Chapter 60 8. Reforming the land and returning it to the local people is the mainstream

In the southwest region and the Yunzhichuan region, there has been a problem of reforming the land and returning it to the local people. In the southwestern minority areas, the Ming Dynasty followed the method of the Yuan Dynasty and appointed local minority chieftains as hereditary chieftains.In the Yuan Dynasty, the southwest region was under the jurisdiction of Yunnan Province.Although the imperial court set up a province in Yunnan, under this province, all ethnic areas are hereditary from the leaders of these ethnic minorities. This is the case in Yunnan to this day. Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in my country, with 26 ethnic minorities.It is not called Yunnan Autonomous Region, because there are too many ethnic groups in it. If you put all the names on it, you don’t need to report the weather in Yunnan.There is no way to say that in the Autonomous Region of the Twenty-six Nationalities.The bottom of Yunnan Province is full of autonomous prefectures of various ethnic groups, such as Dali Bai and Xishuangbanna Dai.Therefore, there are all chieftains in Yunnan, including the Duan family of the conquered Dali Dynasty. The head of the hereditary governor of Yunnan stands side by side with the prime minister of the province.

In addition, the imperial court wanted to send Liang Wang to sit in Yunnan, so the place in Yunnan was very difficult to manage.It was not until the 20th year of Hongwu and the 20th year of Zhu Yuanzhang that the Ming army settled Yunnan.The Mongolian king of Liang ordered Zacvalmy to surrender, and this Yunnan was considered to be pacified.After the pacification of Yunnan, the hero of Taizu's founding—the Mu family defended Yunnan forever.Look inside, one of Wei Xiaobao's wives is a descendant of the Mu family.The characteristic of the chieftain is that it is hereditary. In fact, it has become a small kingdom, but it will not pose any threat to the central government. It is too small, as big as a village or half a village.So that's what toast is all about.

The second point is that during the Yongle period, Guizhou became a provincial-level unit, and two chieftains, called Xuanweisi at the time, rebelled. As a result, during the Yongle period, the imperial court sent troops to suppress the rebellion.After the rebellion was suppressed, the establishment of the Xuanwei Division was abolished, and this place became a county directly under the imperial court.The imperial court set up officials and established provincial jurisdiction. In this way, Guizhou became a provincial-level administrative unit.The soil is the chieftain, and the chieftain is hereditary.Liu is a flow of officials, the officials sent by the imperial court have a term of office, not hereditary, and they don't work forever, they have a term of office.So this kind of reform is called reforming the land and returning to the local people.The soil will be fixed, and the flow must flow, flowing like water.So this kind of thing is called reforming the soil and returning to the stream.

After all, the Ming Dynasty had a limited number of areas where the land could be reformed.Therefore, the chieftain system is still practiced in most places.During the San Francisco Rebellion in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi quelled the rebellion and created the conditions for large-scale land reform.Everyone may know what happened to the San Francisco Rebellion.At that time, Emperor Taizu rose outside the pass and fought against the Ming Dynasty.With the seven great hatreds, he swore to attack the Ming Dynasty, sent 20,000 troops, and went down to more than 70 cities in Liaodong.Almost all the land outside the pass was occupied, and the result was a small Ningyuan City, which blocked the advance of the Eight Banners Army. Because Yuan Chonghuan used Hongnong cannons to injure Qing Taizu, the Emperor Taizu died of hatred.After Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, he realized the power of artillery.Because the Ming Dynasty fought wars and did not fight field battles with the Qing Dynasty. As long as there was a field battle, the entire army would definitely be wiped out.In the Ming Dynasty, artillery was used against the city. If I could not get out of the city, if you attacked, I would fire.

The Qing Dynasty couldn't beat Beijing several times, and Ningyuan couldn't even beat Ningyuan, let alone Beijing, so I wanted to learn how to do this artillery.At this time, several generals of the Ming Dynasty, Geng Zhongming, Shang Kexi, and Kong Youde, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and taught the Qing Dynasty people how to use artillery.In this way, it is equivalent to the entry of the Qing army. The contribution of these three people is very great, so these three people were all crowned princes.In ancient China, brothers, uncles and nephews could be kings, but the emperor's brothers, uncles and nephews could not be his brother-in-law, nor his nephew. They had to have the same surname as the emperor.Those few people, let alone have the same surname as the emperor, are not of the same race.So these three people were crowned kings, King Pingnan, King Dingnan, and King Jingnan. It is very special to confer these three kings.

Later, Wu Sangui surrendered, and Wu Sangui's contribution was even greater. If Wu Sangui hadn't opened the city to pay the money, the Qing Dynasty would not have ruled the Central Plains, so he was named Pingxi King.Later, Kong Youde, the king of Dingnan, died for his country while fighting the rest of Zhang Xianzhong, and the four Han princes became three.Kong Youde's daughter, Kong Sizhen, who is lonely and lonely, is adopted by Empress Xiaozhuang Wen and named Princess Heshuo.This is the only Han princess in the Qing Dynasty.After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, because the troops of the Eight Banners were limited after all, and the south of the Yangtze River was humid and hot, the Eight Banners soldiers were not used to it, so they sent three Han generals to guard the border.The Gunn family guarded Fujian, the Shang family guarded Guangdong, and Wu Sangui guarded Yunnan.They turned out to be too powerful and a threat to centralization.Half of the world's wealth goes to San Francisco, and San Francisco spends 10 million taels of silver a year.The imperial court is only 20 million, and it spends 10 million to appoint officials and recruit troops by itself. Isn't this an independent kingdom?

After the Holy Grandfather succeeded to the throne, he wrote three things on the pillar. The three things he never forgot, San Francisco, Taiwan, and Hegong. , wrote these three things.The holy patriarch practiced his age, inherited the great rule at the age of 8, and was a sage at the age of 16. At the age of 20, when the feudal clan was abolished, the San Francisco was reversed.At that time, the Gunn family had been passed down to the sons, and the Shang family had been passed down to the grandchildren. Only Wu Sangui was still himself, and the old man was more able to live.After the rebellion, he started talking about anti-Qing and Fuming, but his anti-Qing and Fuming is obviously nonsense.The last emperor of Nanming, Yongli Emperor, Gui Wang Zhu Youlang, was captured by him from Burma and then strangled to death with a bowstring on the cross slope of Kunming. Few people believe in anti-Qing and Fuming.

Only the son of Zheng Chenggong in Taiwan, Zheng Jing sent some soldiers to harass Fujian and let the Qing fight back, so nothing happened.North Korea thought of soldiers responding to Wu Sangui's anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty, but Wu Sangui failed before the soldiers could be trained.In this way, it took eight years for the Holy Grandpa to pacify San Francisco.As soon as San Francisco was pacified, conditions were created for large-scale land reform.Later, when Emperor Sejong Yongzheng was in power, Emperor Yongzheng appointed a large number of exile officials to replace chieftains, which was equivalent to the completion of Emperor Yongzheng's transformation of the land and returning to the exiles.During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Yi people in Jinchuan and Jinchuan in Sichuan rebelled, and Lord Qianlong dispatched troops to quell the rebellion.If you go to Xiangshan Botanical Garden today, you will see many watchtowers in it, which are similar to the watchtowers that collapsed in the Wenchuan earthquake. There are so many watchtowers there that were used to calm the size of Jinchuan.Because the big and small Jinchuan are mainly Qiang and Yi people, they live in watchtowers, and the Qing army soldiers don't know how to fight, so at that one-to-one ratio, watchtowers were built and used for military exercises.Reviewing the Xishan Jianrui Battalion relied on military exercises, including the Tuancheng Martial Arts Hall, which were all for training.Several flags are there.The Eight Banners are stationed there.

Reforming the land and returning it to the natives strengthened the Qing central government's rule over the southwestern minority areas, changed the local backwardness, isolation and separatist disputes, promoted inter-ethnic economic and cultural exchanges, and was conducive to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country.