Chapter 7 Chapter 6 The Long March has a beginning and an end, and the loss of power is endless

——Also on the Small Knife Society Uprising in Shanghai and the British Stealing Our Customs Mr. Deng Xiaoping's youngest daughter, Mao Mao, recently published a best-selling book "My Father Deng Xiaoping", which is quite readable.I reluctantly spent a lot of money (US$27.50), bought a copy, and read it.This book can be regarded as top-notch in both literature and history, although she wrote it from the standpoint of the children of high-ranking cadres, without seeing the dark side of a totalitarian party. Another feature of this book is that Mao Mao is my colleague, and the oral history material in the book is very heavy.It's a pity that Mao Mao's father is a man of few words, and he doesn't want to say much to him, the apple of his eye.There are many very serious historical facts, which are often only mentioned in a few words; sometimes even only a few words.

Let me give you an example: when his daughter asked him about his personal experience of the "Long March", the old man only said three words: "Follow me"!The little princess was forced to have no choice but to find another "uncle", "mother", "auntie"...all the old antiques of the Long March, and dictated them separately. "Mom", "Uncle", and "Auntie" are not enough to dictate, and our little Ban Zhao even copied a passage from "Selected Works of Mao".Maomao said: Mao Zedong said that the Long March is the first time in history, the Long March is a manifesto, the Long March is a propaganda team, and the Long March is a seeding machine.The Long March ends with our victory and the enemy's defeat. (See Mao Mao's page 325. Quoting from Mao Zedong's "On the Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism", December 27, 1935, "Selected Works of Mao Zedong", Volume 1.)

If she is Maomao's doctoral dissertation supervisor, in order to reach the "international level", I would advise her to "cross out" this quotation.Because it was a piece of "dog skin plaster", "nonsense", and "party stereotypes". Fluffy!From the point of view of literature and history, your father's Sanyujing "follow me", the most vivid, true, and most valuable "first-hand historical data", should be given 100 points! Look at the passage where Lao Mao boasted. Not only was he full of nonsense, but he also didn't understand the historical facts.His teacher, Mr. Hu Shizhi, taught him: "If there is one point of evidence, one point can be said. If there is nine points of evidence, one cannot say anything!" Mao said, "The Long March of the 'Red Army' is the first time in historical records." , what evidence?In fact, Huang Chao's Long March marched from Shandong to Guangzhou, and then returned to Luoyang from Guangzhou.The record of the Great Qi Emperor's Long March is much longer than that of Zhu and Mao's Red Army, both in terms of time and space.

Look at Chuang Wang Li Zicheng and Daxi Emperor Zhang Xianzhong. Their Long March results are not below the "Red Army".The records of the Red Army of Zhu and Mao on the Long March are far behind that of "Long Mao".From some perspectives, a "History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" can also be said to be a history of Chang Mao's Long March, including the Long March of the Nian Army, which lasted for nineteen years. As mentioned in detail in the previous article, the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom begins with a history of the Long March.Hong and Yang set off from Yong'an at the turn of spring and summer in 1852, and arrived in Nanjing within a year.Comparing China and the West, that is, in just one year, Changmao was conscripted from Paris to Moscow!After laying the capital Tianjing, there was no time to warm the banquet, and Li Kaifang and Lin Fengxiang launched the second Long March of the Northern Expedition.Within a year, they took a detour from Pukou to Tianjin via Henan and Shanxi. After the "Tianjing Incident", Shi Dakai led a large number of people to carry out the third Long March; he returned to his hometown of Guangxi, not counting, and marched north and west until the Dadu River.It lasted seven years, and the levy has not stopped.

After the Taiping subjugation, Zun Wang Lai Wenguang (a native of Guangxi, or Cantonese in other words, a native of Cantonese. He was a hero of the Jintian Uprising and a veteran cadre of the Long March), King Zhang Zongyu of Liang (from Hao County, Anhui), and Ren Huabang, King of Lu (also known as Ren Zhu) , from Mengcheng, Anhui), resumed the Nian Army organization, and continued the Long March. The Nian Party was originally a secret gang organization of private salt traders in northern Anhui.In the early days, it was led by Zhang Lexing (also known as Luoxing, Zhang Zongyu's uncle), who rebelled in his hometown of Anhui in 1853 and became king.Later, he was compiled and joined the Taiping Army, and after accumulating meritorious service, he was granted the title of King Wo in Jin Dynasty.Died in 1863.Through the above-mentioned Lai Wenguang, Ren Zhu, and Zhang Zongyu, the rest of the people were revived into a powerful "Nian Army", resumed their career as bandits, and started a long march on the Huanghuai Plain.

The heroic stories left by the Nian Army in our Huanghuai area are really endless.They fought day and night on horseback.Unlike the later Long March of the Red Army, most of the time, they "followed" in the deep mountains and valleys! In 1865, the Nian Army killed Prince Seng Gelinqin, the most ruthless general of the Qing court, in Gaolouzhai, Caozhou, Shandong.In the following year, the division of the East and West dragged the Hunan and Huai armies to death. In 1867, in the Battle of Yinlonghe in western Hubei, the chief general of the quasi-army, Liu Mingchuan, was beaten to the ground (see "Chronology of Liu Gongming's Chuan" by Luo Gang) and left in despair. Tang Diankui, the titan of "The Good of the Huai Army" (Xue Fu idiom), was seriously injured and trampled to death by the cavalry in a hand-to-hand fight with short knives.This "good Huai army" is one of the author's ancestors.The tragic story of his death in the fierce battle was narrated vividly by veterans of the Huai Army and the elders of the clan, which has never been seen in movies or novels.It's also oral history as well.

However, Lai Wenguang of Dongnian finally died in Yangzhou in January 1868 after running wildly and relentlessly, traversing several provinces. In the west, Zhang Zongyu made an expedition to Shaanxi and Gansu, and finally crossed the "Snow Bridge" under the strong north wind and heavy snow, and fled into the east of Shandong. In August 1868, his entire army was wiped out in Chiping County.When Zong Yu smuggled across the Tuhai River alone, his life and death were unknown. Yuan Dakui, a general of Zong Yu's department, was intercepted when he was rushing to cross the snow bridge. He returned to northern Shaanxi and fled into Bao'an.He was finally in the fortress of Laoyanyao, and was finally broken by the Qing army on May 28, 1869 (April 17 in the Qing calendar? April 11 in the 19th year of the Tianli calendar). , the whole army was martyred.This also ended the tragic "Long March of the Nian Army", and also ended the "Zhengshuo" of the tragic small court of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Chinese history.

It can be considered a coincidence in history!The end point of the Long March of the Nian Army (that is, the remnant Taiping Army), Baoan County, Shaanxi Province, is also the final destination of the Red Army's Long March 70 years later.It's just that the Red Army ordered the nobles.I met a young marshal Zhang; Changmao didn't have such good luck.But the time and space record of the Nian Army's Long March is beyond the reach of the Red Army's Long March! The overthrow of the Nian army is a big topic and a small phenomenon in modern Chinese history.The author does not intend to create a separate topic for it, so in the history of the Taiping Army's Long March, I will add two more paragraphs, so I will not mention it separately, and readers are kindly forgiven.

Long March, Long March: How mysterious and romantic is your name!Every time we mention you, we think of those beautiful mountains and rivers, and those brave revolutionary fighters.They do not avoid hardships and dangers, but walk the way for the sky.The common people eat pots of pulp and welcome them; it is really the east to conquer the western barbarians, and the south to conquer the northern barbarians-how great! Of course we also know that you are the glorious background and political capital of many princes and generals; and the source of wealth and privileged ancestral shadow of many well-clothed and well-fed princes and buddies!

Those smart foreign experts, like my old acquaintance Salisbury and my little colleague Brizinski, will also follow in your footsteps and win international news awards and a lot of dollar bills! But friends, do you really think the Long March is as easy as the poets said: "Thousands of rivers and mountains are just waiting for leisure"?Or is it correct to be eternally glorious and great as advertised by the Revolutionary Party?No.It is paved with red blood and white bones, and runs across the Kangzhuang Avenue and Yangchang Trail in the mainland of China; along the way, there are crying, starving and dying everywhere, and there are thousands of widows and orphans!

Slowly speaking, the Long March of Huang Chao and Zhang Xianzhong was a thousand miles away, and the sun and the moon were dark. ——My friend, how easy is the peasant uprising in the writings of historians and in the mouths of revolutionaries.Do you know that "thousands of miles in the red land", this is an absolute fact. Even if it was the Hong and Yang Long Marches that were quite religious and humanitarian (the so-called "thieves are not bloodthirsty"), do you know the consequences of them burning down villages, engulfing the young and strong, eating up the people's food, and leaving behind the old, weak, women and children?They plundered civilian ships in the Dongting of the Xiangjiang River and the Hanshui River of the Yangtze River, tens of thousands of them at every turn!Do you know that these private boats are the private property of the poor boat people.If you snatch one, the whole family will starve; if you snatch ten thousand (including its male owner being raped), the wives and children of the ten thousand families will starve to death. ——We who write history are all hero worshippers, sitting on leather chairs, smoking cigarettes, and talking big.Do you know that the revolution is successful.How much blood of the people will be needed to irrigate a revolutionary hero and one or two handsome high-ranking sons and daughters? What has been mentioned above is the "positive side" of the Long March—those revolutionary heroes who pretended to be doing justice for the heavens and saving the people.As for the officers and soldiers who were "dragged to death" by these heroes, those corrupt officials who were promoted to "suppress bandits" and made money from the "Long March", their deeds of taking advantage of the situation to rape, kidnap, burn and kill may be twice as bad as that of "rogue bandits". Comb, soldiers come like a grate, officials come like a shave", its horror is even more indescribable. Furthermore, the beginning of the Long March (that is, the "rogues" in traditional history books) was followed by a kind of "anarchy".This phenomenon was called "Wang Gang Jieniu" in Chinese political terms two thousand years ago.Wang Gang Jieniu, in a country where "the state is stronger than the society", there is chaos in the social order - this is a saying in our Jianghuai area, called "yellow flowers bloom everywhere".When yellow flowers bloom everywhere, it is like what Xiang Yu's wife sang in this "Mei Pai" show (also today's "award-winning movie" on the mainland) "The King of Qin has no way to break the country, and the heroes all over the world fight! "Heroes are fighting all over the world, and the revolution is at the forefront.There is no such thing as a common people. 【Remarks】噍 (jiao) category: originally refers to animals that can eat; especially refers to living people. Recalling that when I was young, I heard elders say that in the KMT-Communist battlefields in Jiangxi and Anhui (especially in southern Jiangxi), pedestrians on the road had to keep shaking their hands while walking.A person is like in the wild, walking with his hands behind his back, enjoying the scenery leisurely in thousands of rivers and mountains, and if he is not careful, wild dogs will follow and chase him.Because the dogs were experienced, they saw the man with his hands behind his back and thought he was about to be shot. —they can then munch on a meal. ——People like to eat dog meat, and dogs also like to eat human meat! Young readers, don't think this is "alarmist talk".This is an absolutely true fact in the history of the Republic of China! Is the Long March just a joke?It is a romantic poem of heroes; it is a history of blood and tears of common people! The history of the struggle of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has two major departments, which can be written separately in different ways.The first is the "History of the Long-haired Long March" mentioned in the previous article and the previous section.In this history of the Long March, apart from the section from Yong’an to Nanjing, the other two sections, like the Northern Expedition and Shi Dakai’s Western Expedition to Sichuan, are all “kites with broken strings” and what happened in Tianjing. It doesn't matter much.As for the history of the Nian Army’s Long March briefly described in the previous section, it is even more of a “balloon without strings.”It's just drifting away, so I don't want to write a special article to describe it, so I just took it away. As for the long-haired military, political, cultural and educational events centered on Nanjing Tianwang Mansion, then we should return to the topic and review it separately.Here are some seemingly insignificant small issues, but they are actually major events that have affected a century in history. The heroes of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom only worked for fourteen years in total, and only eleven years when Nanjing was the center (1853-1864).These eleven years, let us borrow a term from Sun Yat-sen, are just the "military and political period" where wars were the mainstay, and military operations during this period can also be divided into: 1. The "encirclement and suppression" of the regular army of the Qing court <Green Camp>; 2. 1. The "anti-encirclement and suppression" of the Taiping Army; 3. The joint encirclement and suppression of the Hunan Army, Huai Army, and European and American mercenaries; (iv) The destruction and legacy of the Taiping regime. Before the Qing army's "Jiangnan Camp" collapsed for the second time (1860), the Qing court besieged Chang Mao with the traditional official army "Green Camp" as the main force and the "Xiang Army" as a supplement.Soldiers of the Hunan Army in the Qing Dynasty could only be called "braves" and not "soldiers". As mentioned in the previous article, there were originally two types of regular official troops in the Qing court: the Eight Banners and the Green Battalion.The Eight Banners were so arrogant and lazy at the end of the Qing Dynasty that they had nothing to use.The civil and foreign wars in the late Qing Dynasty all relied on the green battalion (later also used some Mongolian soldiers and Kwantung soldiers). However, the author has repeatedly rehabilitated the political performance of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, but it is better than that of the Han, Tang, and Ming Dynasties.The Qing Dynasty did not conscript soldiers, so there was no "military service", and it did not conscript husbands, so there was no "corvette service".The green battalion is a "recruitment system" that recruits homeless, idlers, unemployed workers and peasants in society to serve as soldiers in order to reduce social burdens (this is also the case in the United States today).Unlike the Han, Tang, and Ming dynasties and today’s Taiwan, it is necessary to issue “six county good family sons” (Han system), or “every household has three dings and draws one ding” (Tang system), or “graduates from high school to serve in the military” (today’s Taiwan).Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty, "good men" were "not soldiers". Readers should know that conscription for soldiers and conscripts are the most "disturbing" to the people.Therefore, the Qing Dynasty was the dynasty that disturbed the people the least in Chinese history.Lord Kangxi did not even carry out the virtuous policy of "prohibiting foot-binding orders" because he was "afraid of disturbing the people".It's not like our Republic of China era, especially under Chairman Mao's rule, even the chairman has to control the sleeping of husband and wife! Serving as a soldier in the green battalion, he was paid four or two or five dollars a month; there was also a rice allowance during wartime.The monthly salary of Daying in the south of the Yangtze River can be paid up to twelve taels a month in the best period, which is more than enough to support a family of five.So eating food and being a soldier is not too bad; at least it is much better than some unemployed workers, peasants, and vagrants. Changmao was surrounded and suppressed by officers and soldiers during the Yong'an period, and they were the same officers and soldiers; they were also the ones who guarded Guilin and Changsha later.Because of chasing Changmao step by step, he gradually stood out, and the commander of officers and soldiers was like Xiang Rong, the imperial envoy, and he was not too "Lu".He followed him to Nanjing and built the "Jiangnan Camp" in Xiaolingwei.When Xi Hong and Yang captured Nanjing, Xiang Rong surrounded Nanjing on three sides with 50,000 to 60,000 green battalion soldiers.However, Xiang Rong has no sailors, so he had to make an exception for Xiaguan, the northern suburb of Nanjing (near the Yangtze River). At this time, the Taiping Army had thousands of civilian ships, and they went down the river to conquer Zhenjiang and Guazhou, and then went north along the canal to occupy Yangzhou.Qishan, the imperial envoy of the Qing court who was originally in Xiangyang and Fancheng in western Hubei, also led a small number of banner soldiers and tens of thousands of green battalion soldiers to chase Yangzhou from the Jiangbei dry road; "Jiangbei Camp" surrounded Yangzhou.Xu Naizhao, the acting governor of Jiangsu in the Qing Dynasty, was also ordered by Xiangrong at this time to lead a brigade of green battalion soldiers to block the southeast of Zhenjiang.Therefore, in the Suzhou, Hangzhou and Shanghai areas, the Taiping Army was still far behind. Due to the success of Hong and Yang's rebellion, the Dingding Jinling was established, and the heroes of the world were greatly encouraged. They followed suit and rebelled in response.In the southeast area, Liu Lichuan's "Small Knife Club" was the first to draw his sword. The "Small Knife Society" originally belonged to "Hongmen" and was a branch of the "Tiandihui" of the South China Society.After the Opium War, it spread to Ningbo and Shanghai with the opening of the "five-port trade".The underground organization is roughly divided into three gangs of Guangdong, Fujian, and Shanghai-Ningbo locals based on regional language differences, and the Guangdong gang is the strongest.Liu Lichuan is from Xiangshan, Guangdong, so he was hailed as the leader of the gang.On September 4, 1853, after some deliberation, the disciples of the Little Knife Society suddenly rebelled and occupied Jiading City in one fell swoop.On September 7th, led by Li Chuan himself, he occupied Shanghai County without too many riots, and captured the Qing court official Shanghai Dao Wu Jianzhang.Not long after, several towns such as Qingpu, which was close to Shanghai, were also occupied by the Small Knife Society, and their momentum gained momentum for a while.The Little Knife Society had been in trouble in Shanghai for more than a year, until Liu Lichuan was arrested and killed by the Qing and French allied forces and the British and French imperialists on February 17, 1855, and this episode ended.Today there is also a "Liu Lichuan Uprising Memorial Hall" in Shanghai, which is located in an important place and is usually full of tourists.Yu Jinxia felt deeply about the 140th anniversary of Liu Jun's uprising. He once sipped tea with his cousin De Chuan, faced the portrait of the hero, and talked about the historical relics of the rebellion. The Small Knife Society originally had their own religious belief that Buddhism and Taoism are inseparable, and they have no interest in Jesus;Once the first uprising in Shanghai, Li Chuan called himself "the Great Marshal recruited by the Ming Dynasty".Several leaders under him, Lin Afu (Fujian Gang), etc. also have the titles of left and right marshals—just like Hong and Yang Zhi when they were in Yong'an. ——Xiaodaohui rebelled against the original self-contained system, which had nothing to do with the Taiping Army.However, Li Chuan knew that he was lonely and not enough to conquer the world alone. For the sake of the actual need to establish a relationship with his fellow villagers, he once sent a secret envoy who claimed to be an "unofficial minister" to gain ties with King Hong.Unfortunately, they were separated from Hong and Yang by the Qing army and could not join forces. But the main reason why the two of them can't combine is because of Hong and Yang's indifference towards them.Although they are all Cantonese, they are both patriots who fought against the Qing Dynasty and restored the Ming Dynasty.Unfortunately, the distinction between "Hakka" and "indigenous people" has not disappeared; the old hatred of "God Worshipers" and "Triads" is still there, and their religious beliefs are completely different.In addition, Hong Xiuquan is a big dogmatist, thinking that Liu Lichuan can not eliminate the idols of various heresy gods, but also smokes opium, which violates the "rules of heaven"...so he doesn't pay attention to Liu's tentacles.The big mistake was made, and the Taiping Army has since then been unable to gain any control over the Shanghai area where "the people are like the sea and the wealth is like a mountain" (Zeng Guofan's words). Although the Small Knife Club occupied Shanghai for a short period of time, it was an extremely important page in the history of foreign relations in the late Qing Dynasty, both small issues and major events.Liu Lichuan's strength is not great, the three internal factions are arguing endlessly, and the Taiping Army does not lend a helping hand.The Qing army had sufficient pay and equipment, and with many enemies and few enemies, it was not difficult to regain Shanghai.However, the Qing army attacked for several months, and several tunnels were exploded, but there was still nothing to do.The main reason for this is the result of imperialism wanting to feed bandits for their own use in order to fish in troubled waters.The north of Gaihai County is close to the concession.In April 1854, when the Qing army besieged the city, it happened to be close to the north of the city, but was repelled by the "Shanghai Volunteer Corps" (Shanghai Volunteer Corps) formed by foreigners, with many casualties.It is the so-called "Battle of Muddy Flat".This is an armed aggression that 100% damages China's sovereignty, but the British ambassador to China has been greatly praised by London.Since then, the Qing army has never dared to go to the north of the city to offend foreigners.The north gate of Shanghai City was bustling with business as usual, so Liu Lichuan's rebel army was not short of food, ammunition and ammunition.However, the connivance or even support of the rebels by the foreigners is also based on the interests of the foreigners themselves-they want to support the bandits for their own use;Therefore, Xiaodaohui can only guard the city of Shanghai.When they lost the value of existence, they were wiped out by the powerful Qing and French allied forces. In short, the Xiaodao Society's rebellion in Shanghai this time, like all civil wars in modern Chinese history, was just an opportunity for foreign invaders to take advantage of the fire. How do foreigners, especially the British who have the greatest economic interests in China, take advantage of this turmoil to loot?Its gist cap has two ends: First, he wants to take advantage of the Xiaodaohui rebellion to turn the "lease land" in Shanghai into a "colony".The sovereignty of the "lease land" demarcated according to the treaty still belongs to China.Turn the leased land into a "colony" (such as Hong Kong), and the sovereignty belongs to the foreigners. Second, the deep and cunning British colonists wanted to take advantage of the chaos of the Small Knife Society to obtain the management rights of China's customs.If the United Kingdom can control China's customs, it will gradually be able to intervene in the development, construction and management of roads, mines, post and telecommunications in mainland China.If it has mastered China's roads, mines, post and telecommunications, then the Qing Empire will not be the second India, but India will be the second.For this reason, the poor Liu Lichuan became a pawn in the colonial policy of the British Empire in the Far East. However, the black market of the British Empire was not necessarily accepted by the embassies of the United States and France.In order to understand the contradictions among the three countries, we have to add a little supplementary explanation to the history of the concession at that time: According to the Sino-British "Treaty of Nanjing" in 1842, European and American businessmen and missionaries could rent land and build houses in Shanghai and other "five households" for the purpose of doing business and preaching.Therefore, in 1845, Britain and France agreed with the Chinese local government in Shanghai to allocate a small piece of land in the northern suburbs of Shanghai as "lease land". This is the so-called "First Land Regulations". But the so-called "lease land" only stipulates that the nationals of the two countries have the right to lease land in this designated area.The land is still in China, and the Chinese government is still responsible for important matters such as administrative management within the territory.This is the original form of Shanghai's "Public Concession" and "French Concession".For details, readers can refer to "Shanghai History" edited by Tang Zhenchang (published by Shanghai People's Publishing House in 1989).This tome is very detailed.Although there are occasional small mistakes, the flaws do not conceal the goodness. When the Small Knife Society occupied Shanghai in September 1853, these two leased lands were under the direct jurisdiction of China's Shanghai Daotai.At this time, Shanghai Road was from Xiangshan, Guangdong, and Wu Jianzhang, a small fellow of Liu Lichuan.Before Liu's sudden rebellion, the two of them had a personal enmity.Once the chaos broke out, Wu Jianzhang was actually captured alive by Liu Lichuan. According to the old tradition in the history of peasant uprisings in China, once a magistrate was captured alive by an uprising peasant, his head would always fall to the ground.This time the Xiaodao Society rebelled, and Yuan Zude, the governor of Shanghai County, knew that he would inevitably die.It is said that he simply put on an official uniform, sat high above the county government hall and waited to die, and of course he died in the line of duty.However, after his superior Wu Daotai was captured alive, he not only escaped from death; later he escaped in disguise, and finally brought a large number of militia groups back to "suppress the bandits" with Jiangsu governor Xu Naizhao; Liu Lichuan was killed by him instead. ——Why does this history not follow the old model?There are a lot of articles in it. First of all, Wu Daotai survived, which may be related to his native place.Among Liu Lichuan's small knife clubs of the Guangdong Gang, most of them are Wu's fellow countrymen, or even sworn brothers and subordinates.They are all followers of "Guan Yunchang".So in this "Huarong Tao", let him go. The second, and more important one, is that Wu Daotai has overseas relations—Wu Daotai is a good topic for a doctoral dissertation. He may be the predecessor of Sheng Xuanhuai, Kong and Song;He is said to be the brother of Wu Shuangguan, one of the "Thirteen Banks" in Guangzhou. He was a comprador bureaucrat who started his career by donating an official as an alternate, and owned stocks in foreign companies.Wu may also be a major shareholder in Meituan’s Qichang Foreign Firm (Russell & Co.).He is also a Chinese bureaucrat valued by American Minister Marshall (Humphrey Marshall, translated as Marshall or Marshall), so Liu Lichuan has concerns about Wu. Liu Lichuan himself is also a typical "transformation figure" in the modern history of China.Born in a poor city, it is said that Liu once went to Singapore to work and worked in a British foreign firm.They also have complex psychology of worshiping, fearing and inferiority toward foreigners.So on the day when he took over Shanghai City, his first priority was to go to the Concession and personally visit the embassies and consulates of various countries.Therefore, he had very sincere conversations with British Ambassador Sir George Bonham and British Consul Rutherford Alcock, as well as American Ambassador Marshall, American Consul RC Murphy and French Consul B. Edan. First, he declared that he was a subordinate of Hong and Yang, and a branch of the revolutionary regime of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.In their war with the Manchu government, he demanded that the great powers maintain absolute neutrality—no aid to the Taiping Army, nor to the "Qing Hu". Second, he also guaranteed the absolute security of the concession to the foreign powers.The revolutionary army will never invade the concession; everything in the concession will maintain the status quo.The customs of the Qing government in the concession can still operate as usual without harassment. Liu is well versed in foreign affairs.Unlike Hong and Yang, who are self-important and self-important.Therefore, his requirements and guarantees to the envoys of the great powers can be said to be reasonable and in line with international public law. But at this time, the three powers of Britain, the United States, and France reacted to Liu, and they were in the same bed with different dreams. The most specific response was, of course, the United Kingdom.At that time, Britain was the dominant power in Shanghai.It monopolized the frenzied opium trade along China's southeastern coast.The British envoy Wen Han and the British leader Aliguo publicly threatened to use extralegal means to expand business privileges.A large number of British businessmen, including the family of William Jardine (William Jardine), the boss of the most powerful "Jardine Bank", can be said that everyone has a share and everyone gets rich. [Note] The business name "Qiahe" was originally the business name of Wu Chongyao, the most powerful official in a certain merchant in the Thirteen Banks in Guangzhou before the Opium War.Unfortunately, after the war, five ports were opened for trade, the trade center moved northward, and the Wu family declined and went bankrupt. This well-known signboard was inherited by the British Jardine family, and it has continued to flourish. As for the regular import and export trade, British merchants also accounted for more than 70% (including the opium trade); the shipping volume exceeded 90%.Therefore, the British Concession at this time is really like Guangzhou back then, with money piled up in thirteen lines, bustling and bustling, and a prosperous atmosphere, unlike those French whose eyes are bigger than their stomachs, who still only rely on the Catholic Church and Xujiahui in Shanghai. Jesuits, come support the facade.The United States, on the other hand, has not had a concession from beginning to end. It "lives with its relatives" and lives in the British Concession. , The old beauty was so angry that his beard fluttered! However, the British Consulate was in Shanghai at this time, but it had a large yamen with a prominent momentum.Among them, the number of people in office may not be under that of the US State Department in Washington at that time. ——Readers, don't be intimidated by the aura of Laomei today, thinking that it was as grand as it was back then.America was a small country then.For them, the Far East is still "far" in the horizon! Since the British had such a crowd and such a government office in Shanghai, the above-mentioned "Shanghai Volunteer Team" (later renamed the "Shanghai International Merchant Group") was basically a British army supported by the British Marine Corps and led by the British Consul. armed.They drove away the Qing army in World War I, and the Small Knife Society was intimidated by the ocean. This "concession" in a vacuum was occupied by them.This ragtag "volunteer team" consciously lacks experience in managing the city. Wen Hannai, who is also the governor of Hong Kong, dispatched a group of Indian policemen from Hong Kong to maintain law and order.This is the first generation ancestor of the "red-headed assan" we saw with our own eyes later.Since the Shanghai Concession was actually occupied by this British armed force, it must still have a civil office to take responsibility for government affairs management.To this end, they organized an executive committee (executive committee).This committee was gradually expanded and reorganized, and it became the "Municipal Council" in Shanghai.With such a combination of civil and military, soon, the Anglo-French "lease land" in Shanghai became a British-French colony of a country within a country. But everything is ready.It only owes the wind - it has no legal basis.Its only excuse can be said to be that knives can cause chaos, the concession has become anarchic, and foreigners "do justice for the sky", and in an emergency, they have to organize a temporary organization to deal with the emergency.But once the state of emergency no longer exists, this "temporary organization" should end in due course.In this way, the temporary existence of Grand Marshal Liu Lichuan also has its legal rationale.On the contrary, when all temporary facilities have become a fait accompli and the Chinese authorities cannot change it, Grand Marshal Liu will have no value in existence.Historical facts tell us that when Liu Lichuan no longer existed, this temporary measure to deal with the state of emergency existed for a total of 88 years; it was not officially ended until the "Pearl Harbor Incident" in 1941. As for how the British obtained the management rights of China's customs, its development is even more ingenious. According to the "History of Shanghai" quoted above, the editor's story is as follows: The day after the Xiaodaohui occupied Shanghai County (September 8, 1853), the Shanghai Customs House in the concession was destroyed by the uprising masses.The concession authorities immediately sent troops to occupy the customs. ... (On September 9, the Anglo-American consuls agreed to set up a "consular collection system", whereby the British and American consuls collected tariffs on behalf of the Chinese government.) (See page 172 of "Shanghai Officials", edited by Tang Zhenchang.) My patriarch, Lord Tang, wrote this story, and he fell into the trap of the British.His historical materials are based on the British official documents (British diplomatic files) and the British businessmen's "North China Herald" report, as well as the later statements of the British and American historians Hosea Ballou Morse and John K. Fairbank.Subsequent Chinese official books and Chinese historians have insufficient literature, so they have to rely on British historical materials to say the same thing, which is really amazing. In fact, there were no "rebel masses" in the concession at that time—according to the "First Land Regulations", Huayang and foreigners were not allowed to live together in the concession.On the day of the uprising, Liu Lichuan made a promise to the British and American consuls. How could there be "destroyed by the masses" "the next day"? As for the "concession authorities" sending troops to occupy the customs, it is even more absurd. The "concession authority" was originally Wu Jianzhang, a Chinese Daoist.After Wu was captured by the Small Knife Club in the urban area, the "concession authorities" were the British Marine Corps and the temporarily formed "Shanghai Volunteer Team". Here comes the problem: First, Liu Lichuan clearly guaranteed the safety of the concession.The Chinese Customs was set up in the concession, but where did "rebel masses" suddenly appear in the concession to "destroy the customs"? Second, the concession authorities sent troops (volunteer teams) to "occupy the customs" afterwards, why didn't they "send troops to defend" beforehand? Yu has studied so far in his early years, and he has no doubts.Knowing that British official books are not credible, British business newspapers are even less credible, and the Fairbank School, which advocates "theory of existence under imperialism," is especially not credible.According to their unanimous words, the Chinese official and private works written by the British were deceived by the British and had no doubts, so they cannot be trusted. The author later looked through the US documents and found that the records are very clear, and the US diplomatic files are the blind spots of the "Morphy School".Can't help covering the scroll and sighing: That's how it is! It turned out that on the day when the Knife Society occupied Shanghai (September 7), the American Minister Marshall was also in Shanghai.Ma Shi is a professional soldier who graduated from West Point Military Academy. He has participated in the Mexican-American War and is very courageous.On this day, the Xiaodao Society suddenly rioted. Regardless of the danger, Mrs. Ma wanted to go out to patrol the streets to find out what happened.When he stepped into the "China Customs Building" by the Bund River, he saw a British businessman leading a group of porters rushing into the building and forcibly removing the goods stored in the room.Then another group of British also entered the robbery, claiming that the customs owed their ship rent and had not paid, and they came here to move the inventory as collateral.It was not until China Customs was robbed by these "English gentlemen" that the four doors of the Customs Office were opened wide, and Chinese and foreign vagrants on the streets sneaked in to steal. This process of looting by the British was carried out in broad daylight, and the Chinese customs officers stood aside, unable to stop it; all the neighboring Chinese and foreign merchants witnessed it.The most ridiculous thing is that the American minister was also one of the witnesses. Ma Jun couldn't be more angry watching from the sidelines, so he reported the facts to his superiors in Washington.Marshall said: I have reported to you that the first violence against the Chinese Customs in the concession, whose illegal behavior led to the entry (stealing) of street people, did not start with China's rebellion. (The last sentence is especially emphasized. See Marshall’s Report to the U.S. Secretary of State Mercy No. 36. November 26, 1853, issued from Macau. The author has made a more detailed analysis. See my English "Chinese American Diplomat, page 138.) Readers may wonder why China Customs has become a warehouse with a large number of commodities in it?It turned out that after the Taiping Army entered the Yangtze River, the inland foreign goods were unsalable. The importers did not want to pay the import tax because there were no buyers for the goods, so they stored the department stores in the customs warehouse.This time, Wu Daotai, who was also a customs supervisor, was captured during the chaos of the Small Knife Society. They took the opportunity to rush in and remove the inventory, which became a duty-free import. Morse's "History of International Relations of the Qing Empire" has a lot of records about the measures taken by these British merchants to store their goods in warehouses and declare at the customs when there are buyers; resigned. ——This may be because Morse did not know the truth; but it is more likely that these British businessmen were all prominent figures in the commercial and political circles of Shanghai, Hong Kong and London at that time, and their direct and indirect relationship with Morse was inextricably linked.In Moshi's epoch-making masterpiece, taboo for relatives may be unavoidable. [Note] The original name of Kangers' book is The International Relation of the Chinese Empire, which should be translated as "History of International Relations of the Chinese Empire".But the "Empire of China" at this time was actually the Qing Empire.Translated as "History of International Relations of the Qing Empire", it is more clear. Friends, people who write books often have their own masters!Isn’t the motivation for scolding imperialism bloody in our Chinese writings the same?It’s just that many authors of Chinese and English diplomatic histories don’t have the skills and skills of Mohs.When Mr. Fairbank commented on my book, he once said that I would also defend the inexplicable Marshall, but he did not point out which point of my argument was wrong.At that time I wanted to refute Fei Gong, do I have this territory?The author mourns the passing of Fei Gong.Because playing mahjong requires a good partner; playing chess requires a good chess partner.From below, it is not enough to discuss. Therefore, those who "destroy the customs" are not the "insurgent masses" in China; they are also the "upper class expatriates" of the British Empire.After they smashed the customs, they sent British sailors to stand guard the next day to block it.Claims that the Customs was smashed by the Chinese mob and cannot function.说成外国领事们不得已，只好挺身而出，替中国政府帮忙，“代收关税”。官书如此，报纸报导亦然。事为当时在江西打长毛的卫道大师曾国藩听到了，他不禁叹息说：“彼虽商贾之国，颇有儒道。”（见上引唐编《上海史》，页一七七，引<复毛寄之函>。载《曾文正公文集》，世界书局出版，书牍，页七五）。是亦“君子可欺之以方”也欤？英国这一记做贼喊捉贼的行为，竟然流传一百多年，无人拆穿。连现时的年轻的中国史家如唐振常先生等一伙，都还被他蒙在鼓里。也足见英国人搞外交技巧之高明，和手段之稳健了。 Not hereby.后来吴道台脱险归来，要重开海关办公。但是此时中国海关已为英国人条封。户外有英国水兵站岗，吴氏不得其门而入，乃想在同街另行租屋设关，亦为英人所阻，无法实行。吴不得已乃租得洋商铁皮船二艘，在黄浦江边，海关门前，设关江上，亦为英舰所驱逐。吴又移关至黄浦江口，英人亦借口“违反条约”，不许在内地设关。吴被逼走投无路，终于接受英领阿利国建议，由各国领事代征关税。 但代收关税时，英商亦在英领特许之下，只打“白条”（Promissory notes），不付现款。此种“白条”斯时人所共知废纸一张而已。果不其然，未几阿利国便奉到伦敦外交部训令，将“白条”原封退还商人了事；自此，上海便与香港无异，成为事实上免税之自由港矣。 然此时在一旁明眼观察，深知内情的美使马歇尔，对英国这种浑水摸鱼、趁火打劫的作风，却大不以为然。他认为美国有义务维持此一“条约体制”（treaty system），并在中国内战中，严守中立。乃训令美国副领事克宁汉（Edward Cunningham），凡美商报关纳税，一律需缴现金。 马歇尔这条军令，不得了立刻引起在华美商及在美商眷亲友的轩然大波。一时抗议函电雪片般飞来。华府纽约各地报刊因而也充满了反马的报导。甚至克宁汉也不直马氏之所为，转而同情美商。那位恨马恨得牙痒痒的，马之秘书兼翻译，拿钱不做事的伯驾（Peter Parker）牧师，这时更是小报告横飞。伯驾是位力主美国占领台湾，与英国携手侵华的唯一的美国外交官，他这一记窝里反，就使那不知底蕴的国务卿和总统，认为马歇尔在华失职了。 在众意难违之下，马歇尔一气，乃又训令克宁汉副领事停收美商关税；在他看来，与其打白条作伪君子，倒不如干脆不报关，作真小人之更为可取也。可是上校有所不知，搞政治要学司马懿，人家贻尔巾帼，也不能动气。他这一气，出尔反尔；上海这个“自由港”之形成，英国绅士虽然早巳把它变成事实，而背此破坏中国主权之黑锅者，翻为美国上校也。公使的纱帽也就保不住了。 朋友，搞政治要凭手腕。是非从何说起呢？语云弱国无外交，但是纵使是强国的外交，也只是苏秦、张仪的天下啊！言忠信、行笃敬者，是子之迂也。 经过马歇尔公使这一来，秘密的上海自由港就公开化了。从当时清政府内乱方殷，粮饷无着的紧急情况之下着想，年入百万的上海关的关税，对满清政府是太重要了。分明知道大清帝国是饥不择食了；中国关税已由英美领事代征。——领事既已代征白条；将来要催收白条，当更非领事莫办，这样经英领阿利国发起，法美两领事一致同意，阿利国便向吴道台建议了。吴道台如能使海关复活，无论采取何种形式。则钦差大臣两江总督怡良和皇上，也没有不同意之理。因此招请“外人帮办税务”就是顺理成章的后果了。其后他们一连串的中外协商，毋烦多议。一八五四年夏，英国副领事威妥玛（Thomas Francis Wade）便临时受任为上海关监督，携同两位美法助手，代收关税。迨一八五八年夏，中国为英法联军所迫。接连签订<中英天津条约>（六月二十六日），及<中英通商章程善后条约>（十一月八日签订于上海）时，“外人帮办税务”一条，乃订入善后条约之第十款，而通行于全国。翌年英人李泰国（Horatio Nelson Lay）乃受清政府委派为第一任“税务司”，从此中国海关，便正式落入英国人掌握中矣。直至民国初年军阀时代，英国税务司就变成中华民国的太上财政总长了。 小刀会在上海一闹，经英人翻云覆雨，几记小手脚，中国便丧失了海关自主权至七十余年之久，能不令人浩叹！ 【附注】 英国人担任的中国海关税务司，在民国以后对中国的政治、军事、金融各方面的影响太大了。与他有血肉关系的中国当政者如亲英的张公权（当时“中国银行”总裁，后来的江浙财团首脑），和亲美的顾维钧（直系军阀时代的国务总理），对笔者都有最惊人的述评，有机会再详论之。清末民初的“海关”和其后由海关办起的“邮政”，读者知之否？却是洋人替我们代管的最有效率、有最好人事制度、员工薪给福利最好而贪污绝少的两个现代化大机关。朋友，让我沉痛言之，我们自己管不到这么好啊！等到我们赶走洋人，由自己来管，就一塌糊涂了。——国民政府如此！人民政府也不例外啊！夫复何言。 以上所述是我们在“租借地”上失去主权、治权；在自己的海关上失去管理权的经过。那都是外国侵略者，处心积虑，非拿去不可的结果。至于吾人在自己的土地上，连司法权也丢掉——换言之，就是我们在自己的国内犯了法，要由洋人来打屁股，那就是不可思议了。其实这也是我们内战和革命惹来的。 原来在一八四五年根据第一次<土地条约>的规定，租界之内是不许华洋杂居的。界内土地必须租给洋人，华民不得在界内租地居留。可是一八五三年小刀会在上海起义；太平军又占领了南京、镇江、扬州……，各该地富民，便向上海集中；小刀会再占上海城，当地富人便逃入租界避难了。一逃便是两万，把个小小的租界，挤成人山人海。 这时中国政府被洋人赶出租界，界内纳税洋人（少时数十人，多时百余人），上节已略作交代，乃自组其居民委员会（committee of cooperation）和执行委员会，渐渐地就变成后来的“工部局”。形成一种洋人在中国境内的自治政府和会审法庭；租界也就变成国中之国了。 当小刀会乱起，华人难民扶老携幼进入租界避难之初，这些“纳税洋人”曾一度引用<土地条约>，不让华人来和他们杂居。——他们其后不是也有“华人与狗”不许进入他们外滩公园的规定吗？他们自己国内的高等住宅区，不是也不许有色人种入内杂居吗？ 可是，在小刀会作乱的上海，喜欢暴利的洋人，很快就发现一个秘密——华人比狗值钱！ 这时扶老携幼而来的避难华人，很多都是携带细软，为着妻儿的安全，他们是不惜千金一室的向洋地主租屋暂住。一时人如潮涌，房租陡涨，纳税洋人更要赶忙搭篷造屋，广事招徕。华人避难有所，洋人笑口大开。他们就把“不许华洋杂居”这一款条约具文，存入仓库了。 可是华人居民虽多，他们却不许在居民委员会中投票。因此，租界里的华人居民，就变成一群在自己国土上的外国人了！可是，这些假外国人如果在租界之内，闹出刑法、民法事件，又如何是好呢？这样那些真外国人就要组织法庭，来审判这些犯法的假外国人了。 这时那位广东行商家庭出身的吴道台，颇通洋务。他认为洋人损伤他的治权太多。他管不了洋人，至少可以管管租界内的华人嘛！他乃行文各领事，要居民委员会提供一份“华人租界居民”的名单，以备查询。可是租界当局不但认为吴氏此项要求侵犯了华人居民的人权，也侵犯了洋人居民的治权，而相应不理。 自此以后，中国政府再无权管理租界内事。外国租界也就变成了中国境内的独立国家了。 “租界”这个中国近百年史上一个“怪胎”，用不着多说了吧！它的形成当然是我民族自我不争气的结果——正如胡适所说：我们事事不如人；中国不亡，实无天理的结果！但是一个指头打不响，它也是近代西方帝国主义赤裸裸侵略的结果。是一种标准的“国必自伐而后人伐之”的典型现象。 近代的西方帝国主义的性质，和传统的汉族帝国主义的基本相异之处，是西方殖民者东来的目标是纯经济的。——目的只有一个：“快钱”（quick money）！在一个现代都市里，赚钱最快的，那就莫过于烟、赌、娼也。因此，首先在租界之内泛滥成灾的便是这三项了。 洋人要赚中国的钱，不能没有中国代理人。要赚大钱，他必须利用中国知识分子作帮手，这就形成了我们的买办集团和与洋人勾结的军阀官僚。 低等洋人要赚“黑心铜钿”，那就要纵容甚或利用地下的帮会了。帮会中大鱼吃小角——非我徒子徒孙，必然赶尽杀绝，因此，上海的烟赌娼三大金矿，就被青帮垄断了。大通悟觉，顺序安排，他们有钱有势，不但控制了基层的鸡鸣狗盗；上层满口仁义道卫的士大夫。面对黄金美女，有几个不走火入魔？ 人不是上帝造的。科学家已证明他只是禽兽之一种。禽兽在“兽欲”发作时，是六亲不问的。人为万物之灵，因此当“人欲”发作时，又何止六亲不问哉！——上海租界这个销金之窟，因此也变成最不堪闻问的人欲横流的藏污纳垢之所了。 但是，人毕竟是人，洋人也是人。因此，在这个人欲横流的租界里，为人欲遭殃的不只是可怜的中国妓女和黄包车夫。高贵的洋人，偶亦难免。那时在上海滩上与青帮最能打得火热的高等洋人莫过于年入百万的法国总领事了。 一年穷领事，百万雪花银！当年的百万足抵今日美钞三五百万吧！哪里来的呢？青帮徒子徒孙之孝敬也。但是拿人钱手软。一次他的副领事因小事不洽于某地下光棍，被光棍一枪处决。总领事只向巴黎报称遭“情杀”结案。 帝国主义控制了中国；我们中国的“麻皮金荣”，也控制了帝国主义。宋公明说得好，他年若遂凌云志，敢笑黄巢不丈夫？黄金荣亦丈夫哉。 但是天下事哪能全是坏的呢，纵使是租界也有它的阴阳两面。罪恶渊薮之外，它是我国西化和现代化的策源地；是我国志士仁人搞革命，搞民主的避难所；也是我国新文化、新文学的宝山。有此三者，租界先生在我国近代史上，也就足够不朽了。我们日后写民国史，歌颂它老人家的机会多着呢。把它作为长毛史的谈助，我们就暂时打住吧！ 现在还要交代一下那位耿直的美国公使马歇尔上校。 马歇尔这位英帝在华窃权的见证人，当时是激于义愤，也是为着保护美国商业利益而强烈反英的。其后竟因此而招致诽谤撤职。 其实美使反英，不始于马氏。他的前任义华业（Alexander H. Everett）和德威仕（John F. Davis）都是反对英国的。只是那两位前任之反英比较抽象。并且他们主张联法俄共同反英的。马歇尔反英则反得很具体；并且，他是主张不计后果，由美国独力反英的。——可惜这种英美之间的矛盾，不但我们颟顸的大清朝廷和愚昧的东王府、天王府，一无所知，不能加以利用；我们后来的革命史家，把帝国主义恨得牙痒痒的，动辄一竿打翻，都是不对的。 【附注】 颟顸（man han）：糊涂而马虎。 在历时两百年的中美外交史中，来华报聘的共有两个马歇尔——亨福利?马歇尔和乔治?马歇尔。这两个马歇尔，老实说都还算是君子人；不像尼克松和基辛格那种法家策士。 美国公使们（后来的伯驾除外）为什么一致反英呢？ 他们要反的，第一是大英帝国主义。十九世纪的大英帝国在远东是不惜一切手段，对中国加以控制的。它自己的首相迪斯瑞理（Benjamin Disraeli）说得好：“大英帝国无永恒朋友，也无永恒敌人，只有永恒利益！”换言之，大英帝国为着永恒利益，它有奶便是娘。为着利益，它是不择手段、没有原则的。但是，英国外交的方法，则是做得最为高明，不像日本人和俄国人那样赤裸裸的不要脸。上述英国人趁火打劫、制造殖民地、掠夺海关，都是最标准的例子。 美国人就不一样了。为着美国的商业利益，山姆大叔的对华政策，一开头便是搞“机会均等、利益均沾；门户开放、主权独立”的。美国朝野坚守这项原则，坚持了五十余年，至二十世纪初年八国联军时代，始由国务卿海约翰（John Hay）把它概念化了，载入史册的。 上节所记那位老马歇尔，反英反的也正是这一点。他认为英国“破坏条约体制，破坏中国主权”，是违反美国利益的。 美使反英的第二点是“鸦片贸易”。英国人当时不顾一切的向中国倾销鸦片（文翰便是鸦片贩的代言人，是十分可耻的）。在美国人看来——尤其是马歇尔这位美国南方人看来，中国人被黑色鸦片弄得民穷财尽，便再没有余财去买美南特产的白色棉纱了。这也是大有害于美国利益的，所以他要反对到底。 第三点便是马歇尔是美国农村出身的直肠人；一位上校军官，大老粗，看不惯英国官僚的那种小手脚。凡此小手脚——例如上述的化租借地为殖民地；如抢夺中国海关等等——英国人都做得极其光鲜。但是他骗得了曾国藩，却骗不了马歇尔。所以，马歇尔要极力“维持条约体制”。在条约明文之下，中国（不论是谁的政权）一定要“主权独立、领土完整”，才最符合美国的商业利益。这个基本原则虽是纯粹为着美国利益而设计的，但是国际上没这个基本原则的牵制，中国可能就被列强瓜分了。 马歇尔可能就是为着阻止英国在租界上玩手脚，才说动刘丽川把吴健彰释放的。马要他回来重行掌握租界和海关的管理权，但是吴健彰哪里能从虎口取肉呢？——当时中国朝野都盛传吴道台的脱险是美国公使要出去的，不过，马歇尔未曾为此居功。 张学良将军告诉我说：“纵是日本人之中也有好人的。”正是这话。办外交是艺术，哪可一竿打翻一条船！ 小刀会后来在上海的全军覆没，是法国出兵助清的结果。其实小刀会的实力太小了，只要洋人不“养寇自用”，它就必然被消灭无疑。刘丽川在上海闹了一年多之后，洋人所要浑水摸鱼的大小鱼也都摸完了。刘自然也就没有存在的必要了。 再者，在太平军初入长江时，局势混乱，沪上进出口贸易大跌。可是经过一年多的演变，上海外贸回升，前篇曾略事钩沉。这一回升趋势竟远较战前为佳；至一八五六年“天京事变”前夕而登峰造极。生意好，大家发财，小刀会仍然占住上海，不时与围攻的清军对轰，对大家都不方便。既然清军无法消灭，则小刀会放下小刀也就是大家之福了。 事实上，小刀会初起时，清方便要求列强助清灭匪，无人反应。可是至一八五四年中，法国使领就愿意出马，帮助清军来攻击小刀会了。 法国何爱于清而要消灭小刀会呢？其主要原因则来自宗教。在法国眼光里，洪、杨之徒只是一群仇视“天主教”的“基督徒”（新教）。太平军也确因无知，在其反偶像斗争里，每把天主堂内的圣母圣婴，当成送子观音而打得粉碎。刘丽川自始便号称为洪、杨一伙，占据上海县城又正与法租界接壤，法国神父与使领便认为这个大异端正鼾睡于卧榻之侧了。 上海，尤其是近郊的徐家汇，在法国人看来，原是耶稣会士的神圣教区，因为它是明末天主教先驱徐光启的老家（孙中山和蒋中正二公的丈母娘倪老夫人便是徐家的后裔。他们倪家也是近代中国里最老的耶稣教家庭之一）。卧榻之侧，岂容他人鼾睡呢？既经中国敦请，他们就乘势而来了。 还有一点，可能也是新到的法军要借机耀武示威。上海本有英法两国租界。小刀会乱起，所有的风光都被英国人抢尽了。法国多少也得来一下，这也是帝国主义少不了的心态吧！ 五年之后，那个“东方凡尔赛宫”的圆明园之焚毁，也是英法“联军”共同放火的嘛！