Chapter 59 Tuobagui, the Daowu Emperor who founded the Northern Wei Dynasty

Five years before the demise of the Dai Kingdom, Shi Yiqian's minister Chang Sun Jin conspired against him. During a court meeting, he drew his sword and went straight to the throne to assassinate Shi Yiqian.At that time, Tuobashi, the son of the eldest son, fought with him with bare hands, protecting his father with his body, but was stabbed in the rib by Changsun Jin, and died of serious injuries.When the Dai Kingdom fell, Tuoba Gui, the son of Tuoba Shi, was still young, and was taken away by his biological mother, He Lan, and returned to Liu Kuren's tribe.Later, when Fu Jian was defeated in Feishui, various tribes in northern China took advantage of the chaos. Liu Kuren's son, Liu Xian, wanted to kill Tuoba Gui. Bagui's uncle He Lanna.Soon, He Lanna's younger brother He Lanrangan saw that his nephew was getting more and more popular, so he tried every means to kill Tuoba Gui, but all failed.

This Tuoba Gui was also a strange child, he was born a big fat child, his weight was twice that of a normal baby, and he could speak at a very young age.Tuoba Gui was only six years old when his grandfather Shi Yiqian died.Having escaped several catastrophes and survived a catastrophe, coupled with his status as the eldest grandson of Shi Yiqian, at the age of seventeen, Tuoba Gui assumed the throne in Niuchuan and changed his name to Yuan Dengguo.At that time, the Han people Cui Xuanbo, Deng Yuan, Wang De and others helped the Wei State to formulate the national system, astronomy and calendar. Therefore, the establishment of the Wei Dynasty had a distinct Chinese color.In April of the same year, Tuobagui was renamed King Wei.Since then, Tuoba Gui has continued his conquests year after year, defeating the tribes of Liu Xian, Kumo, and Gaoche successively.

Liu Weichen, who had always had a feud with Dai Guo (Wei State), also sent his son Zhili Da to attack the Helan tribe at this time. He Lanna begged Tuoba Gui for surrender. army.Then, he led an army to conquer the Tufu tribe.He marched riskily on the Gobi, chased him for three days, and smashed Rouran at Nanchuang Mountain, beheading him invincibly. ("Wei Shu" records that Rouran is a descendant of Donghu Miao, whose original surname is Yu Jiulu. The ancestor Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao hated the Rouran people's invasion and rebellion for many times. ". Therefore, "Wei Shu" only has "Zhuzhu" on it, and there is no "Rouran".)

However, Liu Weichen and his son wanted to die by themselves. Facing such a hero like Tuobagui, they not only did not avoid his edge, but repeatedly invaded and plundered. When Tuobagui attacked Rouran, they sent troops to attack the southern part of Wei State.Tuobagui defeated Zhilipan in Tieqi Mountain, captured more than 200,000 cattle and sheep, and captured Zhilipan.Liu Weichen didn't even care about defending Yueba City, his old nest, and ran away, but was killed by his subordinates on the way, and passed on to Wei Guo. Tuoba Gui recalled the old and new grudges, and killed more than 5,000 captured Weichen family members, regardless of age, and threw them into the Yellow River. The river turned red for a while.Liu Weichen's entire family was wiped out, and only Liu Weichen's third son, Bobo, escaped, that is, Helian Bobo, who later established the Daxia Kingdom, who murdered like hemp and piled up corpses in Beijing.

In the battle against Liu Weichen's tribe, Tuoba Gui obtained more than 300,000 good horses and more than 4 million cattle and sheep, which laid the material foundation for the prosperity of the country, and the surrounding tribes surrendered one after another. In the former Qin Dynasty, Qianyan, the biggest competitor in the north, was wiped out. Fu Jian attacked the Eastern Jin Dynasty again, and Feishui was defeated. Northern China was full of fire, and the former tribes flocked to rebel.Taking advantage of Fu Jian's defeat, Murong Chui regained the former Yan's lost territory, proclaimed himself emperor, and restored the Yan Dynasty (known as Houyan in history).After Murong Chui established the country, he first used his own relatives to kill Xiyan, who was also from the Murong family.When the capital of Xiyan was besieged, Murong Yong asked for help from the Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was still a vassal state of Houyan at that time.Tuobagui also knew the reason why his lips were dead and his teeth were cold, so he still sent troops to rescue Xiyan after hesitation.When the army of the Northern Wei Dynasty reached Xiurong, Murong Yong's Xiyan had already perished.

Earlier, in order to curry favor with Murong Chui, Tuoba Gui sent his younger brother Tuoba Gu to pay tribute to Houyan. The young descendants of the Murong family knew that there were many good horses in the Northern Wei Dynasty, so they took Tuoba Gu as hostage.Tuobagui was also ruthless in doing things, and he was determined not to offer horses to Yan, and the relationship between the two countries fell into a severed situation. Now that he was tearing his face apart, Tuoba Gui sent troops to harass the border of Yan State from time to time, and invaded the tribes that surrendered to Hou Yan.These things gathered together, so angry that the old hero Murong Chui sent Prince Murong Bao, King Murong Nong of Western Liao, and King Murong Lin of Zhao to lead 80,000 elite troops to attack Wei from Wuyuan.At this time, Houyan was winning consecutive battles, with great vigor, strong men and strong horses, and sharp armor and sharp spears. Tuobagui was also very frightened when he first heard that Yan's army was attacking Wei.

Fortunately, the commander of the Yan army and the crown prince, Murong Bao, was a complete embroidered pillow.This person is "few and despised, has no ambitions, loves others and flatters himself", his stepmother Duan Shi once said to Murong Chui: "Although Murong Bao's qualifications are graceful and luxurious, he is gentle and unbroken. He can be the master of benevolence and wisdom in peacetime." He is not a great talent for helping the world and saving the country in troubled times and wars. If you want to entrust him with the great cause of the country, he may not be able to afford it. Moreover, Zhao Wang Muronglin is treacherous and willful, and he always has the intention of looking down on the prince. Something happened." (Poor Duan Hou's faithful advice, Murong Bao immediately sent Murong Lin to force the queen mother to commit suicide after she came to the throne. Duan scolded angrily before dying: "You brothers even forced the mother to death, how can you protect the country. I don't regret death, It’s just that our country of Yan is about to perish soon.”)

Perhaps Murong Chui became fatuous in his old age, failed to listen to the words of the Empress Jinxian and the ministers, and still sent Murong Bao to lead the army to destroy Wei, and also wanted the prince to win the army and stand up, so that he could inherit the throne more logically in the future.During this period, Gao Hu, Minister of the State of Yan, also advised: "The State of Wei and the State of Yan have a good marriage. In order to ask for the horses, we did not let Tuobagui's younger brother return to the country. It was my fault. In addition, Tuobagui and Shen Yong had a plan. , has gone through hardships since he was a child, and has a strong ambition. Now he has a strong army and is not an easy opponent to defeat. Our prince is too young. Now let him be the commander-in-chief of one side. He will definitely despise the Wei army. If he cannot win, It may seriously damage the prestige of the prince!"

General Zhang Yan of the Northern Wei Dynasty heard that the Yan army was coming to attack, so he said to King Wei Tuobagui: "The Yan army recently defeated Zhai Zhao on the slippery stage, and killed Murong Yongyu's eldest son. Now they are coming here with all their power. We should pretend to be afraid, retreat and evade, so that the opponent will feel proud and underestimate the enemy, so as to have a chance to defeat Yan." According to Tuobagui's plan, all the tribal people were moved westward across the Yellow River for more than a thousand miles to avoid the advance of the Yan army.The Yan army was victorious all the way. They took over 30,000 families from the other tribes of Wei State in Wuyuan, stopped to build ships, and prepared to cross the river to attack Wei State in one fell swoop.

Tuobagui, the Daowu Emperor who founded the Northern Wei Dynasty (2) In August of the twelfth year of Taiyuan (395), Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tuobagui ruled the army on the south bank of the Yellow River.March on the shore in October.Murong Bao's whole army was preparing to cross the river for a decisive battle. Suddenly, a strong storm blew up and dozens of warships drifted to the south bank.The state of Wei captured more than 300 soldiers of the Yan army, but released them all, allowing them to return to the Yan army. When Murong Bao left, Murong Chui was already seriously ill.After arriving at Wuyuan, Tuobagui sent people to intercept the road, captured all the envoys from the Yan Kingdom, and took them across the river and shouted to Murong Bao: "Your father is dead, why don't you go back sooner?" Fight for the position!" Murong Bao and others were very worried, and the soldiers were also terrified.

The two armies of Wei and Yan held each other for dozens of days. Murong Song, the general of Zhao Wang Muronglin, believed that the old emperor was dead, and secretly made trouble.The matter was revealed, Murong Song and others were killed, and the brothers Murong Bao and Murong Lin also secretly suspected each other.In October, the Yan army burned their boats and fled at night. At that time, the Yellow River had not yet frozen over, and Murong Bao believed that the Wei army could not pursue without ships, so he did not set up an army to cover behind, and retreated slowly.In December, the cold snapped, and the Yellow River froze over overnight.Tuobagui personally led his troops across the river on the ice, without luggage, and only selected 20,000 elite soldiers to chase the Yan army. The Yan army marched to a place called Canhebei, and suddenly encountered a strong wind, and the black air was like a dike, drifting from back to front, over the barracks.A monk named Zhi Tanmeng, who accompanied the army, advised Murong Bao: "The wind is violent, maybe the Wei army will catch up with our army, so we should send troops to defend." Murong Bao thought he was far away from Wei Jun, so he smiled and did not agree. Zhi Tanmeng insisted on sending troops to guard. Murong Lin was furious at the side: "Your Highness is brave and strong enough to run across the desert, how dare the Wei army pursue us! If you try to confuse people with false words, you will definitely be executed!" The monk was so anxious and excited that he cried, and remonstrated: "Fu Jian was defeated in Huainan with millions of people, it was not because he relied on the crowd and underestimated the enemy." Situ Murongde persuaded Murong Bao to send troops to guard him, but as a last resort, Murong Bao sent 30,000 soldiers to the rear.The patrol soldiers sent by the Yan army didn't take it seriously either. After riding for more than ten miles, they each jumped off their saddles and lay down on the grass to fall asleep. Wei Jun traveled both morning and night, and after four days, he arrived at the west of Canhebei in the night. At that time, the Yan army camped at Panyang Mountain and Water to the east of Canhebei.Tuobagui dispatched generals overnight, and Ma Shukou's soldiers secretly forced them to approach the Yan army. At sunrise, the Yan army set up camp and was about to return to the east. When they turned their heads and saw Wei Jun standing quietly on the mountain like ghosts and gods, they were shocked and disturbed.Tuobagui's troops attacked them and rushed down the mountain to kill them. More than ten thousand Yan soldiers drowned in the water and were trampled to death by horses and horses. Duke Tuoba Zun of Lueyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty led his army to block the Yan army who had just swam across the river. The 40,000 to 50,000 Yan army were stunned for a while, and they all put down their soldiers and captured them without a fight. Only a few thousand people scattered and fled. Prince Murong Bao, Zhao Wang Murong Lin and others escaped alone because of the good horses they were riding.Thousands of generals including Chenliu Wang Murongshao of the Yan Kingdom were either killed or captured. After Wei Wang Tuobagui selected talented Yan soldiers, he wanted to send back clothing and food to the captured 40,000 to 50,000 Wei soldiers. Wang Jian, an adult in the middle, advised: "Yan is powerful, and now it is pouring all over the country to attack us. We are lucky to win. It is better to bury these people alive, then Yan will be empty and easy to take." Tuoba Gui heard that this made sense, so he buried nearly 50,000 Yan soldiers alive.This number is the fourth in Chinese history to bury the enemy alive.The first is that Qin general Bai Qi "pit 400,000 Zhao soldiers" in Changping;Strange to say, the ancients always believed that "killing and surrendering is not auspicious", Bai Qi was finally forced to commit suicide by the King of Qin, Xiang Yu committed suicide in Gaixia, Emperor Daowu Tuoba Gui was killed by his son, only Xue Rengui died at the age of seventy. ("Killing", some people also interpret it as killing first and then pitting, that is, massacres of opponents who have no weapons.) Prince Murong Bao, who fled back home, was deeply ashamed of the defeat of Canhebei, and persuaded Murong Chui to let him lead the army to attack Wei again.Murong De also persuaded Murong Chui: "Wei State defeated the Crown Prince, Your Majesty, you should take command and attack Wei in person, so as to avoid future troubles." Murong Chui then recruited elite soldiers from all over the country and prepared to attack Wei in a big way next year. In April 396 A.D., Murong Chui had no choice but to lead his troops to attack Wei Guo in his rare years and the honor of the emperor.Jiang is old and hot, Murong Chui led his troops densely, crossed Qingling, passed Tianmen, dug mountain passages, unexpectedly, went straight to Yunzhong. Wei general Tuobaqian who was stationed in Longcheng believed that the Yan army was newly defeated and was not worth fearing.Unexpectedly, the soldiers of Longcheng, who had never been defeated in the Yan army, fought bravely and went straight to Pingcheng. Tuobaqian was defeated in the first battle, and all his subordinates surrendered. Now, it was King Wei Tuobagui's turn to be shattered. He was so frightened that he wanted to run away from the capital immediately, but at that time all the subordinate tribes had second thoughts when they heard the news of Tuobaqian's defeat.Tuobagui was anxious and afraid, he didn't know where to run away. It is also the sky that never dies Wei.When Yan Jun passed through Canhebei, he saw bones piled up like mountains and corpses everywhere. They were buried alive and killed Yan Jun's father and son brothers. Seeing this tragic situation, they burst into tears and shook the valley.Murong Chui felt sad and vomited blood in shame, his old illness relapsed thirty li away from Pingcheng. Ten days later, Murong Chui was dying in the army. Tuobagui wanted to lead the army to pursue him, but he was afraid that Murong Chui would die in a fake manner. Frightened by the old hero's reputation, the King of Wei retreated to Yinshan to wait for news. "Dead Zhuge" can walk away from "Living Zhongda". It seems that the old and dead Murongchui can also scare the young and heroic Tuobagui from moving. When Murong Bao heard that his father had passed away, he hurriedly withdrew from the army and took the throne in Zhongshan.This idiot ascended to the throne of the emperor, and the situation of the Yan Kingdom is unknown.In July of the same year (396), Tuobagui, king of Wei, proclaimed himself emperor and changed to Yuanhuangshi. In August, Tuobagui personally led an army of 400,000 to attack Yan.The army of Wei went south to Mayi, traveled more than 2,000 li, marched with drums, and the houses of the people were shaken.In February of the next year, Tuoba Gui defeated Murong Feng, governor of Jizhou in Yan State, and entered Xindu.As a result, Mu Rongbao was so frightened that he took out all the treasures at home and recruited soldiers to resist. In late February 397 AD, Tuobagui camped in Julu. At night, Murong Bao's army suddenly succeeded in stealing the camp. The fire burned the palace, and the Wei emperor had no time to put on his clothes and hat, so he beat drums to recruit troops with his bare feet.After daybreak, the soldiers of Wei State regained their composure and lined up to attack Murong Bao's army with cavalry. The Yan army was defeated and more than 10,000 people were beheaded. . Murong Bao was defeated all the way down, and his nephew and nephew were still attacking and killing each other. The emperor of the Yan Dynasty wandered around like a dog in mourning. In 398 A.D., he was lured and killed by his uncle Lan Han in Longcheng.So far, Hou Yan is no longer the opponent of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Northern China.Soon, it split into two small countries, Beiyan in Liaodong and Nanyan in Shandong, and the Murong family has never recovered. In 399 A.D., the Wei army broke through more than 30 tribes in Gaoche, captured 70,000 soldiers, got more than 100,000 horses, and more than 1.4 million cattle and sheep.Tuoba Yitong, king of Wei in the state of Wei, rode more than 30,000 riders across the desert for more than a thousand miles, and fled into seven tribes in high-speed carts. He captured more than 20,000 people, more than 50,000 horses, and more than 200,000 cattle and sheep.In the next eight or nine years, the Northern Wei Dynasty raised troops everywhere, conquered endlessly, and became a powerful country in the north. The Tyranny of Emperor Daowu in His Later Years In his later years, Emperor Daowu Tuobagui often took a kind of tonic called "Hanshi San", the extract of minerals in it was very harmful to the human body, which made the emperor who was less than forty years old often suffer from illnesses, or did not eat for several days. Or stay up for several nights, depressed and restless. Sometimes, he talks to himself all night long, as if talking to a ghost beside him that others can't see. When he went to court during the day, he was moody again. He recalled the past and past grievances of the courtiers and killed them.Seeing that the minister's complexion was different, or his breathing was irregular, or his words were lost, he screamed and beat him to death on the main hall. The corpses were lined up in front of Tian'an Hall. As a result, the hearts of the court and the wild are in turmoil, and everyone is worried. When Tuobagui was young, he saw his mother Empress Dowager He's younger sister was very beautiful in the Helan tribe, so he told his mother that he wanted to marry his aunt (the Tuobagui tribe originated from the desert, and their etiquette and ethics are different from those of the Han people).At that time, the Empress Dowager Helan replied firmly: "No! My younger sister is too beautiful, there must be a bad omen. Besides, she is already married, so she cannot snatch other people's wives." Tuoba Gui secretly sent someone to kill He Lan's husband accepted her as his concubine and gave birth to King Tuobashao of Qinghe. Tuoba Shao has been a vicious rascal since he was a child, he likes to rob pedestrians, strip people's clothes for fun, and often kills pigs and dogs.Tuoba Gui was so angry that he once hung him upside down in the well and let him out when he was dying. One day in 409 A.D., Tuoba Gui, who had a capricious temperament, openly scolded Concubine He Lan, locked her in the palace, and wanted to kill her.Concubine He Lan sent someone to ask her son Tuoba Shao for help.At that time, the young prince was only sixteen years old, with a ferocious personality resembling his father. He conspired with the eunuchs and palace people at night, jumped over the palace wall, and rushed into Tian'an Hall.The waiters around exclaimed "There are thieves", Tuobagui searched around for a long time but couldn't find the bow and knife, and was killed by the rebellious son Tuoba Shao who rushed in, at the age of thirty-nine. Tuoba Xianbei, before Daowu Emperor Tuoba Gui, was indeed a culturally backward branch of the Xianbei population.For marching and fighting, the Tuoba tribe is based on tribal organizations, that is, military tribal forms.In the ninth year of Dengguo in the Northern Wei Dynasty (394), Tuoba Xianbei adopted a "settlement settlement" similar to the Han people's farming system.With the victory of Emperor Daowu's conquests, most of the Murong Xianbei, the Han people in the Central Plains, the "Korea miscellaneous captives" and other peoples were moved to the frontier by the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Tuoba Xianbei army provided soldiers and rations. Gradually, Tuoba Xianbei changed from a clan form to a regional form, increasingly imitating the form of Han regime in the Central Plains, the form of slavery gradually transformed, and the military aristocracy gradually became the ruling type of the Han county system (that is, the " In fact, the term "feudal system" is extremely inaccurate. Since the Qin Dynasty, all dynasties in Chinese society have been governed by the "system of prefectures and counties". Instead of "employees", they have no actual ruling power over the people in the fief. Especially after the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" in the Western Han Dynasty, the real "feudal system" has disappeared in China). Precisely because of the "Sinicization" of the Tuoba Xianbei system and the flexibility of eclecticism, the land tenant household transfer increasingly became the main form of rule in the Tuoba Northern Wei Dynasty, and the original Xianbei military aristocrats gradually became "big landlords" similar to the Han people in the Central Plains. It laid a strong economic and political foundation for the great Wei in the future.