Chapter 13 Chapter 11 Mr. Yuan Tongli, the Pioneer of Modern Chinese Bibliography

Mr. Yuan Tongli (Shouhe) is one of the predecessors who had a profound influence on the author among the many Chinese scholars who lived in the United States after World War II.He was born in Yiwei, the 21st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1895).The zodiac is a sheep.This age is between my parents - my father was a monkey (1896), and my mother was a horse (1894).Yuan Gong is a sheep, which is between horses and monkeys, so I have always regarded him as the father.Chinese traditional customs also make me "extremely respectful" to his elders. Yuan Shi is a modest gentleman.Although he is my elder in every aspect, he has never regarded himself as an elder; he treats us juniors (especially colleagues) equally and treats us as friends, so it can also be said to be a "friend who forgets years".But from my standpoint, he will always be "a teacher and a friend". ——In the early teaching and research work, many of the bibliographic works written by Yuan Shi were important reference books that I kept on my desk for a long time and checked them casually, and they have not been discarded until now.And Yuan Gong's unremitting research work sometimes finds me as a research assistant.For example, when checking the year when Mr. Hu Shizhi obtained his Ph.D. at Columbia University, Yuan Gong finally used "1917 (1927)", which was based on my oral report.

Mr. Yuan Tongli is an important figure in the history of modern Chinese culture, and he has a certain place in history.But in this short story, I don't want to mention the details of his biography - because Yuan has several rather detailed short biographies, such as: "Biography of Mr. Yuan Shouhe" by Wu Guangqing, "Recalling Yuan Shouhe" by Li Shuhua Mr. He", and the more detailed biography of "Yuan Tongli (1895-1965)" written by Qin Xianci for the second volume of "Biographies of the Republic of China" edited by Liu Shaotang.Among the English works, the fourth volume of "Biographical Dicitionary of Republican China, Edited by Howard L. Boorman & Richard C. Howard. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. Vol. 4" published by Columbia University ), then take into account both Chinese and Western, more informative. ——So in this article, I just want to talk about Mr. Shouhe's role in the "History of Modern Chinese Cultural Transformation", his contribution, and his position in the cultural transformation.

In different books, I have repeatedly pointed out that a "modern history of China" (of course including the superfluous "modern history" and "contemporary history") is a "history of China's modernization movement"; History of China's Modern (Social and Cultural) Transformation". The term "Modernization Movement" needs no explanation and cannot be fully explained. ——"Transformation" means that any national culture with high achievements must have its special "type" of social culture, such as the Christian countries in the West, the Muslim countries in the Middle East, and India in South Asia. its special type.

However, the social and cultural development of Western Christian countries in the past 500 years has only the process of "modernization", but there is no problem of "transformation", especially the pain of "transformation".Because the modernization movement in the West is a natural course of internal development, while the modernization movement in China and other Asian, African and Latin American nation-states originated from challenges and pressures from the outside world (especially the West) (Western challenge and pressure). Therefore, the modernization of Western countries is only concerned with the scope and timeliness, but not with the issue of social and cultural "transformation".

This is not the case with us and other Asian, African and Latin American countries.Our modernization movement originated from "being forced to learn from the West", that is, "learning from foreigners' skills".Since we have "learned from the West", our "modernization movement" has added a "Westernization Movement" stage. "Westernization" is the transformation from the Eastern style to the Western style (referred to as "Western style" or "Western style") - from the "earth private school" in Sanjia Village to the "foreign schools" in large and small cities; from "parental order" to "freedom" Love"...and so on, this is the so-called "transformation". ——It should be known that the education system of "earth private school" and the marriage system of "parental order" have a history of at least two thousand years in Chinese history.This kind of education and marriage system is part of our inherent cultural pattern. This "style" that has not changed for thousands of years will be "transformed" into "Western-style" or "Western-style" "foreign schools" and "(Western-style) ) free love" is very difficult and very painful. ——Take the “transformation” of marriage as an example!What about "when we see newcomers laugh, we hear old ones cry"? ——This example, this kind of cry, even today, is still palpable, both on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.This is just one of thousands of examples of the difficulty and pain of "sociocultural" transformation.

The above are just two special examples.In fact, for more than a hundred years, there have been many changes - cultural relics system, customs, lifestyle, language, literary and artistic trends, academic research...all have changed from the same for thousands of years to great changes - abandoning the old and starting the new , Shejian is on the west.Hu Shi and others advocated "total westernization" and were scolded miserably.In fact, when we look back today, starting from ourselves, from head to toe (Western-style split head on top, British leather shoes on the bottom), from morning to night (get up early to brush your teeth and shave, go to the toilet and go to bed at night), isn’t it already a long time ago? "Westernized" completely, what's so strange about it! ——The rural areas in mainland China are too backward. When they are fully Westernized like us people living in cities, they will no longer be backward.

What has been said above is just our daily life.In fact, the country's major politics, laws and regulations, academic culture... are all the same. ——It’s just that in this kind of rules and regulations and academic culture, all walks of life have their foresight leaders, and these are the so-called masters who “open up the atmosphere”. Let’s take a look at a few giants who led our transformation: ? Kang Youwei and Sun Wen (Zhongshan) are leading our political transformation; ? Leading our military transformation are Li Hongzhang, Yuan Shikai, Jiang Baili, Chiang Kai-shek (Zhongzheng), Mao Zedong;

? Leading our diplomatic transformation are Li Hongzhang, Gu Weijun, and Zhou Enlai; ? It is Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu who lead us in the transformation of philosophical thought; ? It is Hu Shi and Zhou Shuren (Lu Xun) who lead us in the transformation of language and literature; ? Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Boling, and Hu Shi led us in the transformation of educational ethics; ? Liang Sicheng and I.M. Pei are leading us in the transformation of architecture; ? It is Yuan Tongli and Jiang Fucong who lead us in the transformation of library management and bibliography; ? Lead us to do... In other words, for more than a hundred years, all walks of life in my country have had their own "transformation movements"—through the stage of "Westernization" to reach the result of "modernization". "Modernization" is not static.It then has its own law of natural progression and development.There are also "masters of enlightenment" in the transformation movements of all walks of life.I personally try to take the above-mentioned people as examples to illustrate that in modern China, Yuan Tongli was a leader and enlightenment master who led us to engage in modern library management and modern bibliography—this is his role in the history of modern Chinese culture. "seat".

"Catalogue" was originally our national treasure in China.In traditional China, it is a great scholar who can "get a lot of books" and "return to an appointment from a blog".Those who only know one classic can be regarded as a great Confucian after the Han Dynasty.So bibliography is actually the source of all learning. my country is also the first in the world to engage in book taxonomy and library management.The "Seven Strategies" of the Han Dynasty and the "Sibu" (classification of classics and history) classifications of the Sui and Tang Dynasties are unique in the world.When Qianlong edited the "Siku Quanshu" (simultaneously with the American Revolution), one of our Siku Quanshu was equal to the sum of all the books in other countries in the world.It's really a feast for the eyes.Unfortunately, in the past two hundred years, the West has advanced by leaps and bounds, and we have fallen behind.

The four-part classification of classics and history subsets is too conservative.Furthermore, the "Confucian Family Store" trust has controlled a quarter of the "Siku" (the Ministry of Economics) at once, which is too domineering.After Hu Shi came along, introduced the anti-trust law, and leveled the "Jing and Zi", the traditional library in our country was in chaos. The 2,000-year-old tradition was destroyed once, so what should we do? Cultural transformation happens in circles.Now that the Kong family's trust has collapsed, all the department stores below have to be remodeled and rebuilt.Hence the emergence of new-style libraries and the establishment of new library associations.Those in charge are famous scholars and literati such as Liang Qichao and Cai Yuanpei.For them, the "old-fashioned", "traditional" library management methods and the old-fashioned "four-part classification" can no longer be used.They want to use "new-style", "foreign-style" and "western-style" methods instead.But Liang Juren and Cai Jinshi, the old-fashioned new literati with enlarged feet, do they know what Western style or Western style is? ——In the new system, they have to stand up to the street. As for the actual work, the old Jinshi and old Juren are completely in the dark.In this way, Yuan Tongli, a young scholar who returned from studying in the United States with a degree in library management and practical work experience (in the US Library of Congress), stood out.

Readers can refer to the three blogs cited above for Yuan's detailed academic experience.Here I just want to mention a few key points that are critical to the times.Yuan Shi graduated from the Foreign Language Department of Peking University in 1916. He was in the same class as Fu Sinian and Shen Yanbing (Mao Dun). He was a new youth in the New Culture Movement.In 1920, he studied abroad and entered Columbia University in New York.After graduating from Columbia University in 1922, he entered the State Library Academy, the predecessor of the State University of New York.After graduating in 1923, he joined the Library of Congress as an intern, and went to Europe for a one-year study tour.In 1924, he returned to China and served as the librarian of Lingnan University in Guangdong. In 1925, he became a professor of bibliography and the librarian of Peking University.At the same time, the new (Western-style) library society in modern China appeared; in 1926 (the fifteenth year of the Republic of China), the "Beijing Library" was formally established. ——The old tradition of respecting the elderly and respecting the virtuous in China stipulates that some well-known high-ranking officials and elders must be named as "heads". The preparation, establishment and actual management of these new constructions, that is, a young "expert" Yuan Tongli, shoulders the responsibility Pick it. The "layman" old man is obedient to him.Therefore, it was the first time that a new (Western-style) library appeared in modern China. ——The above is still the era of warlords.After the Kuomintang completed the Northern Expedition, Yuan Shi was promoted from deputy director to director in January 1929 (the eighteenth year of the Republic of China). ——This is the predecessor of "Beijing Yuanshuguan", one of the world's top ten libraries, and Yuan Tongli is its founder and the earliest actual seller.The museum then went through three dynasties, and its name was changed. However, the establishment of its "modern" management began with Yuan's family, and gradually spread throughout the country. Some people may ask: Didn’t the Peking University Library have the most famous curator before Yuan, Li Dazhao, Mao Zedong’s boss?Answer: Li Dazhao came from a journalism background.He is a revolutionist, thinker, and scholar.He may be very familiar with traditional bibliography such as Sui Shu? He is an old pedant who knows nothing! Modern "library science", like modern "business administration", is an extremely profound modern management science that combines academic theory with practice.In this industry, the so-called "service industry" has entered the "Post-Industrial Age" today.Those who take refuge in this profession, even in the era of Yuan Tongli, laymen can no longer lead experts. In Yuan Tongli's era in China, there were not many "professional librarians" with highly modernized training, but there were more opportunities for visionary, courageous, and pure "technocrats" (technocrats) It is really hard to find another person besides Yuan Shi who can enter the highest administrative level of the bank and show his strengths. ——Among the top candidates, I would like to mention Mr. Jiang Fucong.When I traveled to the "National Palace Museum" in Taipei and visited the "National Central Library", I also saw the legacy of the former sages.If Taiwan lacks such a museum today, what kind of island is Taiwan today? ——Reminiscing about the sage Yu Liang, there is more than enough. But then again, where is Yuan Gong's specific contribution to my country's bibliography, library management, and even information science? Answer: Didn't Mr. Hu Shizhi emphasize before that the method and purpose of his promotion of the New Culture Movement was to introduce Western theories to sort out the national heritage and rebuild civilization?Mr. Shizhi is an enlightenment master and thinker, he can only talk about some abstract theories.As for how to turn "abstract theories" into "concrete facts", there are thousands of threads, and it is up to practitioners from all walks of life to take practical actions.The above-mentioned Yuan and Jiang Ergong are the practitioners and leaders of the initiators of their line of work.To make a long story short, let's try to summarize as follows: The first is "concept transformation".Because our country and our people have been steeped in the 3,000-year autocratic tradition, they have long turned state-owned enterprises into "yamen" of different sizes.The senior leaders are all "officials", and the low-level staff are all "officials".Even the workers and handymen are "slave riding on the heads of the people". ——This trend is still unabated.Don't you see the male and female salespersons in the state-owned department stores on Wangfujing Street in Beijing, how can they serve customers?They are just a group of small yamen servants and "zao slaves" in the traditional yamen who dictate to the common people.It's our cultural tradition, no wonder they.An old professor in Beijing told me with a sigh: "It will take about 30 to 20 years to transform our bureaucracy (yamen) into a Western service agency (service agency)."——An old friend's estimate, I really totally agree.That’s why Bucai often say that the “Historical Three Gorges” in the transitional period of modern Chinese history may have to be extended for two hundred years (1842-2042) before we can get out of the gorge safely.The era of Yuan Tongli and Jiang Fucong is of course still in the gorge, but they are the leaders committed to transformation.Therefore, the National Library is actually the most prominent "state-owned service enterprise" presided over by the Chinese themselves in the modern history of our country. [Note] Others such as post offices, customs, railways, etc. were first laid by foreigners.The state-run service enterprises in the United States, such as national parks and public libraries, etc., are unparalleled in the world for their thoughtful services.In contrast, we still have a long way to go! The second is "introducing western theories and systems".Yuan's lifelong career began with the "Library of Congress" in the United States (currently the most advanced and complete circular library in the world), and ended in the Library of Congress.He was also the one who introduced sophisticated systems such as the advanced "Library of Congress Cataloging" (LC system) to China. The third is "introducing and breaking through advanced western technology".In the science of book and archives management in modern China, the first introduction of photographic technology, and the implementation of Chinese indexing and cataloging according to Western theories, probably started with the "National Peking Library" presided over by Yuan Shi. ——During the Northern Expedition, Mr. Chen Lifu, then Chief of the Confidential Section of the General Headquarters, also "invented" a system of "classification" and "index" in order to master the mountain of confidential documents and documents, which was quite important for the general Commander Jiang Gong gave him a big reward, and he owed a lot to the revolution.In fact, the Chen family used mines to manage engineers, overqualified their talents, and invented such trivial skills as "classification", "index", and "index" (Chinese transliteration of index).At that time, if he quoted one or two professional technicians who had modern training and engaged in "library and archive management", why did he need to "invent" it himself? The "Yenjing University", which was established in Beiping at that time, was also quite prominent in "introduction studies".But "Yanjing" is not a school run by the Chinese themselves after all. The technologies introduced by the "National Peking Library" back then, such as microfilm (microfilm), were very primitive.It is far inferior to the later "microfilm" (microfiche).Compared with today's "electronic computer" (commonly known as "computer"), it cannot be counted. ——But there must be a leader in modernization.Mr. Yuan Tongli is the enlightenment leader who promotes the modernization of this profession. The "transformation movement" in modern China was a arduous process that lasted more than two hundred years—it had to start from the "westernization of armaments" of "learning from the barbarians to control the barbarians" through "economic westernization," "political westernization," and "academic westernization." "Westernization", "Westernization of social customs" (such as free love, sports activities, etc.), "Westernization of life"...to "overall Westernization", to "revised Westernization" (the so-called "with Chinese characteristics", etc.), to "super "Westernization", to "independent modernization", to "cultural turnaround" of "leading global modernization" (such as today's United States)—to quote the sour words of Yasheng, saying: from "changing to barbarians", turning back to " Changing barbarians with Xia, also known as "Sinicization" or "Sinificaon" in world culture, is a series of great transformations of world civilization that "transferred from east to west in three hundred years". ——In this cultural revolution in which the Milky Way is flowing backwards and the universe is changing color, the elites of our nation, participating in it, do not know that there are hundreds of thousands of influential figures, and tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, and millions of "unsung heroes" ", get involved in the operation! ——Sun Yat-sen, Hu Shi and others are just a few well-known and lucky players in this turbulent tide. ——"Time makes heroes" is by no means comparable to "heroes make times". "Current situation" is the turbulent waves in the "Three Gorges of History" formed objectively, while "heroes" are just some subjective sailors, helmsmen and tide-gathering sailors who drift with the tide.They went down the river, besides the famous heroes, there were also thousands of unsung heroes, driving all kinds of boats, big and small, swarming to be the first.The waves rolled over and the boat capsized, which was inexplicably thrilling. ——To be honest, in the dragon boat race through the historical Three Gorges, Kang Youwei, Sun Yat-sen, Yuan Shikai, Hu Shizhi, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, etc. were all heroes or bears who waved their flags and shouted for the best. ——Knowing the trend and being familiar with the water, in this relay race, the big boatmen who are safe and sound are all "heroes"; Hero, three-point "bear", or seven-point bear, three-point hero (so-called thirty-seven split).Maybe it's just a bear, not a hero. Together with these heroes and bears, there are thousands of "unsung heroes" and unsung heroes from all walks of life-they are the "mainstream" of this modernization movement.They worked silently with loyalty and respect in their words, and slowly pushed our ancient civilization to modernization. - The masses are the heroes.Those influential figures who stand out and wave the flag are often just bears whose side effects outweigh their positive effects.We are much better off without them. Although Mr. Yuan Tongli is not unknown in his profession, he is actually one of the thousands of "unsung heroes" in the modern history of China! Looking back at the century-old national history, the disaster Mao Zedong caused in the modernization movement of our country is that the scientifically trained professional leaders (people like Yuan Tongli) who have been gradually cultivated in our nation over the past few decades have been punished. Exhausted. ——Yuan Tongli was lucky enough to escape from the clutches of the tyrant and played overseas. Those "Yuan Tongli" who did not leave the mainland were killed by Lao Mao one by one. ——A tyrant who pretends to know what he doesn't know.How terrible is it to kill the virtuous indiscriminately under the lonely old perverted psychology? ! After Yuan left the mainland, there was a saying: "It is better to carry a skill with you if you have a fertile land at home." With his professional training, he returned to the "Library of Congress" in the United States where he was an "intern" and became a minimum Chinese cataloger.The reason why he succumbed to this small position, according to what he told me, is that the first is to support the family, and the second is for future pensions to protect his old age.Unexpectedly, Yuan Gong worked hard for more than ten years, and after retiring at the age of sixty-five, he passed away before the due date. ——Although there are not many pensions, the American retirement system is very superior.His survivors will continue to receive part of it. Yuan Tongli was an outstanding bibliographer.However, he had no time to write when he returned to the country to serve in the government in his early years. However, during his forced exile in the United States, he compiled and published a large number of immortal works in his spare time, sometimes causing some ridiculous disputes. Among his more than ten writings in his later years, several items are still used by scholars for daily reference.A recent work cannot be replaced, or can never be replaced, such as: "Catalogue of Chinese Rare Books in the Library of Congress" (published in 1957) "Research on Western Literature in China" (China in Western Literature: A Continuation of Cordiers Bibliotheca Sinica, New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1958.) "A Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in America, 1905-1960. Washington, 1961. A Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in America, 1905-1960. Washington, 1961. "Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1916～1961. NP 1963. "Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1916～1961. "A Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Continental Europe, 1907-1962. Washington, 1964. A Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Continental Europe, 1907-1962. [Notes] (1) Except for the first five books selected, none of the other four have Chinese titles.The Chinese bibliography in this article is translated by the author. (2) "Catalogue of Doctoral Dissertations in the United States" has a "continuation" (1967) by Dr. Li Zhizhong.Recent papers should also have a continuation.In this book, Yuan Gong reversed his subordinates and Dr. Xue Jundu.He classified me into the "political gate" and Xue into the "history gate".In fact, the two of us should return to the establishment.Attach this to correct it. The author would like to add that the study of China by Westerners started from Marco Polo in the Yuan Dynasty, to the Jesuits in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, to the recent "sinologists" and "Chinese scholars", such as Needham, and even today they are still making great efforts. Professor Huntington's resignation.The results of their research on China should not be ignored by Chinese scholars, as well as by the Chinese government and the public.Especially the politicians, diplomats and political commentators in power today, if they don't know the works of these foreign experts who study China, they will be blind and unable to speak out. ——Those who engage in political negotiations can't do it by themselves, so they have to organize an intelligence room, a reference room, and find some professionals to help.The US "Library of Congress" (LC for short) is presided over by Congress because the thousands of bureaucrats and politicians who preside over the US federal government need a joint reference room.It started to serve bureaucrats and gradually spread to academia. For example, some petty politicians, on a whim, want to find a "Tibet issue" to make a name for themselves and make trouble.Originally, he even knew that Tibet was located in the Northeast or Southwest of China, but as long as he asked his assistant to turn on the computer, tens of thousands of LC materials would appear in front of him.As long as he listened to the summary, overnight, he became an expert on Tibet.If we pass through the all-pervasive electronic information network (Internet), a group of hundreds of experts can immediately form a majestic formation and a formation of flags; shouting across the ocean, Master Jiang in Beijing will be as big as a bucket. ——For information on the "Tibet issue", the "Beijing Library" and the "Central Library" in Taipei will cooperate with the KMT and the Communist Party.I'm afraid I can't manage an LC! Today, if Yuan Gong is underground, he does not know what a computer is, but if China wants to have an Internet today, it must start from Yuan's starting point! ——So the author of Yuan's China in Western Literature is still on the desk for a long time, and it cannot be discarded for a day. As for Yuan's list of doctoral titles, I might as well explain a little bit.Bachelor titles are an old gimmick of our Chinese civilization.The new Jinshi of various subjects in the Tang Dynasty had the so-called "Yanta title".In the 600 years of the Ming and Qing Yu dynasties, more than 20,000 "Jinshi" were produced.After the "gold list titles", they also have a formally printed "list of Jinshi titles" in various subjects. ——My friend, Professor He Bingdi, gained international fame by understanding the social backgrounds of these ten thousand Scholars. However, my country's ancient "Jinshi Title List" (note that this is the only one in the history of the world, and there is no other branch!) only focuses on the "birth" of Jinshi masters.As for the "Jinshi thesis" of these "disciples of the emperor", there is nothing to be taken.However, after our imperial examination system was introduced to the West by the Jesuits, it was "modernized" in a new way.Later, when it entered the United States from Europe, it became a foreign imperial examination that missed the common people today. In 1906 (the thirty-second year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), our local imperial examinations in China were forced to stop.As soon as the news came out, at that time, hundreds of thousands of scholars and millions of children were born like a mourning concubine—no family background, no future, what should I do?As everyone knows, there is no unparalleled road, and the foreign imperial examinations came into being, and got a foreign name, which is far more beautiful than the native name! Famous Confucian scholars who are famous in the annals of history today, such as Gu Weijun, Hu Shi, Ma Yinchu, etc., are all outstanding talents from the early foreign disciplines.Gu Weijun would not be able to see Yuan Shikai without a foreign Jinshi, Hu Shi would not be able to engage in new culture, and Ma Yinchu would become the president of Peking University. ——But it is said on Xuejie that the focus of these foreign Jinshi titles is not on their background, but on their doctoral dissertations. Do readers know that there are tens of millions of doctors in the world today, to say the least, roughly 90% (including Xiao Ke herself of course) are all doctors in one book.I only write one passable book in my life, and I will rely on it for food in the future-eating it for a lifetime.This book nineteen is his "doctoral dissertation".Why is this so, gentlemen, this is "human nature"!People are slavish, and if they are not whipped, they will not work.Or do it while being lazy.The above said: "If the teaching is not strict, the teacher is lazy." Mei Lanfang and Ma Lianliang who sang operas.We all know that "a strict teacher produces an excellent apprentice".You can't sing a good show if your butt is smashed.With genius, if you hum a few words, you are a fancier.Fanciers sing operas, and it is reasonable to pay people to listen to them. ——The doctors were originally from majors.Once you get a Ph. D., no one spanks, you become a fancier.The reason for this "one book doctor" is also true.Life is too short, with just one glance, you can eat for the rest of your life with just one book.sad husband! But having said that, readers must not underestimate the "book" of the doctor, especially the book of the doctor of the world-renowned university.Because that book is often the brainchild of his painstaking efforts and torn flesh and blood.It is also often the most unreadable monograph among the small horns he has been working on for ten years. ——Big topic such as Hu Shi's "History of Pre-Qin Famous Studies" (supplemented as "History of Ancient Chinese Philosophy"), which is enough to start a generation of literary movement.Small topics such as "The Legal Status of Aliens in China" by Gu Weijun are also the only works on this topic.Another example is Zhou Cezong's "May 4th Movement and Its Influence on China's Social and Political Development".Today's scholars don't talk about the May Fourth Movement; if they talk about the May Fourth Movement, they must start with Zhou Lang. The above are just liberal arts.Looking at science and engineering, it is more practical.Every doctoral dissertation is to solve a scientifically realistic problem.For example, Qian Xuesen's "Compressed Fluid Motion and Problems of Jet Propulsion" is a monograph for the beginning of fluid mechanics and space engineering today.In addition, the monographs of Jiang Yanshi (1942? Minnesota) and Lee Teng-hui (1968? Cornell) on agricultural research are all pioneers of Taiwan's agricultural modernization, brilliant and indispensable (here The discussion is purely academic and has nothing to do with Ergong’s political behavior). The author's personal research experience and habits are that whenever a certain topic is involved, the first reference book I look for is the doctoral dissertation of a famous university related to the topic.Because these papers are the masterpieces of some doctoral-level experts who have worked hard and passed five tests. They are extraordinary and not ordinary nonsense.Experts can be trusted. ——Recalling the beginning of the 1970s, when Yu Shou returned to mainland China to visit his mother, seeing the complete failure of the motherland's agricultural reform, and wanted to explore the mysteries of Taiwan's land reform and agricultural reform, he had the opportunity to interview Jiang Yanshijun (I know he is Minnesota fourth-level doctor of agriculture also).In honor of Mr. Jiang, he gave me a whole box of publications of the "Nongfuhui", which I have treasured up to now.Afterwards, I occasionally talked about rural issues, and I believed that the reference materials at hand were available. This is the case with agriculture, and it is the same with all other subjects. ——Personal promotion and promotion to students, because there are master's and doctoral students who ask and others (especially Asian students).I always ask the student to look first at the "doctoral dissertation" related to his or her topic. ——If someone has already done it, if you want to do it again, it will be better than blue.Can't be better than Lan, in order to avoid the suspicion of plagiarism, we have to change the title.This first step of review work, if you get the hang of it, it will take half an hour.There are reference books by Yuan Tongli and Li Zhizhong on the desk, which are available on request.Read the full text, and the major libraries in North America, as well as the "Central Library" (Sinology Research Center) in Taipei, have a complete set of collections. I know that there are graduate students who have worked hard for several years and made some blood and sweat, only to find that this topic has been done before.He couldn't come from behind, so he was mistaken for plagiarism. ——These are the results of "lax teaching and laziness of teachers".Yu also knows that some scientific experiments on the mainland are quite boastful.Unexpectedly, the result was that the United States had been "de-classified" as early as after the war. The author cites these small examples to illustrate the importance and historical significance of Yuan taking the lead in information modernization in China. In fact, what is more worthy of our attention is that this kind of seemingly innocent (and Mao Zedong absolutely despised it) often affects the lives and properties of tens of millions of citizens. In the 1960s, in order to catch up with the Soviet Union in space engineering, the United States planned a plan for Chang'e to fly to the moon.In order to solve all the problems for astronauts to land on the moon, the "National Space Administration" (NASA) has signed more than 8,000 "subcontracts" with various universities and industrial and commercial research institutions.Each small contract solves a puzzle.If one of the eight thousand problems is not solved, the astronauts will land on and off the moon; and the solution to each problem is actually a large or small "doctoral dissertation".When all 8,000 doctoral dissertations are passed and 8,000 problems are solved, American astronaut Armstrong can take a "small step" to set foot on the moon! This is true for natural sciences; what about social sciences? ! In fact, both Sun Yat-sen's "Three Principles of the People" and Mao Zedong's "Democratic Dictatorship" had different "moon landing plans". Sun Yat-sen's "Moon Landing Project" is called "Rising Prices for the Public". Mao Zedong's "moon landing plan" is called "eating a big pot of rice". Mr. Sun Yat-sen traveled around the world back then, and saw the profiteers who speculated on land in London, New York and other places, earning tens of thousands of dollars every day, eating, drinking, whoring and gambling.His old man became popular, so he "invented" a set of "people's livelihood principles".He vowed that once the revolution succeeds, he will definitely implement a "price increase for the public" and block all profiteers.Sun Gong is so brave!Sure enough, his revolution succeeded.Jiang's father and son vowed to carry out the "legacy of the father of the country" to the death. After sixty-two years of practice, they have not come up with a "price increase to return to the public".Recently, President Lee Teng-hui made persistent efforts and announced that he firmly believes in the "Three People's Principles"—but he just doesn't want to "raise prices for the public." My friend, why are Jiang's father and son and Li's husband and wife duplicity in their belief in doctrine?No!It turns out that the father of the country's "price increase to the public" is also a "moon landing plan".It needs to write 8,000 doctoral dissertations; solve 8,000 difficult problems before it has the hope of landing on the moon.The old man has not published a doctoral dissertation, so he only "takes it for granted", how can he make Chang'e fly to the moon? ! Chairman Mao was even worse.He wants people all over the country to come and eat from the same big pot.The big pot of rice is cooked and eaten.It's easy, just like "looking up at the moon".But it is also difficult, such as "price increase to the public".Instead of writing 8,000 doctoral dissertations and solving 8,000 difficult problems, but insisting on serving the people and forcing the people to eat them, 25 million people will starve to death. After reading the biographies of heroes, look back and see how cute unsung heroes like Yuan Tongli are!What a pity they died! (North America, November 17, 1995)