more than 350 years. The most important role of the Renaissance was to shake the theological domination of the church and directly lead to the religious reformation in Europe. Christianity was born in Asia Minor in Palestine in the middle of the 1st century AD. The founder is Jesus, who means the savior.When Christianity was just born, it was persecuted by the Roman Empire, because the Roman Empire worshiped polytheism, and Christians were always crucified as martyrs.It was not until AD 313, when the Roman emperor promulgated the Edict of Milan, that Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire, that it began to spread widely in Europe.In 395 A.D., the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern Rome and Western Rome. The capital of Western Rome was still in Rome, and Eastern Rome was in Constantinople, which is Byzantium. In today’s Istanbul, Turkey, the church also split into the Western Church and the Eastern Church.In 1054 AD, the eastern and western churches were officially separated.The west is called Roman Catholicism, and China translated it into Catholicism, which was translated by Xu Guangqi. The "Bible" is written in Latin, and prayers are in Latin.The East is called the Greek Orthodox Church, and China is called the Orthodox Church, and prayers are in Greek.The Pope is the head of the Catholic Church and the head of the Orthodox Church is the Archbishop of Constantinople. When Constantinople was captured by the Turks in 1453, Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque.The center of the Orthodox Church is in Russia, and today the leader of the Orthodox Church in the world is Alexei II, Patriarch of Moscow.Different believers have different ways of praying. If a believer uses two fingers or five fingers to make a cross like this when praying, it can basically be concluded that he is a Catholic. Christians; if you use three fingers to draw a cross up, down, right, and left, you are an Orthodox Christian, emphasizing the Trinity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Reformation mainly refers to the Catholic Church. After the Reformation, the Old Church and the Protestant Church were formed. The Old Church is still called Catholicism, and the Protestant Church is called Christianity for short.Christianity has a broad sense and a narrow sense.The broad sense of Christianity includes all, and the narrow sense of Christianity refers to Protestantism.Today in Beijing, if you see a Christian church on the church, it is a Protestant church, such as the churches in Gangwashi, Zhushikou, and Chongwenmen. If it is an old church, it will say Catholic Church, Beijing Catholic Church The largest ones are East Hall, South Hall and North Hall. Protestantism is divided into three sects.The first faction is called Lutheranism, which was founded by the German priest Martin?Founded by Luther.In the 1960s, the famous American human rights activist Martin?Luther?Jin is using Martin?Luther named himself after Martin?Luther?Kim is also a pastor. In 1517, Pope Leo X sent people to Germany to sell indulgences in the name of raising funds to repair the church.Martin?Luther (1483-1546), he posted the famous "Ninety-Five Theses" at the door of the local church, listing all kinds of absurdities in selling indulgences, pointing out that only God has the right to forgive sins, and people rely on their innermost feelings. Pious repentance can be forgiven by God.This conflicted with the claim of the Roman Catholic Church, and the prelude to the Reformation began. Martin?The theoretical basis of Luther's religious reformation is "justification by faith". He declared that only with a pious heart can one communicate directly with God, get rid of evil and do good, and obtain God's salvation. Not for this purpose.Therefore, he advocated that all believers should be priests, reduce churches and monasteries, simplify religious ceremonies, and allow clergy to marry and have children.He pointed out that the only basis for faith is the Bible, and he advocated that every Christian has the right to directly read and interpret the Bible, instead of blindly following the preaching of the Pope and the Church.In order to make it easier for Germans to read the Bible, he translated it into German, which was not only conducive to the religious reform, but also promoted the development of the German national language. The second sect is called Calvinism.Calvin was born in France for promoting Martin?Luther's proposition was accused by the French Catholic Church and he was forced to go into exile in Switzerland, and published "Christian Principles" in 1536. After 1541, he settled in Geneva for a long time and led the religious reform movement there. Calvin, like Luther, insisted on the supreme authority of the Bible, opposed blindly following the Catholic Church, and advocated the simplification of religious ceremonies and salvation by faith.He was more radical than Luther, explaining salvation by faith as a "predetermined conclusion".He believes that the success or failure of a person in this world is a sign of salvation, a sign of "chosen people" and "abandoned people".The chosen people get the wisdom, enjoyment and rights bestowed by God, and they are destined to get rich, while the abandoned people are bound to be poor and miserable.He demonstrated the necessity and rationality of secular activities and personal struggles from the theological point of view, promoted the development of capitalism, and provided theoretical weapons for the bourgeois revolution. Calvin also established strict moral standards, forbidding singing, dancing, gambling, and quarreling, and requiring people to live a frugal life.He also established a theocracy in Geneva.He not only strictly controlled the life of citizens, but also suppressed sects and individuals of other beliefs. The Spanish humanist scientist Servetus was burned at the stake because he disagreed with Calvin's views. Calvinism, founded by Calvin, soon spread to many parts of Europe, and Geneva became the center of religious reformation, known as Protestant Rome. Calvinism was even more radical than Lutheranism and abolished the episcopal system.Europe is politically divided, but the religious power is highly unified.Below the pope are cardinals, who are cardinals, and below that are bishops. Every church has priests and pastors, down to the bottom monks, and centralizes power.Lutherans also have bishops. Calvinism has completely abolished the bishop system, and there is no affiliation between churches of different Calvinisms. Each church elects 10 elders and manages them together, just like a gang of beggars.This is of great significance. The form of co-management by electors should belong to a republic in terms of political system.Now that the Kingdom of God has achieved a republic, does the world still need to obey the king, emperor and bishop?Sun Wukong, a monkey can rebel against the Jade Emperor, but can't a man rebel against the emperor?Everyone is at the same level, that’s what it means. The other one is the Anglican Church, which is also called the Anglican Church. It is the most conservative and conservative faction among the Protestant sects that retains the most Catholic traditions.At that time, King Henry VIII of the Tudor Dynasty in England wanted to divorce his queen. His queen was once his sister-in-law, who was passed on to him by his brother. The country has been passed on to you, so sister-in-law, you should inherit it too.This woman is Princess Catherine of Spain. Because Spain was too powerful at that time, Britain was eager to marry Spain.The princess was married to his brother by his father, but as soon as he arrived in England, his brother died, so his father said that your brother died, and the daughter-in-law passed it to you.When Henry VII died, the throne passed to Henry VIII, and his sister-in-law passed to him. He was very unhappy. Why, who did I provoke, and an extra daughter-in-law out of thin air?He took a fancy to Princess Catherine's attendant - Anne?Countess Pauline thought about divorcing Princess Catherine every day.But he wants to talk to Anne?Countess Pauline must get the approval of the Pope to get married. Catholics are monogamous, and divorce must be approved by the Holy See. The Holy See did not dare to offend the powerful Spain and did not approve it.When the king gets angry, he doesn't approve it, right?Then even you and I will not recognize it, I am the Pope of England myself. In 1534, the British Parliament passed the "Supreme Act", which stipulated that the king was the supreme head of the Church of England, and the Pope had no right to interfere in the affairs of the Church of England.At the same time, the bill also announced the preservation of the Catholic episcopal system, basic teachings and ceremonies.Later, Henry VIII ordered the closure of the monastery and the confiscation of the monastery's land and other properties, which seriously weakened the church's strength and further strengthened the royal power.The reformed British Christianity is called the Anglican Church, and the British National Church is called the National Church. It must obey the king's will and national laws and become a tool of British autocratic rule.The things of Catholicism remain the same, but the pope has changed. He used to be loyal to the Holy See, but now he is loyal to the King of England.In this way, the king confiscated all the property of the Catholic Church in England, and then he could marry a young wife, killing two birds with one stone.In this way, it will be much more convenient for him to divorce in the future. He can divorce as he wants. Henry VIII has divorced five times in his life. Anyway, he announced it himself and I approved it, so he divorced.The Anglican Church retains the most Catholic traditions. If you go to Hong Kong, the churches are basically called the Anglican Church ×× Church, which means that they are all influenced by the Anglican Church. In this way, we can see that the religious reform movement dealt a heavy blow to the Catholic Church, new churches were established in various parts of Europe that no longer obeyed Rome, the power of feudal rulers in various European countries was strengthened, and the awakening and development of European national consciousness was promoted.民族国家的发展，它也解放了人们的思想，进一步传播和发展了人文主义，促进了欧洲资本主义的发展，推动了社会变革和历史进步。 罗马教宗的势力就更弱小了，现在也不翻译成教皇了，改叫教宗，因为教皇太有专制色彩了。现在，教宗没有一点世俗的权力，实现了政教分离。罗马教廷仍然是世界上最有势力和影响的组织，是欧洲唯一承认“中华民国”的国家，虽然只有0.44平方公里，相当于故宫的三分之二那么大，但是100多个国家跟它建交，而且它最有钱，当然它的钱主要来自世界各国信徒的捐赠。我在意大利听过一则笑话：上一任教皇保罗二世要修缮圣彼得大教堂，没钱，就在网上发帖子，问谁愿意捐钱，咱们可以谈条件。不久来了一个美国阔佬，教宗就跟美国阔佬在花园里谈，枢机主教远远地在后面跟着，不敢跟太近，怕影响教皇。听美国人说2000万美元，教皇不干，5000万不行，1个亿不行，2个亿不行，5个亿不行，10个亿不行，美国阔佬失望地走了。枢机主教冲上去问教皇，到底提了什么条件，给10亿美元你都不答应？教皇说他提的条件没法答应。大家知道基督徒礼拜最后一句是阿门，那美国阔佬跟教皇说，以后你们就别喊阿门了，喊可口可乐——“愿他的灵魂在天国得到永生吧，可口可乐！”整个拿教宗当卖广告的了！