Chapter 8 London Constitutional Government 1215 AD

The curtain of the Middle Ages is drawn. From the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD, Europe underwent the greatest upheaval.The rise and fall of the Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity, the rise of barbarians, Europe entered the Middle Ages from the ancient world.During the ups and downs and turbulent turns, there is no time to comment too much. When the boat of history finally slips into the temporary shallows, we can finally tell more stories and make more comparisons. This stop is London - a city with degrees. A big part of our impression of Britain is the British Empire.That was Victorian England.In class, when we talk about the Industrial Revolution and the modern nation starting from England, we usually talk about those two centuries—the 18th and 19th centuries.It was the century that widened the gap between China and the West, and thus it was also the century that attracted the most attention.We learn in detail how modernization suddenly broke out, what new changes, new technologies and new ideas occurred from the Renaissance to the pre-industrial period, and what are the differences between nation-states and medieval countries.We focus on the breaks of the times and study new things, but we don't seem to study the things that continue and grow.China has not been able to spontaneously become a modernized and modern country, so it is urgent to understand what the process of transformation is and how it happens.

Yet nothing new is born in entirely new soil, and no transformation is merely a transformation.All branches and leaves have distant roots.When two trees have different flowers, different fruits, and different heights, usually the answer cannot be obtained from the investigation of sunlight and water.If they were different trees, the history and root systems would already be different. The roots of the modern state were laid in the 12th century. The problem of modernization is actually this problem: Ancient China did not automatically develop into a "capitalist-democratic constitutional" country in the modern model, so what is missing?Admittedly, such a modern state is not necessarily the only way, but in the course of history, it is one of the most important products of history.Like capitalism, the constitutional state did not grow spontaneously in China.

Where are we different from Europe? Is it in the capitalist mode of production?not quite.Since the Song Dynasty, factories with sufficient capital and many workers have been in operation.The silk weaving factories in the south of the Yangtze River employed thousands of workers, and the mines reached ten thousand people. The capital in the hands of the factory owners flowed with profits.Is it the lack of a market economy?Nor is it.Markets in ancient China have existed since the Qin and Han Dynasties. During the Warring States period, there were extensive trade, rich merchants, and market-determined price mechanisms. The reason for this is that "Guanzi" has proposed a method for the state to regulate prices and currencies. "Historical Records" "expounds the characteristics of the market in which goods are in their proper place, and employment wages after the Tang and Song Dynasties were also determined by the market.Generally speaking, ancient times had a relatively free economic environment.

Is it because of the lack of a decent revolution?Makes sense, but not enough.China's uprisings are not rare, it's just that after the uprisings are successful, they all return to the old road of the previous dynasty. It's not that the leaders of the uprisings don't have a revolutionary spirit, but they still haven't broken through the existing ideas.There are not a few reformers in Chinese history. The extreme reforms of Wang Mang and the bold reforms of Wang Anshi did not have "substantial changes" in the end.So is it the difference between Protestant ethics and Confucianism?Maybe it's related, but certainly not sure.Not all Christian countries can develop modern constitutional states, and even the Protestant Reformation areas still live according to traditional models.

Where did the modern constitutional state come from? On a world scale, emperors or kings themselves may not be the key.There are still many countries in the world that retain their kings, but they still enter the scope of constitutional countries.The establishment of the legal system and administrative system may not be the key. Ancient China has systematically written laws and stable public administration. The laws have been promulgated since the Warring States Period, but they cannot be classified as a constitutional country.The disintegration of class is probably not the key point either. The Chinese aristocracy had already disintegrated during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the government of later generations was open to the common people, not class politics. However, China is still not a democratic constitutional country.Chinese civilians participate not as masters of the state, but as hired workers.

After comparing all these differences, one factor slowly emerged.Perhaps only it is the key to the difference - Parliament.The parliament is the representative of the people, the group that confronts the king.Only when there was a parliament and a confrontation between the parliament and the king, did the subsequent issues of power boundaries, ownership of sovereignty, separation of legislation and judiciary, and status of public opinion arise.And all these lead to the constitution and modern politics. The parliament is a product of Britain, and the Chinese way is the imperial court.The parliament competes with the king, and the court cooperates with the king.

Parliaments were born much earlier than we thought.Contrary to superficial understanding, it is not the industrial revolution and modernization that brought about such a national form, but on the contrary, it is this existing national form that promotes the industrial revolution and modernization. The Houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom are in Westminster, an area that includes the cathedral, chapel, tower and Palace of Westminster.The famous Big Ben is its clock tower.The Palace of Westminster was built in the 11th century. It was originally the seat of the royal family, but it was destroyed by a fire in 1512 and became the seat of Parliament after reconstruction.Parliament has held meetings here since the 13th century, and the Royal Court is also set up here.

Westminster is a majestic building. It has experienced several disasters, fires and bombings in World War II, repairs and reconstructions, and it is always more magnificent and majestic.The current Palace of Westminster is a neo-Gothic building rebuilt by Charles Barry after a more violent fire in 1834. A striking landscape.Whenever the sun shines for a moment from the perennial rain, its golden walls shine brightly under the blue sky. The dense wall columns are sharp and neatly arranged, writing the power of rigor, order and integrity. The Palace of Westminster is still the place where Parliament works, with the Houses of Lords and Houses of Commons each having its own space.Every summer is when the Palace of Westminster is open.This is a great opportunity to learn about the work of Parliament.Huge and complex buildings, more than a hundred rooms, up and down stairs, a place for debate between the upper house and the lower house.Walking with the narrator, you can not only appreciate the architectural style, but more importantly, you can understand the various processes of the work of the Congress.The space of the House of Lords is continued by the Royal Hall, in which hangs oil paintings about British history created by artists.The lecture hall for the debate in the House of Commons is smaller than expected, simple and narrow, and the seats of the members are surrounded by a circle, and everyone's speech can be clearly transmitted to other corners of the hall.The commentator will tell anecdotes that have been passed down for hundreds of years, demonstrate how the parliament uses the kiosk outside the debate hall to vote, and tell you why the parliament has the etiquette of people knocking on the door.And after all this visiting, they can say with pride: Our Parliament has existed for 800 years.

When did the relationship between parliament and the king begin? The story begins in 1215. June 15, 1215 was a stormy day.King John encountered a difficult dilemma in his own palace.He was held hostage by nobles from all corners of the country to force him to sign a Baronial Act.The bill stipulates that nobles can decide to veto the king's orders, and also have the power to deprive the king of the throne.King John was extremely reluctant to these harsh requirements, but he was forced to sign on a small island in the outskirts of London. Why was John coerced by nobles to sign such a harsh bill?

It goes back to John's older brother.John took the throne from his older brother in 1199.He has been in constant trouble since the beginning of his succession. In 1215, he faced several difficult problems: one was the succession problem, the other was the war problem, and the other was the financial problem, and these problems were all related to his elder brother, It is related to the famous "Lionheart King" Richard in history. Richard is one of Britain's most legendary battle heroes. He once launched the Third Crusade with King Philip II of France and devoted himself to it with fanatical passion.Some joked that Richard was willing to sell all of London to support the Crusaders.Richard was young and brave, and he fought with the King of France, trying to lead his troops to recapture Jerusalem occupied by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin, and defend the honor of the Christian world.Although the battle was unsuccessful, it won Christians the right to freely enter and exit Jerusalem.After the battle, Richard was captured on his way home and handed over to Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire. Britain had to pay a lot of money to redeem him.He did not stop after returning home, and immediately sent troops to attack France.

All of this has long-lasting effects.Richard's wars and ransoms increased the domestic tax burden, and in 1196 Londoners revolted against the tax.Richard's absence from the country for many years also led to the rise of the domestic aristocracy. 25 powerful aristocrats with a vast territory continue to expand their sphere of influence, just like the princes of the Spring and Autumn Period, they can compete with the emperor. These questions were all left to John.After Richard's death, he passed on to John, but John's succession was only recognized by some people, while others supported Arthur, the son of Richard's other brother.The war between England and France continued, and the French king openly supported Arthur as a reason to deny John his power.John used cruel methods to deal with Arthur, but he couldn't become fierce in foreign wars.He lost one battle after another.The French army captured most of the British royal family's territory in Normandy.John had to continue to increase the tax burden and deprive the property, which put more pressure on the already contradictory domestic situation and aroused the dissatisfaction of the nobles.After losing the struggle with the Pope, John reached a compromise with the Pope for political convenience.All this, all John's selfishness and appeasement, gave the nobles a reason to oppose him. By 1215 the problem became acute and insoluble.The nobles surrounded John and gave an ultimatum to his arbitrariness: he can no longer levy taxes arbitrarily, but must do it according to their prescribed authority, otherwise they have the right to depose him.John was reluctant, but had to agree. This act became known as the Magna Carta in the future.In such a chaotic period that only cared about interests, no one would have thought that it would have a major impact on the subsequent world politics. Thus, the idea of ​​a limited king was buried.Although King John broke the contract a week later and refused to recognize it, and even though subsequent kings adopted it again and again and broke the contract again and again, the idea of ​​the Magna Carta was like a seed planted in the memory of British culture.It is not easy to plant an idea, nor is it easy to uproot an idea that has been planted.The Magna Carta initially limited the royal power for the benefit of the aristocracy, and did not think of democracy or republic from the very beginning, but it played a restrictive role after all, and added a roof to the sacred king.Later, this roof evolved to limit the royal power for all subjects.In contrast, the princes of the Spring and Autumn Period did not reach this step. Instead of reaching a balance, they tore up the agreement and fought to the death, and finally moved towards a more absolute kingship. The Magna Carta was not upheld for a long time. It was always mentioned by the subjects again and again, and then abandoned by the monarch. It was not until modern times that it evolved into a constitutional monarchy and was fixed.Magna Carta was amended several times and is still part of the British Constitution today.The U.S. Constitution also originated here. The copy of the Magna Carta promulgated by the British king was brought to North America by the colonists. It provided an important reference when formulating the U.S. Constitution, and it has been preserved to this day, thereby affecting the world. The most important point is that the Magna Carta stipulates that the monarch is limited by the laws made by his subjects.The loyalty of the subjects is provided that the monarch does not cross the line.What an unusual historical stroke, which opened up a world.This spirit of agreement and restriction survived even when the aristocracy disintegrated and wealthy new gentlemen became new representatives of parliament.To fulfill their responsibilities, abide by the treaty, draw clear boundaries, and exercise restraint have gradually become the spiritual core of the British Parliament and even the entire country. Britain's history, like France's, is conquest after conquest, with the conqueror becoming the master. The most recent invasion was William's conquest of Normandy in AD 1066.Before that, ancient Britain was successively conquered by Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and Danes.Before William's arrival, England was ruled separately in the 11th century by the Danes and the Anglo-Saxons of the Wicksey dynasty. The last Anglo-Saxon king, Edward the Confessor, had no heirs. The British lords elected Harold II. However, the Norman Duke William in northern France claimed that Edward had promised him succession in private, so he led an army to attack England.The battle was raging in Hastings, legend has it that countless soldiers died, and William won a complete victory. As a result, William across the sea established his own dynasty, the Norman Dynasty.He made the lords of France and his cronies who fought with him as lords, and ruled England ever since.The first conquerors spoke only French, and the previous kings barely spoke English.But as the ruling time got longer and longer, the rulers became more and more British. In the Plantagenet Dynasty where John belonged, the original territory of the King of England in France was gradually taken away by the King of France, and Britain completely drew a line with France. . Most of the buildings from the Norman Conquest era no longer exist, and can only be glimpsed in the Tower of London.The Tower of London is located in the east of London, beside the River Thames. It is a building compound integrating palaces, fortresses, towers and prisons.One of the earliest white towers dates back to the time of William's conquest.The white pagoda is simple and thick, and the pagoda is divided into multiple layers with different functions, ranging from the horse circle at the bottom of the pagoda to the king's banquet hall on the top of the pagoda.This is what London looks like at its oldest. The Tower of London is open to the world today.It used to be the king's bedroom and a prison for important political prisoners, playing an important historical role.We can visit the king's bedroom in person, overlook the streets and alleys of London through the arrow holes on the city wall, or follow the tour guide who is dressed like an ancient patrol sergeant and listen to him tell you interesting stories about the king: Henry VIII deposed the queen, When she married Anne Boleyn, she wandered under this window. After Charles I was beheaded, his head was sewn with a portrait. Elizabeth was the only one who escaped the guillotine.The audience laughed humorously, the tour guide was satisfied, and the thousand-year struggle for the throne came alive in the chat and laughter, as if right in front of your eyes. It is significant that the King of England was an outsider.The Tower of London has assumed the task of resisting foreign enemies from the very beginning, so the walls are thick and full of vigilance, and the ancient king's bedroom is simple and small, far from being as gorgeous as the current Buckingham Palace.The walls were heavily armed, and the cracks in the stone revealed the uncertainty of foreign conquerors about the dangers of strange lands. The British nobles and lords have great power, which is one of the important reasons for the birth of the Magna Carta.Britain is a place where the feudal system is relatively sufficient, and the lords are an important force in history.In our era, the word feudalism has been used too much and its meaning is too broad, so that sometimes when feudalism is mentioned on different occasions, it has completely different meanings.In fact, feudalism in the narrow sense is very simple: enfeoffment of children and establishment of territories.The country or territory obtained by military exploits is given to descendants and heroes, and a direct jurisdiction is established, and the king and marquis are named. In this sense, only the Western Zhou Dynasty in China belonged to the feudal period, which was destroyed by the Warring States Period. The Qin Dynasty realized the unified empire. Although the Han Dynasty returned to the princes and kings in the early days, it quickly cut down the feudal vassals. Since then, it has become centralized and never entered the feudal era.Europe is completely different. They experienced the era of independent city-states in the early days, experienced the "Roman-colonial" empire during the Roman Empire, and entered the feudal era in the Middle Ages. The Greco-Romans were a sedentary people, their social institutions continued for hundreds of years, and the succession of monarchs and officials was institutionalized.The barbarians are tribes on horseback, and the form of tribes is a loose alliance. A strong leader can often conquer multiple tribes, making the nation extremely powerful within a generation, but with his death , and alliances often disintegrate within two or three generations.Such an alliance is based on an agreement, the loyalty of tribes to tribes is a mutual contract, and the leader of an alliance is also jointly elected.When such a loose structural system and warlike spirit are combined with the hierarchical structure of the settled kingdom, a unique system of the Middle Ages—the chivalry system—is developed. A knight is a contract formed when a free warrior swears allegiance to another warrior.The former is a knight, the latter is a lord, the former fights for the latter, and the latter provides protection for the former.What knights get is not only a title, but also a large area of ​​land to rule in many cases.Feudalism is such layer upon layer of allegiance. The highest-level dukes and earls swear allegiance to the king and fight for the king. They are self-governing families, each occupying a large territory.There is no contradiction between this kind of free allegiance from the bottom up and the entrustment and reward from the top down. They are the positive and negative sides of this coin. The princes have great power, each with their own force, they can control the political situation and determine the ownership of the king.Usually, in their own territory, the princes enjoy the power of self-government. They are the highest rulers in their own territory, and they have the right to judge and enjoy the economic fruits of the territory.The territory of a prince is a small country, and the power of the king cannot penetrate into it.Separation of power - this is one of the most important features of the Middle Ages, the power of the king was dispersed to the princes, the princes to the small princes, and finally countless autonomous territories - the manor was the world, the lord judged, the lord controlled, and the lord owned.If someone drew a medieval map and marked all the political centers in red, he could see a dense red sea. This is the historical background of the birth of the Magna Carta.In the fragmentation, the king has no absolute authority, he has no right to collect taxes from the whole country, and the nobles are not obliged to obey - when he forces it, they unite to limit the king. England is a country that respects the king.The world may know more about the king of England than the king of any other country. When William the Conqueror was dying, he reflected on his killing at the Battle of Hastings, which was not passed on to others.But his descendants continued to rule.William's grandson Henry II is the father of King John, and after King John, we can see Henry IV, Henry V, Richard III, Henry VIII, and then the famous Elizabeth I, Victoria I, Victoria II Queen Elizabeth II.These famous kings and queens, and their not-so-famous kings in between, make for a talking point for everyone - not just in Britain, but around the world. The kings of London once staged all kinds of love and hatred, which we can see in today's theater stage.The British still retain the royal family they respect and are full of respect, but this does not mean that they regard the royal family as gods, nor does it prevent them from interpreting interesting stories about the royal family with relish. Our best knowledge of British history comes from Shakespeare.Shakespeare wrote ten plays related to the King of England in his life, which are called historical plays independent of his tragedies and comedies by later generations.He traced the seven kings from King John to Henry VIII, wrote poems and biographies of their lives, and staged their life and death, joy and anger, glory and shame.These repertoires provide us with the best entrance, they are so interesting and rich, and they are very popular, not only let future generations understand history, but also make future generations fall in love with the theater stage. Shakespeare lived in the era around 1600, England was in the Elizabethan era of prosperity and development.Elizabeth was a brave, wise, and long-sighted queen, and during her reign, Britain experienced its best period, with economic stability and artistic prosperity.The queen loves drama, which is an important reason why Shakespeare was able to develop his genius. The British kings are far from the ordinary, dignified and ritualized emperors in our history books. Almost every British king has a rich and strong character, some are passionate, some are hot-tempered, and some are often adventurous.This is why the subjects put restrictions on the king: Henry IV was a capable king, but he was exiled when he was young, and later overthrew the then king Richard II only for revenge; Henry V ruled well, but When he was young, he was a dude who made friends and went to taverns; Henry VIII broke away from the Holy See for his own divorce and love, initiated the religious reform, married the maid, and later killed her.All of these leave countless topics for people. Compared with the ancient Chinese emperors, we will see a wonderful difference: Chinese emperors enjoy complete power, without express legal regulations and restrictions, but because they were bound by Zhou etiquette and Confucianism very early, every word and deed must abide by the traditional etiquette track , and although the British king has charter restrictions formulated by his subjects, he challenges the restrictions to the greatest extent and acts according to his personal temperament. Such a history is the happiness of dramatists.Shakespeare is the best writer of historical plays in history.Different from other writers, Shakespeare's king plays have the most vivid and even peculiar plots. From the king to the courtiers to the opponents, there is no empty role. Everyone is full of emotion and fun, and sometimes greedy for human nature. One-liners, and occasional cosmic laments about inner guilt.The king, like everyone else, is driven by passion, desire, and rationality. He has love and hate, and he lives not only for the peace of the world, but also for all kinds of love, hatred, and hatred.Shakespeare used the richest language and emotion of human beings to construct the evolution and context of the British royal family for hundreds of years, including the sensitive topic of King John's disgraceful struggle with Arthur and Richard II's expulsion from the throne.We can see very different kings in the play, from Richard III who acted arbitrarily, to Henry V who grew up all the way, and we can also see the customs and systems at that time-laws and courts are not perfect: Richard The second's expulsion arose from an arbitrary trial, the trial of a criminal case settled by a private duel, exiled the parties, and resulted in vengeance and overthrow. These plays have been staged countless times, from the time of Shakespeare's life, to the present day, and are still staged and filmed and translated into many languages.The Globe Theater is the best venue for Shakespeare plays in London today. It presents different Shakespeare plays every day, and the tickets are reasonable, attracting audiences from all over the world.The Globe Theater is the theater where Shakespeare performed during his lifetime. It was destroyed in a fire and rebuilt on the original site.The theater retains the architectural style of 5 centuries ago, with circular buildings, sloping roofs, white walls and wooden supports. The retro style is eye-catching and unique on the Thames.Shakespeare's various plays are often performed here, and it is hard to find tickets for the performances every year during the peak tourist season.In addition to Shakespeare's former residence Trafford, here is the best place to understand Shakespeare's plays.In addition to the king's tomb in Westminster Abbey, this is also the closest place to the past British kings. If you want to ask why Shakespeare's plays have such charm and can be passed down to this day, maybe reading a line in the play can explain the problem.Here is a line from one of the bastards in King John: "The 'selfishness' of flattery, the 'selfishness' that makes the world go astray, the world is impartial, moving straight forward on smooth ground, until this advantage lies, this incriminating deviation, this manipulative movement Power, this 'selfishness', makes the world deviate from the straight line, from all directions, goals, paths, and intentions: it is this deviation, this 'selfishness', this old bustard, this prostitution, this man who can change everyone's will The name catches the eye of the weak-willed king of France, makes him abandon his own resolution to come to help, and a resolute and honorable war turns into a mean and hastily concluded peace. Why should I What about scolding this 'selfishness'? Just because he has not yet pursued me, not because I have the strength to clenched my fist when his beautiful gold coin salutes my palm, but because my hand has not yet been tempted, as if A poor beggar dares to insult a rich man. Well, I am a beggar, I will scold, and I will say that there is no crime other than being rich; Once I'm rich, I'll say There is no crime except begging. The king has to betray his faith for his 'selfishness' 'Selfish', be my master, I adore you! " Yes, such lines still touch people's hearts today.It is not only vivid, flesh and blood, but also tells the most frank truth in the world.It tells a point, but it is not preachy, it is rich in meaning and contains various interpretations.Such lines abound, making listening to Shakespeare an eternal enjoyment. What Shakespeare wrote is not only political historical facts, but also vivid people and feelings in history. This is why the story of the king can still be played out constantly, and people can read different content in different eras.On the banks of the Thames, which is shimmering in golden light, there will always be people queuing up, waiting patiently in the long queue. In addition to planes, there are only English Channel ferries and undersea tunnels.In London, the subway is also the first choice. It is fast and has many routes. Several large train/subway transportation hubs have become culturally integrated places, and you can also see the Harry Potter platform. 1.Tower of London and Tower Bridge: Built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century, it was the royal palace until the 16th century.Among them, the White Tower in the inner courtyard was built from 1078 to 1098 and is one of the oldest existing buildings in London.There are narrators dressed as ancient guards, and there is an exhibition of the King's Treasures.Tower Bridge is a 19th century building in Victorian style. 2.Westminster Abbey: Westminster is a complex of buildings, the earliest cathedrals and palaces were built by King Edward the Confessor, Westminster Abbey began to "promote" in 1065, and was rebuilt from 1220 to 1517 , into a beautiful flame gothic.It has always been a national Anglican church, and many kings are buried. 3.Globe Theater: The original Globe Theater was built by Shakespeare's troupe in 1599. It was destroyed by fire in 1613 and rebuilt 200 meters away from the original site in 1997. Shakespeare's plays have been staged for many years.On one side is the Shakespeare Museum. 4.Magna Carta Island: Along the Thames Valley, west of the Highway, Egham and Runnymede River meadows, where King John signed the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215. 5.Stratford: The hometown of Shakespeare, west of London, along the A439 highway and parallel to the Avon River for 22 kilometers.There are Shakespeare Center, Royal Shakespeare Theater and Shakespeare's former residence in the town to visit and watch a play. "Feudal society" [Method] Bloch (1886～1944) Translated by Zhang Xushan Mark Bloch experienced World War I, World War II, and died at the hands of the Nazis during the Resistance Movement.He was the founder of the famous Annals school, which influenced French historical research for a century. "Feudal Society" may be the best description we can read of the unique Western European system of "feudalism" and the unique 1000 years of the Middle Ages.Feudalism is a hierarchical system, but it has nothing to do with exploitation and oppression, but a relationship of loyalty established by two free people through a contract.The feudal society has a set of operating rules and spirits, and the book contains various interpretations.The modern world is not so much a complete break with it as a rebirth from it.A classic in the history books. "The Anglo-Saxons, like their contemporaries, did not find a way in racial and kinship ties to adequately satisfy both the need for protection of the weak and the lust for power of the strong. "From the seventh century onwards, a relationship of protection was gradually forming. From the beginning, the law recognized and legalized these relationships. A man without a lord became a man without the protection of the law." The Plays of Shakespeare [English] Shakespeare (1564～1616) Translated by Liang Shiqiu Shakespeare is so famous that almost everyone has heard the phrase "To live or not to be, that is the question", and almost everyone knows "Romeo and Juliet", but not everyone has seen Shakespeare's historical plays. In addition to tragedies and comedies, historical plays are also an important series for Shakespeare.The historical drama is as moving as the tragicomedy.The kings in these plays can make us look at history anew.Regardless of whether they are good or bad, they are full of emotions, candid monologues and rare introspection, making any dry historical assertion pale. "King John" (Huber takes a red-hot iron to burn Arthur's eyes) Asia: Ah!Only people in this age of iron are willing to do this!The iron itself, though it burns red, draws my tears when it is near my eyes, and quenches its anger in my pure and innocent tears; To hurt my eyes, it will rust and rot.Are you stronger than hammered iron?If an angel came and told me that Huber was going to blind me, I wouldn't believe him; unless Huber himself told me. Hugh (stomps, to attendant): Come out. (Prince Henry greets King John at the last moment) Henry: How is Your Majesty? Wang: Poisoned, very bad; dead, abandoned, thrown away; none of you will teach Yandong to stick his cold fingers into my stomach; or let the rivers in my territory burn or ask the desolate north wind to kiss my burnt lips and soothe me with icy sensations.I don't ask much from you: I beg but a little cold consolation; and you are so stingy and ungrateful to give it to me. Henry: Ah!May my tears have the power to ease your pain. Wang: The salt in tears is hot.Inside me was a hell; the poison in it was like a demon imprisoned in it, destroying my eternal life. "Richard II" King: I will satisfy them: when I see the book in which all my crimes are recorded, that is myself, and I will read enough at that time. (The waiter puts on the mirror.) Give me the mirror, and I'll read what's in it.No deeper wrinkles yet?Sorrow hit this face of mine so many times without causing deeper wounds?Ah, the flattering mirror!Like those who follow me when I am proud, you are lying to me.Is this face the one that feeds tens of thousands of people under his house every day?Is this the face that is as scary as the sun?Is this the face that once applauded so many absurd behaviors, and was finally humiliated by Blingbroke?Fragile glory shines on this face: this face is as fragile as this glory; (throws the mirror on the ground) Look at it, it's broken into a hundred pieces.O silent king, learn the lesson of this scene, How quickly my grief ruins my face. "Henry IV" King: Come here, Harry, and sit by my bed for what may be the last counsel of my life.God knows, my son, what dishonest means I have had with this crown; and I myself know all too well what trouble it has caused it to be worn on my head: the crown bequeathed to you shall be yours. Greater peace, more affection, and better perception; because the stains of my life's entrepreneurship will follow me into the soil.The empire I created seems to be an honor won by unscrupulous means. Many people who have helped me have condemned me; it has gradually led to disputes, bloodshed, and destroyed the apparent peace... Now my Death changed the tone.