Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Two "Long Marches" and two "Cun Zong"

The "Tianjing Incident" in September 1856, where the long-haired "king killed the king"—the king of the north killed the king of the east, and the king of heaven killed the king of the north; —It was a terrible killing, but in the three thousand years of national history, it was not an exception.Don't you see that Liu Bang killed Han Xin and Peng Yue?Li Shimin killed his brother and brother?Zhu Yuanzhang killed all the heroes?Emperor Kangxi flattened San Francisco?Even Chairman Mao, whom we saw personally, killed Gao (Gang), Rao (Shushi), forced Lin Biao, imprisoned Peng Dehuai, He Long, Liu Shaoqi, Tao Zhu and other countless heroes (their deaths were worse than beheading).

The author once told students in class between the 1950s and 1960s: In China's 3,000-year political history, the only two dynasties that did not kill heroes were the Northern Song Dynasty and the Chinese Communist Party.In the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin came to "a cup of wine to release military power", and the problem was solved.Mao Zedong was even greater. He asked Chen Yi to do diplomacy; He Long went to play billiards without even drinking a glass of wine. ——Who knew it was too early to say.Later, historical facts proved that Mao Gong was more useless than his predecessors!Zhu Yuanzhang and others only killed high-ranking officials, but did not harm innocent people.In order to kill the meritorious officials, the Mao family actually drove hundreds of millions of innocent people and petty officials to accompany the beheading. It was really Wang Xiaoer's New Year's Eve.

However, in the formula of "killing heroes" in the past three thousand years, the uprising peasant leader Changmao performed the most indecent and ignorant performances!Didn't they "level the world" like Chairman Mao?It's only been three years since they "entered the city"!They couldn't wait any longer, they hacked and killed each other, hacked a very promising revolutionary regime to pieces, and died together. As mentioned above, the first three years (1851-1853) of the rise of the Taiping Army were originally a bandit of bandits.This group of rogues, like Li Zicheng who learned how to challenge the king, came out in full force, desperate to take down Beijing, sit in the Golden Dragon Palace, and then order the whole country to spread the message to make a decision; then they can do it. ——This is unanimously recognized by all Taiping historians, including the author myself.Unfortunately, this group of poor workers and peasants from Guangdong and Guangxi and the teachers of Sanjia Village mistakenly believed that "the northern desert is bitter and cold" and that Zhili (now Hebei Province and Beijing) was a "province of crimes and slaves", which was too far away and too bitter to be attracted. arouse their interest.The "little paradise" in their dreams when they were far away in Jintian and Yong'an was the Jinling and Nanjing of the Six Dynasties.The true paradise and the charm of the great paradise in Jiangnan in March are beyond the imagination of these poor peasant leaders.Once they arrive in heaven, they can't hold their breath-"this is enough", what else do they need?Looking at the bitter cold desert, let it go, let it go!

"Northern Expedition Yandu"!Just deceive others, deceive yourself, and send two people to lead Li Kaifang and Lin Fengxiang to the north with thousands of people, try their luck!Long live God (Hong) and nine thousand years old (Yang) or even six thousand years old (Wei) and five thousand years old (Shi) don't have to go to the "Long March" in person. Do readers know?After Hong and Yang made their capital in Nanjing, the two of them sent out the basic troops of the "Northern Expedition" to attack Beijing, which was only slightly more than the guard of honor that Hong and Yang had on "every tour" in Nanjing! ——Are you kidding me?

It's fine if they don't have the ambition to be king, but they are as lustful as Li Zicheng and Wu Sangui.For a little bitch from Suzhou ("Wuzhong famous prostitute") Chen Yuanyuan, Li and Wu got the Qing soldiers to enter the customs and overthrew the Han family.Hong and Yang also made a farce where Nine Thousand Years wanted to spank Long Live Lord's ass for the sake of a few beauties, and finally caused the "Tianjing Incident". Hong and Yang's capital in Nanjing, although they lost their good fortune to change the dynasty, but they occupy Jinling and control the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Dingwufu and Minfeng, which is still a situation of "separate rule" of local warlords. "Northern Expedition" (like the practice of the Kuomintang after the division of the Communist Party), still cannot be done from the beginning.But internally "spanking" and "kings killing kings", Shi Dakai will set up a "separation between Ning and Han".The so-called Taiping Heavenly Kingdom cannot be "separated".The failure of the separatist regime turned into a situation where the Qing army "encircled and suppressed" and the Taiping army "anti-encircled and suppressed".The formation of this situation of turning from active to passive, and the annihilation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, became a historical necessity.If the siege failed once, there will be a second time!If it fails the second time, there are still three or five times!Han Wengong was encircling and suppressing "crocodiles" in Chaozhou, and said to the crocodiles: "Three days cannot reach five days, and five days cannot reach seven days..." You crocodile must be careful, how can there be an impenetrable fortress in the world?After three or five encirclement and counter-encirclement campaigns, the Taiping Army was finally defeated.Tianjing was captured by Zeng Jiushuai.

The counter-encirclement and suppression by the Taiping army certainly solved the fundamental problem, but the encirclement and suppression by the Qing army also suffered a lot.The most unlucky ones are of course the common people. The first part of my work has been written repeatedly.The politics and religion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom are not enough to say; but the armed struggle of Changmao is quite enough.Let us look back at the story of the lonely northern expedition led by Li Kaifang and Lin Fengxiang. The failure of the Taiping Army's Northern Expedition to Yandu was actually decided before the departure—because the Central Command's attitude towards the Northern Expedition was simply "perfunctory".Hong and Yang were busy organizing and enjoying their huge profits in Nanjing at that time.With regard to the Northern Expedition, it seems that it was just submissive and perfunctory to the military spirit eager to make meritorious service.

First look at the number of their Northern Expeditionary Army: Guo Tingyi and Jian Youwen both believed that the Taiping Northern Expedition had tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of soldiers, which was a miscalculation.When the Taiping Army came east from Wuchang, its strength was no more than 75,000 (it was said to be 500,000).When Nanjing, Zhenjiang, and Yangzhou were captured in March and April 1853, the troops were divided into three groups.The main force in Nanjing is under the direct command of Dong Wang and Bei Wang, facing Xiang Rong's Jiangnan camp. The Taiping Army in Zhen and Yang, led by Luo Dagang, the "Prime Minister of Winter Officials", and Wu Ruxiao, the "Five Checkpoints on the Left in front of the Palace", faced the Jiangbei camp built by the Qing army by Qi Shan and Sheng Bao.The "Northern Expedition Army" that Hong and Yang hastily formed in May 1853 was drawn from the front line in Yangzhou.It is impossible to have "tens of thousands" of them.

According to official documents of the Qing Dynasty, no more than a thousand people from the Taiping Army "escaped from Yangzhou".Subsequent attachments and threats add up to no more than 10,000 people. According to Professor Luo Ergang's estimate, it was 22,500 people.Luo's estimate appears to be closer to the truth. Let us look again at the commanders of the Taiping Northern Expedition: Luo believed that the commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition was Lin Fengxiang, the "Deputy Prime Minister of the Heavenly Official".Fengxiang was only twenty-eight years old at the time.Ten years ago, he was an illiterate little cowherd in the mountainous area of ​​Guiping County, Guangxi (readers can refer to the "little cowherd" who is good at singing in "Fengyang Flower Drum Opera").After Shui'an broke through, this little herding cow was brave and good at fighting, and he rose almost every month.Even the official worship of "Heavenly official and deputy prime minister".If you go up to another level and become "Heavenly Official and Prime Minister", you will be the "superior" under "King and Marquis", but you are still a prince. ——After the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing, they transformed the entire city of Nanjing into "Zhongnanhai", which was the residential area of ​​the head of the central government.Among them, the "Prince's Mansion" is everywhere, the "House's House" is not very prominent, and the "Prime Minister's Mansion" is more shabby (for the distribution of the Taiping Palace in Tianjing, please refer to "Historical Atlas of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" edited by Guo Yisheng, Beijing in 1988 Published by Map Publishing House, pages 59-62).Officials worshiping the prime minister are naturally eager to make meritorious service.

However, the official books of the Qing Dynasty and the brief history of Taiping believed that the commander-in-chief of the Taiping Northern Expedition Army was Li Kaifang, the "local official and prime minister".Kaifang is a taboo for the word "kai" opened by Shi Dakai, the winged king, and is also called Li Laifang.He is from Yulin, Guangxi.Before conquering Nanjing, he had been worshiped as "[local] official and prime minister".This position is bigger than the "[Heavenly] official and deputy prime minister", which one is bigger? ——I think Long Mao figured it out himself, so historians will argue.

In fact, this may be Dong Wang's trick, deliberately making him "big at both ends" in order to divide and conquer. ——My friend, the general Du Yuming who was captured by the communist army and survived suicide, didn't he also say that Qiu Qingquan was sent to monitor him during the "Battle of Huaihai" (or "Battle of Xu Bang")? The reckless heroes like Hong and Yang took the victory of the revolution too easily when they were proud.The leaders of the early Kuomintang and the Communist Party also made the same mistake—too underestimated the enemy.When Generals Li and Lin led the Northern Expedition, the Taiping Dynasty was full of confidence.They believe that once Beijing is really captured, the "first entry" will be king alone, and it will not be as easy to control as "two generals competing for success".This may be the basic design of Li and Lin.As for Li and Lin, the stories of Ji Wenyuan, Zhu Xikun, and Huang Yiyun, who were later named Marquis at the same time as the two, are limited by space, so I will not repeat them here.

Now let us review their strategy and tactics of the Northern Expedition: In short, the strategy and tactics used by the Taiping Army in this Northern Expedition were still their old routine of breaking out from Yong'an years ago and fleeing northward to Wuhan-the rogue-style advance through the gap.There is no rear, no supplies; threats on the spot, conscripts along the way; if you win a city, don't defend it, and don't kill the obedient people: a strong city will be surrounded, if it is not broken, it will be abandoned, and if it is broken, it will be slaughtered. "Pawns crossing the river, go forward desperately", without hesitation... dragging the pursuers to death. In order to avoid a frontal breakthrough with the Jiangbei camp and the Qing army that was rumored to be going south, Li and Lin's Northern Expedition Army detoured Pukou in early May 1853. The army divided into three routes and went north successively.At this time, the Qing army on the opponent's side also followed their established formula, and the Jiangbei battalion sent troops to intercept them; the Jiangnan battalion sent troops to chase after them. ——Those who advance in a moment will run away like a wolf; those who follow behind will be raped, kidnapped, burned and killed.The poor Li people in the war zone suffered a catastrophe. That era was the end of the Qing Dynasty.The Jianghuai area has been suffering from natural and man-made disasters for a long time. The people have long been in dire straits, thieves are rampant, and people's minds have changed.At this time, the Taiping Army was newly victorious in the south of the Yangtze River, its vigor was in full swing, and its reputation was prosperous.Once they go north, the local refugees really feel like they have been looking forward to Master Wang for a long time.Therefore, unemployed workers and peasants joined the army like a wave.In particular, the remnants of the "Nian (practice) Party" and the "White Lotus Sect" that had been hidden among the people and had been organized for a long time are even more heroes and heroes.For a while, the military power was greatly boosted. ——At this time, if one of the "Five Kings" of the Taiping Shouyi came to lead, this wildfire could blow over Beijing with a gust of wind.Unfortunately, these long-haired leaders were greedy for the "gold powder of the Six Dynasties" and refused to make further progress and missed the opportunity, which is enough to make history readers feel sorry for it. The Taiping Northern Expeditionary Army could have followed today's Jinpu line from northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui to attack Zhili in Shandong (now Hebei). Mengcheng and Haozhou fled into Henan and fell into Guide.The Northern Expeditionary Army originally planned to cross the Yellow River north from Liujiakou in Guide, but it was midsummer, the river surged, the civilian ships were burned by the Qing army, and the northward crossing was blocked.Li and Lin's armies were sheguide, and they surrounded Kaifeng and plundered Zhengzhou in the west, and entered Rongyang, Sishui, and Gong counties. On the banks of the Gong and Si rivers, the Taiping army captured a few coal carriers, and at the end of June they marched northward.Who knows that the whole army was half crossing, and the chasers of the Qing army in Henan had arrived, and the half crossing Taiping army was cut into two sections. The Taiping Army, which had already crossed the north, continued to advance, fell into Wen County, and encircled Huaiqing Mansion (now Qinyang County, Henan Province).Tired of attacking, he was stalemate with the Qing army for three months. He began to abandon Huaiqing, drilled a gap from the side of Taihang Mountain, and ran westward into Shanxi, trapping Qu, Kejiang County, Quwo, and Pingyang; entering Hongdong (The place where "Su Sanqi Jie" in Beijing opera).Divide into two roads from Hongdong and then turn around, go eastward through the gap, and then go straight into Zhili, threatening Baoding and shaking Beijing. At that time, the Taiping army, which failed to cross the north, started from Xuchang and Yancheng, bypassed Xinyang from the east, then turned southeast to Huang'an, followed the western foot of Dabie Mountain, passed Macheng and Songbu, and returned to Anhui to join the Taiping army in Anhui. Exhausted, with little left.As for the two groups of Taiping troops who were intercepted crossing the river at the end of June, there are different opinions on how many troops there are.It is said that there were more than 80,000 soldiers in the Taiping Army in the Northern Expedition (see "Dunbi Suiwenlu"), which is obviously an exaggeration.The real number is between 20,000 and 30,000.The number of Taiping soldiers who returned from the south was only a few hundred in the official records of the Qing Dynasty.The real number is 3000 to 2000 people, and historians also record it as 20000 to 30000 people.It is difficult to know the exact number of rumors and different words. In this Northern Expedition, the Taiping Army made great mistakes in strategy and tactics. First, use the method of rogues to flee through the gaps, lose the city, don't leave the rear, and surround yourself with threats on the spot. This traditional method, from Yong'an to Nanjing, is very effective.Because that's a fight from hell to heaven - eat sugar cane upside down, the more you eat, the sweeter it becomes.The morale of the army is getting stronger and stronger, and there are more and more threats.Finally broke into heaven. From Nanjing to the north is not the same.An old saying goes: "I would rather go south for a thousand than go north for one day." The natural environment of our country is rich in the south and poor in the north.From the southeast through northern Anhui and southern Henan into Shanxi, friends, that is marching from heaven to hell. If the Northern Expeditionary Army took the southeast as its rear, took advantage of the wealth in the southeast, made every step of the camp, defended every city they won, expanded the occupied area in a planned way, and went north for the first time, it would be a different matter.To harass the north in the way of rogues is to kill oneself. Don’t you see, during the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang, Feng Yuxiang swore to the east in Wuyuan, Suiyuan on September 16, 1926 (Maomao’s father Deng Xiaoping was also in his army at the time), and he occupied Xi’an and left the country within a month. How smooth it is to conquer Tongguan, occupy Luoyang, and seize Zhengzhou.But four years later, Feng was defeated in the "Central Plains War".He wanted to take his "Northwest Army" back to the Northwest, and everyone quit.Han Fuju and Shi Yousan first took money to surrender to Nanjing, and other generals flocked away, and the 400,000 Northwest Army disintegrated. Therefore, at the end of June 1853, when the Taiping Army was crossing the Yellow River in the north of Sishui, the large group was halfway across, and the small group suddenly returned to the south.Whether they were really intercepted halfway, or slipped away with an excuse, is still a public case in history! ——Think about it, those brothers from Guangdong and Guangxi who stayed in heaven, the heavenly soldiers and generals, how blessed are they to enjoy the rich clothes and good food at this time?Look at what Beidu Yellow River eats is unpalatable corn bread; use two legs to compete with the four-legged cavalry of Beiyao, and fight for your life.Compare the two.How can it be said that all the reasons are fair? ——After all, hypocrisy can only last for a short period of time, and it lasts forever, and you have to obey the rules of human nature.Therefore, after the Taiping Army crossed the Yellow River north, both subjective and objective conditions changed rapidly. [Note] 揆 (kui): speculation: ~ degree. ~ Policy. ~ Gu Cha Jin. The second biggest mistake of the Taiping Army was that they were dazzled by the victory and underestimated the enemy: they didn’t know the enemy or themselves; they didn’t know the weather and the geography; To be honest, the monarchs and ministers of the Qing court at this time were more capable than virtue and above peace. Emperor Xianfeng Yiju (1831-1861) was only in his twenties at this time, shrewd and capable, and diligent in government affairs.Although he grew up in a deep palace, he is very important in his grasp of the country's major affairs and the control of civil and military ministers.After reading the political documents of Xianfeng Dynasty, I deeply felt that this little emperor (who was in the same year as Shi Dakai) was not a faint emperor.He measures materials and implements, and observes government affairs, which is far beyond the reach of Hong Xiuquan, a superstitious leader.Although the two of them did not understand "barbarian affairs", they were brothers. In the early years of Xianfeng, the full-time generals Xiang Rong, Sheng Bao, and Seng Gelinqin who were full-time generals were all generals; in the early years of the Hongyang Revolution, in the military, every time they were constrained and could not do whatever they wanted, these Manchu and Mongolian soldiers were among the best. Strong confrontation is also one of the main reasons.However, after two hundred years of Qing Dynasty rule, the machines have rusted, and the few talents (including the emperor himself) will never recover. Let's put aside the topic and talk about a few gossips.I remember my teacher, the tall nationalist Mr. Miao Fenglin, who most liked to mention the words "Han, Tang and Ming" when talking about history.He believes that these three dynasties are the three most proud stages in Chinese history.In fact, which of these three dynasties can compare with the "Qing Dynasty" ruled by ethnic minorities in the frontier? ——It was only in the late Qing Dynasty that many modern historians judged it useless due to the rotten ruling machinery and incompetent transformation.Now that the grievances and grievances of the Manchu emperor have been resolved, an impartial historian should really vindicate the rulers of our ethnic minorities. Let's take the personal talents and virtues of those rulers as an example!The "Nine Dynasties and Ten Emperors" of the Manchu Qing Dynasty cannot be regarded as useless goods!Even Puyi cannot be regarded as a "faint king"-he is a victim of the times and history!What does it have to do with "individual"? Look at our presidents in the Republic of China—from Yuan Shikai to Lee Teng-hui to Jiang Zemin—who was much better than those ten emperors?On the contrary, it may be far from it!Friends, don't be afraid of not knowing the goods, but be afraid of comparing goods! Therefore, the civil and military officials promoted by Lord Xianfeng at that time were not too "Lu"; he was also very strict in management.Therefore, when Li Kaifang and Lin Fengxiang failed to besiege Huaiqing and fled into Shanxi, surrounded by Shengbao and others, they were at the end of their strength.If you run eastward again, you will be surrounded and beaten. When Li and Lin Dajun left Hongdong and entered Zhili in mid-September 1853, the weather in North China had turned cold.The wind and sand are getting worse day by day, and the natural environment has posed a serious threat to these southern heroes.At this time, Xianfeng went to the governor of Zhili and the governor of Shanxi and other dereliction of duty officials, and Ti Shengbao became the "imperial envoy" responsible for pursuing and suppressing.The two sides turned around, and the two Taiping armies finally approached Shenzhou and Baoding.The two places are the throats for defending Beijing, so Beijing is under martial law. Xianfeng hurriedly dispatched the Mongolian cavalry team of Seng Gelinqin, the king of Horqin County, who was born in Mongolia, to enter the pass to "assist the suppression". The "Mongolian cavalry" may be the pinnacle of world cavalry.The ancient Huns used to run rampant in Eurasia and threatened Rome.In the 13th century, Kublai Khan also used it to conquer the Eurasian continent and established the unprecedented Yuan Empire.Now Xianfeng had no choice but to take the risk of sending Mongolian cavalry into the pass. The infantry of the Taiping Army gradually became no match for the Mongolian cavalry. In fact, when Li and Lin entered the Zhili area, their strength was not as good as before.But the rebel army is approaching, and the capital is under martial law, which is big news at home and abroad!For Hong and Yang, who lived a corrupt life in Nanjing but were fighting secretly, Li and Lin's Northern Expeditionary Army had long since become a kite with a broken string, but the news of success came (probably from a Shanghai Western newspaper, and the land route had long been impassable. Also), Heavenly King and Eastern King still have to add rewards from a distance, because there is a grand event of the five princes conferring together-Li Kaifang was named Huhou, Lin Fengxiang was named Jinghuhou, Ji Wenyuan was named Pinghuhou, Zhu Xikun was named Huhou, Huang Yiyun was named Miehou Hou Hou. (Actually, Ji and Zhu were already at the point of life and death. Huang was left behind in the Northern Expedition; his successor participated in the Northern Expedition reinforcements, was defeated, was captured and died, but there are other opinions.) Authoritative Taiping historians, like many enthusiastic readers, thought that the Taiping Northern Expedition was approaching Gyeonggi.What a big event it must be to shake the whole world.The final failure of the Taiping Army is enough to make many history readers sigh, thinking that it was a failure. ——In fact, Li and Lin Gujun dragged it here.Caught in the wind and sand, on the brink of death. Friends, in the last season when the traditional agricultural empire is facing a change of dynasty, the people are destitute and hungry.If you can command three or five thousand deadly buddies, you can run rampant in the world.In the vast land, in the mountains, forests and fields; in the green gauze tent, in the smog, where can I not hide or flow?After all, the officers and soldiers are not the Great Wall, their numbers are limited, and they cannot be blocked; what's more, their tacit strategy of suppressing bandits has always been to pursue but not block! ——You have 3,000 dead soldiers, you can go forward as much as you can, and go straight to Baoding and Zhuozhou. Beijing, that is too much of a dream.Therefore, after Li and Lin's solitary troops captured Zhengding and Shenzhou, they turned around and marched eastward to capture Cangzhou.In the Battle of Cang, the Taiping Army was strongly resisted by the local militia, and was furious.When the city was broken, more than 10,000 people, men, women, old and young, were massacred.However, after the Battle of Cangzhou, the Taiping Army occupied Qingxian County, Jinghai, Duliu, and Yangliuqing at the end of October, and when they approached the outskirts of Tianjin, their own strength had reached their limit. The attack and defense will change quickly. At this time, the season has entered winter, and the northern country is snowing heavily and bitterly cold.The solitary army has been fighting for a long time without success, and the adherents in the north and those who are coerced along the way, seeing that there is nothing to do, they scattered as soon as possible.The remaining buddies are just some "long-haired veteran cadres" who came from the southern country. Under the wind and snow, they are located in the three suburban cities of Tianjin, and gradually fell into a tight siege. The previous section described the general history of the whirlwind of the Taiping Army's Northern Expedition in 1853, which lasted half a year.When they were besieged in the suburbs of Tianjin in winter, they were finally forced to abandon Yangliuqing and stick to the two strongholds of Duliu and Jinghai.This year's autumn and winter coincided with the flooding of the Zhang River and the overflow of the canal, and the cities and towns in the suburbs of Tianjin were flooded into isolated islands.Fighting across the water, the two sides became a stalemate. After a stalemate through the winter, it was difficult to make any progress. But after all, the North China Plain is the hometown of the Qing army, and the food and wages are abundant; Shengbao can dispatch it freely.According to the northern wind of Huma, the monk king's Mongolian elite cavalry can travel hundreds of miles a day, doing whatever they want; while the long-haired strong men who are trapped and besieged have no choice but to defend the isolated city, lacking both ammunition and weapons, and sitting and eating mountains. At the beginning of February 1854, the remnants of Li and Lin (there may still be more than 10,000 people).On the one hand, he secretly begged for help from Nanjing, and on the other hand, he tried to break out of the siege and return to the south.However, it is easy to imagine the difficulty for them to escape the pursuit of four-legged (cavalry) by fleeing on two legs. ——The author has limited experience, but I have also witnessed the Mongolian equestrian performance, which is amazing!Feng Yuxiang also described it in his autobiography "My Life".According to the records of Chinese and Western ancients, it is even more car-loaded.Mongolian friends told me that Mongolian women can even give birth and pick up children on horseback while the horses are galloping... Believe it or not! Friends, in this situation, the two commanders, Li and Lin, asked the whole army to carry a bag of fried rice to escape the pursuit of Mengqi. How could they escape?Sure enough, they fled south in February 1854, and were besieged in Fucheng in March; when they entered Lianzhen in May, they could not break out of the siege.The two generals were divided into one front and one rear—Lin led the entire army behind the palace, and fought against the monk king in place; Li Ze led a small number of elite cavalry to break through, entered Shandong and built a stronghold in Gaotang Prefecture, and finally fled to Fengguantun, waiting for help . ——The two generals held each other for another year without any assistance from the south, until the point where people cannibalized each other, the Qing army broke through separately in March 1855, and the entire army was wiped out. According to official and private records, the final fate of the two tiger generals, Li and Lin, was tragic.Lianzhen, guarded by Marquis Lin, was the first to be breached on March 7, 1855, and only two thousand people remained.After all the soldiers were captured, only the commander Lin Huangxiang was missing, and the monk king forced to interrogate the "young boy" among the prisoners. [Note] Of all the revolutionary and rebel groups, organized by young children, they are the most fierce, loyal, powerful, and cruel.The "Red Little Ghosts" during the CCP's Long March (Hu Yaobang was one of them); the "Red Guards" during the Cultural Revolution are all in this category. ——The lovely Song family Mao Mao, Song Binbin, after changing his name to Song Yaowu, one belt can kill seven tough guys, is a prominent but not exceptional example. ——The "little long hair" among the long hairs is also the most powerful and cruel.When the Heavenly King set out to conquer Nanjing from Wuhan, the famous city of Jiujiang was laid down by a group of about a dozen "little long hairs" aged fifteen or six.The generals in the Taiping Army, especially those at the prime minister level, like Xiao Changmao the most.According to "Dunbi Suiwenlu" (Tongyou Wenzang banknote), in the Taiping Northern Expedition, "there were three false prime ministers, each with thirty or forty beautiful boys to wait on him, embroidered clothes and tied their foreheads, just like charming girls" ( Brief book page 597).According to the private records of other officials about the Taiping Dynasty, this article is clearly a fact.This kind of behavior of carrying young children in the army, in addition to its military role, is very likely to include sexual assault.Officialdom in the Qing Dynasty was originally a sanctuary for homosexuality.In the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the emperors strictly prohibited officials from "taking prostitutes into office" in order to rectify their official admonitions.Who knew that if one foot is tall, the devil is one foot tall.The prominent eunuchs and high-ranking officials changed to save "male pets".By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, it was almost the fashion of shameless scholar-bureaucrats (including Cao Kun, the president who bribed the election of the country). ——America today is flooded with disasters.At the beginning of Hong and Yang's revolution, there were religious fanatics, men and women were separated, husband and wife were not allowed to share the same bed, and abstinence was strictly enforced.But the long-haired class is strict.Once among the "King", the "Wang Niang" can be allocated quotas.But although the position is not as high as a prince, the "prime minister" who is worshiped as the best is on the verge of the separation of men and women and the "rationing system". ——My friend, this is also a powerful circumstantial evidence in sexual psychology! The monk king captured young children around Linhou, and according to his report, Fengxiang was found in the tunnel.According to the "Yuefu Chronicle", this kind of tunnel is "tens of miles deep, twists and turns, with secret doors, and there are rubble and haze on it, so it is impossible to trace it."Feng Xiangyuan was seriously injured, even dying.The Qing Fang feared that he would die from his injuries, so they executed him without waiting for him to die. As for Li Kaifang, he was heavily surrounded by monks in Fengguantun, and in the end there were only a hundred people left, so he led his troops out on May 31st (April 16th in the lunar calendar).Witnesses wrote very vivid reports about Kaifang's arrest and treatment: 【Notes】鞫 (ju): Interrogation of prisoners. (Monk King) Shan ordered Kaifang to come in. [Kaifang] Wearing a yellow silk embroidered hat, a short jacket with moon white sleeves, red trousers and red shoes, about thirty-two or three-year-old.Serving the two boys, about sixteen or seventeen years old, wearing bright red embroidered clothes and red shoes, they are as beautiful as women;Kaifang only bowed one knee to the king, Beizi, and all the lords, and sat cross-legged on the ground.The general soldiers below stand around with swords, glaring.Kaifang and Ertong looked around without fear.But Yunfei can be lenient in loans, and he would like to say that Jinling and his party came to surrender, and asked for food.So he chewed happily, talking and laughing as usual.I hate the mansion and know it's unpredictable, so I send it away after dinner.Eight people [senior generals under Jie Kaifang's command who were captured at the same time] were ordered to come in. They all knelt down and begged for amnesty, and they were sent out immediately.So the Red Flag reported victory... With a team of hundreds of horses, nine people were escorted to Beijing, and they were released within six days. (See "The Story of Li Kaifang's Capture in Fenggongtun", in the first series of "Thirteen Books of the Daping Heavenly Kingdom Series". The above paragraph is quoted from page 654 of the previous book of the Jane.) Kai Fang was executed by Ling Chi in Beijing.Eyewitnesses also reported it, and I couldn't bear to record more. In order to capture Li Kaifang alive and get rid of the serious troubles of the Qing Dynasty near Gyeonggi at one stroke, the majestic Mongolian county king Seng Gelinqin was granted the title of "Prince" and "Hereditary Replacement" because of his meritorious service.But how did this great prince know that ten years later, he himself was completely annihilated, hiding alone in the wheat field, and was found by Zhang Pilu, a teenage kid in the Nian army, and was cut in two by the kid! ——It was said that Zhang Pilu got up at the fifth watch to "pick up dung" and met the monk king who was hiding in the sorghum field, and he beat the monk king to death. (See Luo's previous book, pages 2268-2270, <The Biography of Zhang Pilu>.) [Note] There is a flash file that clearly explains the roadmap from the Jintian Uprising to the failure of the Northern Expedition The annihilation of Li and Lin's Northern Expedition was also one of several important keys to the inevitable failure of the Taiping Revolution.After Gai Li and Lin were killed, the North China Plain, which was the foundation of the Qing Dynasty, was as safe as a rock, and the rebel party would never be able to touch it.Since the foundation is safe, the civil war far away in the Yangtze River Basin has become a unilateral "encirclement and suppression" and "counter-encirclement and suppression".The Taiping army who were encircled and countered will always be in a passive position, and the Taiping army will only have to be beaten and parryed if they hold back. When Generals Li and Lin collapsed from the Tianjin front line to the south, Hong and Yang also dispatched troops to rescue them in Nanjing—the so-called "Northern Expedition Reinforcement". Although this batch of "Northern Expedition Reinforcement Army" was not a Taiping force, there were still 40,000 generals, consisting of five prime minister-level generals Huang Shengcai (Xia Guanzheng Prime Minister), Chen Shibao (Xia Official Deputy Prime Minister), Xu Zongyang (Winter Official Deputy Prime Minister), Zeng Lichang ( Xia Guan was also Prime Minister), Huang Yiyun (one said that Huang Sui Li and Lin died in the fire during the Northern Expedition. There was no Huang in the Northern Expedition reinforcements. Another said that he died at the end and was reassigned to the Northern Expedition reinforcements) and others led them in 1854 In the spring of 2010, he went northward in batches from Anqing.It went smoothly at first, and was able to cross the Yellow River to the north, and captured Linqing, the throat of water transportation in Shandong, in mid-April.Going north again, there is the possibility of joining forces with Li and Lin. At this time, Seng Gelinqin and Shengbao of the Qing army were entangled with Li and Lin in Fucheng and Lianzhen. The reward was that the Seng army stayed behind, and Shengbao went south to resist the reinforcements of the Northern Expedition.At this time, the Qing army of Shengbao was very complete, while the Taiping army going north had the local Nian faction under their control. It was inevitable that they would unite with each other, and there would be internal strife from time to time.When the Qing army recaptured Linqing at the end of April, it was reported that "270,000 corpses were buried." ——Since the defeat of Linqing, the Taiping Aid Army was defeated immediately. The commander Huang Shengcai disguised himself as a beggar and absconded and was captured. It is said that Huang Yiyun was also arrested before the battle.Among the five commanders, only Xu Zongyang fled back to Nanjing alone.The Eastern King pursued the responsibility for the defeat and imprisoned Xu in the "Eastern Prison". He may have been released by the Northern King during the subsequent "Tianjing Incident".Therefore, it is said that that night he went straight into Dongwang's mansion with hatred in his hands, "the blade came out of his back" - it was Xu Zongyang, not Qin Richang, who killed Dongwang. (See the works of Guo, Jian, Luo and other official and private documents.) In fact, the successive annihilation of Taiping's "Northern Expedition Army" and "Northern Expedition Reinforcement Army" was not due to personal factors-in terms of generals, these Northern Expedition generals can be said to be unprecedented famous generals in Chinese military history.Their failure is the result of not getting rid of the "rogue doctrine" in the entire long-haired strategic thinking-let me quote the "Quotations from Mao Zedong" that "every sentence shines golden".They don't fight well-organized regular warfare and mobile warfare with front enemies and logistics; but the strategy of rogues who specialize in exploiting gaps, fleeing, and dragging the officers and soldiers to death cannot last long. After the "five rounds of encirclement and suppression" in the mid-1930s, the 25,000-mile "Long March" of the "Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" led by Generals Zhu and Mao also carried out the same strategy of avoiding the rear, advancing through gaps, and dragging people to death. The rogue strategy of the officers and soldiers.In that battle, hum, if Chairman Jiang was not "too smart" (wanted to kill with a knife) and Young Marshal Zhang was "too honest" (thought the Red Army really wanted to resist Japan), I am afraid that "the people would not be able to stand up."Even so, in the end it wasn't "undertaken", recruited, and ended up with "fighting Fangla".When the "Red Army of Workers and Peasants" died down, put away the "octagonal hat", changed into the national military uniform, and wore the "blue sky and white sun" cap badge, the talented girl Mao Mao said: After the Red Army accepted to be reorganized into the Eighth Route Army...the majority of commanders and fighters did have some emotions about the reorganization and changing of costumes. Let these Red Army soldiers take off their beloved red star octagonal caps that have been worn (wearing) for ten years, and let them put on the military uniforms of the Kuomintang army that used to frantically kill them. How can their hearts be at peace! (See Mao Mao Shu, pages 351-352) Princess Mao Mao didn't know this. At that time, if her Uncle Mao, Uncle Zhou and her father couldn't bend down and wanted to get angry, there would be no princess.How can Li Kaifang and Shi Dakai be "calm"?They also want to "be adapted" and "change clothes"!Uncle Song Gongming, who is engaged in socialism and "does justice for the sky", is he willing to be a "surrenderer"?The question is how can one be a "rogue" for a lifetime? learn from mistakes!Twenty-five thousand miles has taught me a big lesson.During the Anti-Japanese War, Mao Zedong no longer engaged in the "Long March".To engage in a "protracted war" with the Japanese, especially with Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang calls it "a long-term war of resistance"; Wang calls it "negotiations and resistance at the same time"), so we must "pull the mill"—a dozen or so of them will be created with one brain "Revolutionary Democratic Base" (before the Long March, it was called the "Soviet Area". You Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Lin Biao, Chen Yi..., the three armies, big and small, obey orders: you break up into parts, each occupies a hill, and each builds a "base area" Organize grassroots, unite workers and peasants, unite front and capitalism... old, new liberated areas, white areas, enemy areas..., adjust measures to the times, each according to its convenience, the army and the people are integrated; eighty-year-old woman, nine-year-old child, one No leaks. Make him impervious to needle insertion and impervious to water... Once the Kuomintang comes again to "encircle and suppress"; the Japanese army comes to "sweep"; "Battle", in the eight formations, it is an endless grinding battle-lose one, go to the second; Hundreds of miles of battalion, all burned up... Then the countryside encircled the city—you will not be driven back to Japan; . But how can this great strategy of a world-class hero be dreamed of by Mr. Liang Shuming, an elementary school teacher of the "Rural Construction School" and an old antique "China's backbone"?After Chairman Mao enlightened him overnight, the old man Liang felt that his "brain blossomed". Mao Zedong, like Hong Xiuquan and Liang Shuming, belonged to the township construction school, and so did the old masters of Sanjia Village. How could old master Mao come up with such a crazy idea, but Hong, Liang and other old masters wanted to come up with it?without him.This is the "stages of historical development" that I want to talk about.Human "ghost ideas" are limited by "historical stages". If the "stage" is not reached, you will not be able to come up with "ghost ideas".If Hong Xiuquan can also come up with this kind of ghost idea, he will not be "long haired"!He is the "Communist Party" trained in Marxism-Leninism. ——My friend, the "Communist Party" appeared in China in the Xianfeng era, so it's too early! Also, my friend, do you really think that Chairman Mao is resourceful, full of ghost ideas, and "invincible"?No.He could only think of that "phase" of his own.应付次一阶段，他就傻眼了。否则他老人家也不会died a broken old man。 洪秀全既然打不来毛式的“推磨”大战；他陛下的“达胞”（石达开的御名）老弟，当然就更不会了。因此在“天京事变”之后，石达开搞分裂，要自闯天下，他也只会搞搞“长征”。搞流寇式的长征，在中国历史上，除朱、毛之外是没一个好下场的。“达胞”何能例外？石达开的下场既然和李开芳、林凤祥没有两样。事以类分，我们就把他们长征的故事放在一起，三言两语带过，以后就不再多费笔墨了。 前文已言之，石达开（一八三一～一八六三）在天京事变时回师靖难为北王所忌，缒城逃走，全家均为北王所杀。北王乱平后，翼王又奉诏回天京辅政。在一八五六、五七年之交，偌大的太平天国只有四个“王”爷。天王之下有他兄长二人（洪仁发、洪仁达）分别晋封安王、福王，其下便是翼王了。天王本是个不管朝政的昏君；安、福两王却是两个野心大、气量小的脓包，对翼王忌嫉特甚；而秀全既经天京事变之惊以后，对非内亲外戚的功臣，亦心存疑忌。——这一点，后来的蒋、毛二公亦所难免啊！ 在这一可怖的三洪一石的对立情况之下，石达开自觉朝中无立足之地，一八五七年六月二日他就潜离南京，从陆路逃往安庆。天王发觉后，乃遣将蒙得恩等追之，谁知追兵竟与他一同逃去。 石达开在安庆待了五十余日，不知所适。其后他可能想到在江西福建浙江一带另成局面或可与南京争雄；是年九月底乃率精兵万人突入江西，经景德镇入赣南抚州、吉安，再掉头东去浙西，经鹰潭、上饶于一八五八年四月中旬攻入衢州。一路上太平老兄弟从者如云。太平军精锐，一时俱去。 在浙西一待数月，那流窜成性的翼王又掉头西向进入福建。一八五九年春，又兵分两路进入湘南与粤东。掠郴州、韶州。北克宝庆；南围桂林不下，终于又窜回自己的老家贵县，但是他显然知道老家广西太穷了，养不起他的十万大军。要称王称霸，只有北上四川，开府成都做个刘先主；然后再慢慢地六出祁山，北伐中原。 石达开会作诗是假的，是南社诗人冒充的；他熟读，倒是真的。因此他在母省广西盘桓了几个月，于一八六〇年秋又率十万健儿，回师北上，冲入湘西经靖州、芷江、泸溪、乾州、永绥，进入川东，直迫涪州……。 笔者随翼王大军精神长征，神游至此，记忆中简直重入童年，随军西上。因为抗战初期，我自己便是循这条路“步行入川”的。——那种峭壁悬崖、巨瀑险滩……与苗民打交道，与猴子抢果子，罗曼蒂克得很呢！ 拙作读者中的老兵，可能分享这些讲不完的故事；年轻的少爷兵，幻想也幻想不出了。笔者便是穿着草鞋，从芷江、泸溪、乾州、永绥、秀山、彭水，在涪州乘民生公司小轮船西上重庆的。 可是翼王爷就没民生公司小轮船可坐了。他原先在湘桂一带流窜时，饥民灾黎都知道翼王殿下要到四川去做皇帝的。——谁没看过《三国》呢，四川这个“天府之国”，谁不想去？大家一哄而来，从龙如云，所以兵临涪州时，据说他的人马，有二十多万，可谓盛极一时。但是他并没有打下涪州，乃舍涪而去。沿江西上，经綦江、叙永，又南下攻入贵州遵义。再西窜昭通，这时已是一八六三年的春季了。 在西南崇山峻岭里流窜，可不像在蒙古草原或华北平原里那样随心所欲。你得循山势、水势和古驿道，转弯抹角，按理出牌呢！深山大壑，狼噑虎啸，野人猎头，由得你随意进进出出？我们试把石达开的流窜图（读者如想深入探究竟，不妨参阅前引郭毅生编地理书中各图，见页一一五～一一九），与工农红军长征路线图相比，就知他们两军所走的，几乎是同一条路！Why?大地山河是天父皇上帝安排的。你要走，就得循此路前进。 果然石达开的太平长征军，于一八六三年五月中旬，也兵临大渡河边、铁索桥头！“金沙浪拍悬岩冷，大渡桥横铁索寒。”当地土司王应元拆桥防河，隔河有清朝大军，列阵以待，太平军便在河边的紫打地（亦作紫大地），陷入绝境了。 翼王石达开身为全军统帅，不忍见全军饿死，乃只身向清军“请死”、请降”，以救全军。一八六三年六月十三日乃被清军械送成都，“凌迟处死”。长毛老兄弟二千余人，和石家“王娘”十余人，及翼王五岁幼子石定忠，和一个出生才数日的无名幼弟，一时俱殉，惨不忍言。 【附注】 石达开远征路线图： 翼王之死，按清朝刑律，他和李开芳、林凤祥、“洪大全”以及清廷所认为势穷被擒的“首恶”，都是用最残酷的方法，“凌迟处死”的。 什么是“凌迟处死”呢？因为在我国唐代以前的官定死刑，不过“斩首”而已。可是宋、元而后所谓“十恶”之首的处死，就渐次用最残酷的方法，使犯人受尽痛苦，才让他死去。其中最残酷的刑法便是“凌迟”了。 凌迟又曰“寸磔”，俗名“剐刑”。中共文化大革命时，勇敢的造反派，有句口头禅，叫做“舍得一身剐，敢把皇帝拉下马”。这个“一身剐”便是“剐刑”。剐刑便是把犯人全身划成三干多个一方寸大小的方块块，然后把这小方块用利刀在身上一块块地“剐”下来，所以这种“剐刑”，也叫“寸磔”。在剐的过程中，剐的创子手，和被剐的犯人，同时嚎叫，可怖之极。 三千块要分三天才能剐完。在剐完而犯人尚未死时，再用利刃枭首，巨斧剉尸；然后陈尸示众，使民战栗！ 石达开、李开芳、林凤祥和“洪大全”（焦亮）以及他们之下的许多高级僚属，都是这样被慢慢地剐死的。最不可思议的，则是对付像年才五岁的石定忠和他那刚在紫打地出生的小弟弟。按清朝刑律，他们都是罪该“凌迟”的。但是他们身躯太小剐不了三千块；皇家还要把他们养大到成人，然后才来慢慢杀死他们呢？ 石达开等犯了什么大罪，皇家这样恨死他们呢？清朝的刑法说，他们是犯死刑的“十恶”之首。 什么是“十恶”呢？“十恶”者，一曰“谋反”；二曰“大逆”……也。 “谋反”的现代化名词就叫做“现行反革命”。 朋友，在现代中国，一个人如不幸的做了“现行反革命犯”，他还不是要受“剐刑”，和枭首、剉尸的吗？方式不同罢了。 古往今来，道理是一样的啊！