Chapter 59 7. The role of the three auspicious treasures

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the development of a unified multi-ethnic country. The first is ethnic relations during the Ming and Qing dynasties. An important content is the jurisdiction of the Central Plains dynasty over the border areas.Mainly from several places: Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Northeast China, and Taiwan.The Qing Dynasty was the time when my country's unified multi-ethnic country was finally formed and its territory was finally established. The development characteristics of the unified multi-ethnic country in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The first is the unprecedented strengthening of the relationship between the central government and the border areas.

The second point is the establishment of my country's territory.Territory, we have talked about the difference between territory and territory. Territory is more of a control sphere of influence. Territory is the same as today's concept. This was finally established in the early Qing Dynasty. First look at the relationship with Mongolia and Xinjiang.The Mongolians on the grasslands of the first Ming Dynasty were divided into Tatars and Wala. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang succeeded the emperor and sent General Xu Da to lead the troops northward to capture the Central Plains. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang published two sentences in his call for yuan: "Those who belong to me will be safe in China forever, and those who carry me will flee outside the Great Wall." If you listen to me, you will stay in China, if you don't listen to me, you will go to the north of the Great Wall.It is tantamount to opening up to the Yuan Dynasty.You can go if you want, so the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty Shundi Tuo Huan Tie Mu'er led all the civil and military officials to escape from Dadu, escaped from Jiandemen to the north, fled to Yuanshangdu, and later died of illness in Yingchang.His son, Aiyou Shili Dala, succeeded to the throne for another eight years. This was Yuan Zhaozong, who was passed on to Pingzong after Zhaozong died.After the Yuan Dynasty was driven away by the Ming Dynasty, his throne was still passed down. It was called Beiyuan in history. It lasted for more than 30 years and passed down five generations of emperors.Then the fifth emperor was killed by others, and this group of people started to rob, returning to the state before Genghis Khan's unification.But there has always been a unified Great Khan throughout Mongolia.

The name Yuan Dynasty has always been reserved, because the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty has a dual identity, and for the Chinese, he is the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.For the Mongols, he is the Great Khan of Mongolia, so he has kept it.The descendants of Genghis Khan must be the Great Khan, so the reason why the descendants of Genghis Khan became the Golden Family is that their descendants must be the Great Khan.It has been passed down to the era of Huang Taiji. The last Mongolian Khan, Lin Dan Khan, the 35th generation Mongolian Khan, was wiped out by Huang Taiji.This golden family has been passed down for more than 400 years, and this is the end.

So some people say that the Ming Dynasty is actually the third Northern and Southern Dynasties in Chinese history.In the third Southern and Northern Dynasties, because the Mongols were beaten away, he still controlled the Mongolian grasslands and deserts, and could go south at any time, so it was said that the Mongols were divided into Tatars and Oirats, threatening the northern border of the Ming Dynasty.In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was built to prevent Mongolia. The Ming Great Wall stretched from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, and stretched for more than 10,000 li, equivalent to more than 6,000 kilometers.Now when we say that the Great Wall is from Shanhaiguan to Jiayuguan, there was also a Great Wall to the east of Shanhaiguan at that time, and it may be almost demolished after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.So it not only defends against Mongolia, but the Great Wall also blocks Jianzhou Jurchen from outside the pass, so it stretches for more than 10,000 kilometers.

This Great Wall, the first impression you get is that the Ming Great Wall is further south than the Qin Great Wall, so why did the Ming Dynasty move the imperial city to Beijing?The emperor guards the border, the emperor has come to serve as your bodyguard, the emperor has come to guard the gate.Generally, the troops are concentrated on the border and the capital, which is great. Putting the capital on the border, so all the troops are concentrated on the border, and they are also concentrated in the capital.Therefore, the three major battalions in Beijing at that time had 500,000 troops, the three thousand battalions, the Shenji battalion, and the fifth military battalion. These three battalions alone accounted for nearly one-third of the total strength of the Ming army.It can not only defend the capital, but also guard the frontiers.You are like Beijing. If you can’t go north, you will be the Great Wall. Isn’t Changping the Great Wall?Juyongguan, the Badaling is considered far away, Changping can be seen.Going north there is where the Mongols came as soon as they said they would come, so the Great Wall built by the Ming Dynasty was very effective.

The Oirat cavalry came to Beijing. Oirat is another tribe of Mongolia. Later, its power gradually developed. He surrendered to Tatar, but later his power became stronger.In 1453, when the dynasty was established less than 80 years ago, the Oirat cavalry went south.Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty led 500,000 soldiers to fight, and the three major battalions of the capital all transferred back 500,000 soldiers to fight. In Tumubao, Hebei, the whole army was defeated by 20,000 Wala cavalry. Of course, it was caused by the command of eunuch Wang Zhenxia , Ming Yingzong himself was captured.This is the famous "civil engineering change" in history, which is comparable to the "Jingkang change".The emperor was arrested, the emperor was arrested, so the Mongolian leader first called himself Dayuan Tiansheng Khan.He just wanted to restore the Great Yuan Dynasty, so he led a hundred thousand soldiers to the south, went straight to Beijing, and fought a magnificent defense of Beijing.

In the history of the Ming Dynasty, there were two battles to defend Beijing.Another time was in the second year of the Song Dynasty, after Jin entered the pass, Yuan Chonghuan and Yuan Dushi held the battle to defend Beijing.Yu Qian, the commander of the first defense of Beijing, and Yu Qian, the minister of the Ministry of War, defeated the Mongols in the defense of Beijing under his command.After Ming Yingzong was captured, Yu Qian advocated the establishment of Yingzong's younger brother, who became the king and supervised the country. Later, he succeeded Ming Dynasty Zong and his reign name was Jingtai. Therefore, there is a handicraft in Beijing called cloisonne, which was formed during the reign of Ming Dynasty Zong Jingtai.When Emperor Jingtai succeeded to the throne, Ming Yingzong was still drinking goat milk on the Mongolian grassland.The Mongolian leader Yexian is not bad. He saw that the emperor was useless. Not only did he not kill him, but he was sent back. After he was sent back, he was to be robbed by you brothers. After Ming Yingzong came back, he was imprisoned in Nannei.Emperor Ming Dynasty was short-lived, he never survived his elder brother, basically none of the emperors of Ming Dynasty lived a long life, short-lived, died within seven years.As a result, before Daizong died, the eunuch and minister supported the restoration of Ming Yingzong, "the change of seizing the door".When the Yingzong was restored, Yu Qian was the first to kill, saying that I drank milk on the grassland back then, and you established the lord and my younger brother, and almost gave me to drink to death there.So I don't care about your meritorious service with Jiangshan Sheji, I will avenge my personal revenge and kill Yu Qian first.Later, Yu Qian was also buried by the West Lake, together with Yue Fei, Yue Yushuang Shaobao, that is to say, they had the title of Shaobao, Yue Shaobao and Yu Shaobao were buried there.

Then Yingzong was restored, so there were a total of sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty.Taizu's Xiaoling Mausoleum is in Nanjing, Jianwen Emperor has no mausoleum, 14 emperors moved to Beijing, and Changping has 13 mausoleums, and the one missing is the tomb of Emperor Jingtai.As soon as Yingzong was restored, he was proclaimed king and buried in Wuquan Mountain.Now it is a compound of the Ministry of Aeronautics and Space, and his grave is a gateball field, where a group of veteran cadres play gateball.When Yingzong's son Xianzong succeeded to the throne, he was more kind. My uncle had been emperor for seven years, and his tomb was rebuilt. For example, the green glazed tiles were replaced with yellow ones, but the land remained the same.It's still there, on a relatively small scale. It's a royal tomb.Today there is nothing but a stele pavilion, which has been stolen, and the things have long since disappeared.

Wala declined as soon as it was defeated by Yu Qian, and then Tatar rose, and Altan Khan of Tatar made peace with the Ming Dynasty.Then in this way, the two races began to coexist peacefully.This Mongol really hasn't made much progress. He has been in the Central Plains for nearly a hundred years, and he doesn't even know how to smelt when he returns to the grassland. Therefore, the Mongols' daily necessities are completely provided by the Central Plains.He didn't have any, the purpose of every time he went south was to shoot something, an iron pot can be worth a hundred taels of gold on the grassland, otherwise he would try to cook meat.You are always struggling to grill skewers. That thing can’t cook meat, so iron pots and all iron utensils are very rare. The pot is okay, but I can’t cook skewers.What about the knife?You can't use wood to sharpen it. Arrowheads won't work. That's why the Mongols fought wars for this.Later, Ming Dynasty and I Dahan got together, so don't beat me, I just give you something, it's over.Don’t you just want iron and salt? You can give me horses, dairy products, anything from Sanlu’s Mengniu. If you order this for me, it’s over, so the two sides are friendly, and the city of Hohhot is me. It was built by A Khan.

The second is the relationship between Qing and Mongolia in the late Ming and early Qing. Mongolia is divided into three parts: Monan, Mobei and Moxi.Monan Mongolia is today's Inner Mongolia, Mobei Mongolia is Outer Mongolia, and Moxi Mongolia is the northern part of Xinjiang.Xinjiang looks quite big, 1.6 million square kilometers, a Mongolian autonomous prefecture is 480,000 square kilometers, and the capital is Korla.So if there is trouble in southern Xinjiang, if he wants to establish an Islamic republic, the Mongols will definitely not do it. Where will our great lamas go?If you want to establish an Islamic Republic, he will definitely not do it.In fact, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan do not make trouble, they are independent, and they are still ethnic minorities. China is now dominated by Han people, who are ethnic minorities. If Uyghurs are dominant, we are still ethnic minorities.

In the middle of the 17th century, when Emperor Kangxi was in power, Galdan, the Junggar tribe of Mongolia in western Moxi, rebelled. When you arrived in Mongolia, there was a statue of Galdan, who was a national hero.We see it as a rebellion, a national separatist.Then the Qing army pacified Galdan, and the emperor on our side changed three.The Holy Patriarch Kangxi personally conscripted twice. In the chaos of the San Francisco, the entire south of the Yangtze River was occupied by Wu Sangui. The next imperial convoy went on a personal expedition, and asked his two elder brothers, Prince Kang Jieshu and Prince Gong Fuquan to follow him and go together, and one of his elder brothers died in the war. In 1690, Ulan Mutong, Inner Mongolia, defeated Galdan, seven hundred miles away from the capital. The second time, in 1696, defeated Galdan in Zhaomoduo. After two battles, Galdan died in battle.His nephew, Cewang Allah Butan succeeded to the throne and continued to make trouble.After the death of Cewang Allah Butan, his son, Galdan Celing, continued to quarrel with us. After he died, it was passed down to his son to make another quarrel. It means that there have been four generations over there. At that time, it took three generations, Kang, Yong, and Qian, three generations, and it took seventy years to settle Moxi Mongolia. Then thirdly, the Qing set up a general in Uliasutai to control the military and political power of Mongolia.General Ulia's rule is in Kulun, today's Ulaanbaatar, the capital of the Mongols, and the fourth point of Qing-Mongolian relations.It moved westward to the western Mongolia in the lower reaches of the Volga River.Under the leadership of Ya Baxi, the Turghut Department got rid of the rule of Tsarist Russia and returned to the motherland.He belongs to the same division as Junggar, and Junggar Moxi Mongolia has a total of four divisions: Junggar, Durbert, Turghut and Shuote, a total of four divisions.When Junggar became stronger, it bullied those three tribes, so Duerbert's tribe went far to Mobei, Heshuote's tribe went to Qinghai, and Turghute's tribe went to Europe. They traveled too far and did not stop.When he arrived in Europe, the lower reaches of the Volga River, that place was in no-man’s land at that time. He went there during the Ming Dynasty, and that place belonged to no-man’s land. He established the khanate there and developed very well.As a result, the Russian Empire began to oppress them when it became stronger. You had to pay taxes, you had to fight for me, you had to be loyal to the Tsar, you had to speak Russian, and you had to believe in the Orthodox Church, so they couldn't bear it.When the great-grandfather of Yabaxi Khan, Ayuqi Khan, was in power, he sent people to detour through Siberia for a year, and came to Beijing to meet the emperor. The ancestor was very happy and sent a cabinet scholar, Tu Lichen, to pay a return visit. Turhut traveled around Siberia for a year.Academician Tu Lichen fulfilled his mission, went to every Mongolian herdsman's tent, preached the party's ethnic and religious policy, saying that you are a second-class citizen here and are bullied by others, and it would be a shame to return home.The imperial court always worshiped the Yellow Sect, and the most important thing was Tibetan Buddhism, and the Mongols all believed in Tibetan Buddhism.And our queens are all Mongols, there are Mongols and Manchus among the queens, how can there be Han people?Han people can be concubines, but not queens.Say you see that the queen is Manchu except for the Mongols, so you will be the uncle of the country when you go back.Look at this country, this group of people really wanted to go home, but unfortunately, by mistake, they waited for another hundred years, and the Khan over there was changed to this Yabaxi, and the emperor was changed to Lord Qianlong here.At that time, Russia was in power, and the most famous Ekaterina in Russian history was the female tsar. She was a German woman who married to Russia and became the tsar. Title, years of foreign wars, she has a strong desire to expand.40,000 young and middle-aged men of the Torghut Army died fighting for the Russian Empire.Fight the Turks, Poles, and Swedes, and die on the battlefield. If the fight continues, the Turghut tribe will be wiped out, and there will be no men left.A large group of Turghut aristocrats who grew up eating caviar and speaking Russian studied in St. Petersburg and planned to use them to come back to manage the various ministries of the Turghut tribe, so the Turghut tribe was assimilated. As soon as this Yabaxi Khan thought about this matter, he couldn't do this anymore, he had to go back, he had to go back to his country.Because the Turghut tribe lived scattered on both sides of the Volga River, Yabashi Khan decided that when the Volga River froze in winter, the tribes on both sides of the river would meet and return east together.As a result, it was a mild winter that year, and the Volga River did not freeze for a long time, and the news that the Turghut tribe was going to leave had already spread.This Catherine the Great sent Marshal Orenburg to lead 40,000 Russian troops to the Turghut Department day and night, and it would be too late if he didn't leave.Therefore, Yabaxi Khan reluctantly left the 90,000 tribes on the north bank, and led the 170,000 tribes on the south bank to return eastward. Lele cart, with a washbasin or something on it, and all the bath liquids, the whole family moved eastward, and the Russian army was behind.So this Yabashi Khan had no choice, so he sent his younger brother Cebok Dorje to lead 9,000 warriors to break the heir. After all, 43,000 people arrived in China, that is to say, it was longer than the 25,000-mile Long March. You want to come back from Europe, where there are no flying birds in the sky, and there are no people living in the ground, the big desert or something, no one has entered since Pangu opened the world, they were the first to enter, so Emperor Qianlong was very happy, so he gave them a place in northern Xinjiang The richest pastures have been set aside, and they live here.Like this Yabaxi Khan, the imperial court conferred the title of prince, hereditary succession, until the time of the Republic of China. The last prince once served as the deputy governor of the Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Guoyinbalang.So if you think about the Turghut tribe, they returned thousands of miles east to the motherland, the place where the sun rises under such difficult circumstances, which shows the cohesion and centripetal force of our nation.170,000 came back to 43,000, and these people who stayed on the north bank were later assimilated by the Russian Empire. These people are still called Kalmyks in Russia today. a kind of translation.The Kalmyks were knights in the Tsarist era, the "October Revolution" Be a soldier and fight for this tsar.After the victory, they were disliked, and like the Cossacks, they were regarded as representatives of the anti-party.When the Stalinist clique ruled the Soviet Union, they carried out the agricultural collectivization policy, and all the herdsmen had to join the commune, but the Torghuts regarded horses as their own lives. If you took their horses into the commune, if they refused, they would organize an uprising , was purged by the Stalinist clique.When the Germans came, the Kalmyk served the Germans and formed a Kalmyk cavalry army to help the Germans fight.When Germany failed in the Soviet-German War, the entire Kalmyk family was exiled to Central Asia by the Stalinist clique and almost suffered genocide.Maybe it was after Khrushchev that he returned to the lower reaches of the Volga, including the Chechens.So that's why they are at war with Russia today, because they were oppressed by them in history. At the southern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, Hui tribe nobles, big and small, and Zhuo rebelled. The Fragrant Concubine is the daughter-in-law of Xiao Hezhuo. After the Qing army pacified and seized it, she dedicated it to Lord Qianlong. The Fragrant Concubine is actually a spoil of war. This is the first point.Huibu are Uighurs, because we call Islam Islam, and those who believe in Islam are called Huibu.The second is to clear up General Yili to govern the entire Xinjiang region including Lake Balkhash. Let's look at the relationship with this Tibet region.The first one is clearly calling Tibet Uszang.Tibetans call themselves Tubo.In the Yuan Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of the Xuanzheng Yuan. In the Ming Dynasty, Tibet was called Wusi Zang, and a guard was established.The military establishment of the Ming Dynasty implemented the "Wei Suo System".The military organization has two levels: Wei and Suo.One prefecture set up offices, and several prefectures set up guards.The guards set up commanders and commanded 5,600 soldiers.There are thousands of households (one thousand soldiers) under the guard, and one hundred households (one hundred soldiers) under the thousand households.The prefectural and county guards are under the jurisdiction of the commanders and divisions of the commanders, and the commanders of each are under the jurisdiction of the governors of the five central armies.The Ming Dynasty set up guards and garrisons in Wusizang, and established monk officials.The King of France is the highest.So Mr. Jin Yong later changed Jinlun Fawang to Jinlun Dawang. The title of Dharma King was only used in the Ming Dynasty. There was no Dharma King in the Song Dynasty.If you are in Tibet, monks and lamas have the highest status, and lamas are mentors. Chinese Buddhism, how many sticks do you burn in the temple?Three sticks, Buddha, Dharma, Sangha, or one stick is to worship Buddha.Go to Yongheguan and burn four sticks of Tibetan Buddhism. The Buddha, Dharma, monk, and guru also burn incense for their own guru.It doesn’t matter if you burn three sticks if you don’t understand, Tibetan Buddhism is divided into four schools.The Kagyu sect is the so-called White Sect, and today the Kingdom of Bhutan believes in a large number of Kagyu sects.The oldest school is the Nyingma School, which is the Red Sect, which was handed down by the Padmasambhava back then.During the Yuan Dynasty, the most powerful person was the Phagsipa National Teacher of the Sakya Sect. Three patterns were painted on the walls of the temple courtyard, symbolizing the three major Bodhisattvas, Avalokitesvara, Vajrapani, and Mahasthama, so it was called Huajiao.After the Ming Dynasty, the Gelug Sect was the most powerful. The Gelug Sect is also called the Yellow Sect. Today, the vast majority of Tibetan Buddhism is the Yellow Sect.During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Master Tsongkhapa, an eminent monk in Kumbum Temple in Qinghai, founded the Yellow Sect. Behind the Daxiong Hall of Lama Temple is the Falun Hall, and in the center of the Falun Hall is Master Tsongkhapa.After Master Tsongkhapa passed away, his two apprentices inherited his mantle and passed it down from generation to generation.These two disciples later became the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.So in Tibet, Buddhas have the highest status—the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, so if you appease the Buddhas, the common people will be fine. In the Qing Dynasty, the fifth Dalai Lama came to Beijing to congratulate him, and Emperor Shunzhi bestowed on him the title of Dalai Lama.This title was first given to him by Alta Khan, and Dalai means the sea in Mongolian.When it came to Emperor Shunzhi, he was officially recognized as the Dalai Lama, and the title was long, "The Dalai Lama, the ordinary Vachilakoudanla Dalai Lama led by the Buddha of the Western Paradise".The last four words Dalai Lama, Master of the Great Sea, gave him a golden seal, and then engraved the canonized imperial decree on the gold plate, the gold book and the gold seal.In the Qing Dynasty, the golden book and gold seal were conferred on the empress, so the status of this Dalai Lama is equivalent to that of an empress.The Dalai Lama went to Beijing to sit in the emperor's sedan chair, and the emperor gave him his own sedan chair.Seeing the emperor sitting opposite each other, the right is the head, the emperor sits on the right, and he sits on the left.The prince and others were standing underneath, even kneeling.The emperor's uncle is kneeling at the bottom, and the Dalai Lama is sitting here, so I respect him very much.His sedan chair is kept in that Xihuang Temple, which is today's Anwai Street, where the Tibetan Advanced Buddhist College is.The Dalai Lama's sedan chair is usually not used, but it is specially used for him when he comes to Beijing.The Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama specially sit in this imperial sedan chair.Emperor Kangxi also canonized the fifth Panchen Lama, that is, the first, second, third, and fourth Panchen Lamas were all ratified.Today's Dalai Lama is the fourteenth, and the Panchen Lama in Tibet is the eleventh. It may be related to this age, because several Dalai Lamas passed away in their twenties, so this reincarnation is relatively fast.Buddha left too hastily.It is more difficult for Panchen Lamas and Lamas to reincarnate.According to Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama is the reincarnation of Avalokitesvara, the Panchen Lama is the Buddha of Infinite Light, and the Buddha of Infinite Light is Amitabha, the future Buddha.Waiting for enlightenment is an arhat, waiting for enlightenment to be enlightened is a bodhisattva, waiting for enlightenment to be supreme enlightenment, and only when the three enlightenments are complete can one become a Buddha.The Dalai Lama presides over Qianzang and takes the Potala Palace as his residence.The Panchen Lama presided over Houzang.Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse is the place of residence. These two eminent monks are equivalent to being canonized by the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the previous ones are all ratified.Then, in the era of Emperor Sejong Yongzheng, the Qing Dynasty set up a minister in Tibet to co-administer Tibet with the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.During the Qianlong period, there was a more meaningful event, which was the establishment of the Golden Urn System, that is, the drawing of lots from the Golden Urn.Because it is said that when the Buddha passed away, you have to find his reincarnated soul boy.When the living Buddha passed away, the reincarnated soul boy had many signs.He wants to watch the holy lake. After seeing the holy lake, the holy lake will show what the spirit boy is like in this village.Then you have to search all over Tibet, Qinghai, Tibet, you have to search, and even go to the Tibetan areas of Sichuan and Gansu to search, what kind of village is this, after you find this, I think this The villages may look about the same. If you look for several villages, there are babies born in several villages when the living Buddha passed away.They are all spirit children, so let's come together.The three major monasteries, that is to say, the three major monasteries in the Lhasa area, Ganden Monastery, Drepung Monastery, and Sera Monastery. The lamas of the three major monasteries choose the reincarnated soul boy. After the selection, whoever is more powerful will be the soul boy. It means to herd the sheep when it is time to herd them.When other people refuse to accept, there will be problems and disputes. It is even said that once this Lhazang Khan in Tibet colluded with the Gurkhas in Nepal and bloodbathed Lhasa. Finally, Lord Qianlong sent troops, General Fukang'an.Beat them away, conquered this Gurkha, beat them away, and only then did they keep Tibet.So Lord Qianlong looked at it and said that this matter should not be tossed about. I will give you a bottle, how are you doing, draw lots, and whoever is drawn will be the soul boy.This Tibetan Buddhism is the four living Buddhas, and Tibet is the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama!Inner Mongolia is Zhangjia Living Buddha, and Outer Mongolia is Jebtsundamba Living Buddha.Jebtsundamba Living Buddha can no longer be reincarnated, because Mongolia is here, and the Mongolian people's revolution will control it. After independence in 1924, Jebtsundamba Living Buddha will not be reincarnated.The last Living Buddha Zhangjia later went to Taiwan.