Chapter 35 Chapter 27 Fourteenth Century

The Mongols who conquered China were all expelled from the Chinese mainland in the 1980s under the continuous resistance of the Chinese people, and returned to their original hometown of the vast sea and desert.The Mongolian Empire and the Yuan Empire, one of their sub-states, also disappeared.The feats of the empire that expanded and conquered like mountains and earthquakes have become the past, leaving only fragments of historical relics. Instead of the Mongols, the Ming Dynasty formed by the Chinese nation, a purely Chinese dynasty. However, this does not mean the end of the bad luck of the Chinese people, but the beginning of a longer and darker one.

1 Mongol rule over China The Hangzhou city that Marco Polo saw was the appearance of a Chinese city.The Yuan Qu written by Ma Zhiyuan is the leisure life of the literati and landlord class in the ivory tower.In fact, most of the Chinese people are in dire straits, accepting the treatment of subjugated slaves, including those gorgeously dressed men and women in Hangzhou that Marco Polo praised. In the last century (thirteenth), the Mongols displayed their astonishing military talents and created an unprecedentedly large empire.But their political ability is far behind, because their culture is still more backward.The Mongols expanded outward without any political ideals, such as the Chinese Confucian school's advocacy of punishing the people and punishing crimes, nor did they have any motivation for high-level sentiments, such as Christianity and Islam spreading the gospel to the ends of the world.There are only two purposes for the Mongols to expand outward: one is to plunder wealth; the other is to satisfy the desire for eye-catching.Knowing the barbaric nature and founding spirit of the Mongol Empire, it is easy to understand the heavy persecution suffered by the Han people.

The Mongols look down on the Han people at all, so they are listed as the third and fourth class nationals.In the eyes of the Mongols, the Han people have no other use except to provide them with fixed land taxes.This is not the case for Central Asians (Seguo people · Huihui). Their commercial contribution is many times that of the Han people.The Mongols, from princes and princesses to ordinary people, were willing to lend silver coins to Central Asians for interest.The interest of one tael of silver can be as high as 1024 taels after ten years. This is a horrible exploitation, which was called "lamb's interest" at that time, and only Central Asian businessmen could afford it. ——The method is very simple. When necessary, a Central Asian businessman only needs to report to the local government that he was robbed by bandits on the way, and the local government will have to pay the full amount of compensation.So the Han people are naturally one or two classes lower than the Central Asians.The first Great Khan, Temujin, once stipulated that if you kill a Mongol, you will pay for your life, and if you kill a Central Asian, you will be fined forty bales of gold (one mile is roughly equivalent to two taels of silver coins), and if you kill a Han, you only need to pay a donkey The price is fine.In the case of conquest wars, the differential treatment is even worse than usual.For example, in 1286 (13th) of the last century, in order to attack the Annan Kingdom next year and requisition horses from all over the country, Central Asians only requisitioned two out of three horses; while Han people’s horses, no matter how many, were all requisitioned.In the future, horses will be recruited continuously, and every time this happens, the horses of the Han people will become treasures.

Mongolia ruled China with strict and thorough control from the grassroots level.Every twenty families are organized into a "Jia", and the head is called "Jiazhu", who is appointed by the government to act as a Mongolian.The Mongol is the manager of these twenty families, and the twenty families are the slaves of the Mongolian manager. He can get clothes and food as he likes, and he can get women and property as he wants.The Yuan government has strict regulations: Han people are forbidden to hunt, Han people are forbidden to learn boxing and martial arts, Han people are forbidden to hold weapons, Han people are forbidden to gather and worship gods, Han people are forbidden to go to the market to do business, and Han people are forbidden to walk at night.

The heads of local governments above the "A Lord" are all Mongols.When the Mongols did not allocate enough, or the Central Asians bribed enough, the Central Asians took over.Most Mongolian officials are hereditary. Every Mongolian head, such as the governor or county head, a state or a county under his jurisdiction is his feudal fief, and the Han people are his serfs. They have no political responsibility for the Han people, let alone No legal responsibility.Mongolian infants and young children often inherit the position of governor and county magistrate very early, and his family and servants who serve him form a small court.None of the Mongols can speak Chinese or Chinese characters. This is true for local officials, as well as central officials. The Mongolian Khan rarely knows Chinese or Chinese characters.In the 100-year regime, there were only two Han people who served as prime ministers. One was Shi Tianze when the empire was founded in the last century (thirteenth), and the other was He Weiyi on the eve of the disintegration of the empire in this century (fourteenth). changed its name to Tuoba Taiping, and was more loyal to Mongolia than to China.It is precisely because of this reason that the Mongolian Khan controls China as a slave master, so he has no affection for the Han people, and his self-esteem does not allow acceptance of Chinese culture.

The corruption of Mongolian officials, like their early martial arts, is also unprecedented in history.In the 1303rd year of the 14th of this century, the Eighth Great Khan, Timur, made great efforts to rectify the officials, and 18,473 corrupt officials were dismissed at one time.However, he couldn't hold on, and his successor, the Great Khan, let it go, so that every Mongolian official was a millionaire.One of the characteristics of the Mongolian Empire is that there are so many officials. The excavation of a piece of jade or the manufacture of a bow will be managed by several officials, and all officials rely on corruption and blackmail to maintain high-level enjoyment.The heavy taxation of the empire is also one of the factors that promote corruption. They initially adopted the contractor system. When the second Great Khan Wo Kuotai in the 12th century (12th) of the last century planned to reduce the taxation of the Yuan Empire to one hundred and fourteen One hundred thousand taels of silver coins were awarded to the Chinese giant Liu Tingyu, but the minister Yelu Chucai strongly opposed it, so he gave up.But not long after, Odu Laheman, a Uighur businessman from Central Asia, offered 2,220,000 taels, Wo Kuotai was so excited that he finally gave it to him.From now on, the attention of every Khan will be focused on finance and taxation. They don't know how to encourage production, but only know how to exploit blindly and ferociously.In the 14th and 1930s of this century, the average amount of various taxes across the country increased by almost a hundred times compared with the 13th and 1970s of the last century, and this was all due to the Chinese.

However, the pain was mild with just the above-mentioned squeezes.The greater persecution is the land granting system. The Mongolian Khan can treat the Han people as the farmland of life at any time, and reward the Han people on the farmland to the emperor's relatives-princes, princesses or meritorious officials.In a reward held after the collapse of the Song Empire, the few rewarded dozens and hundreds of households, and the many rewarded hundreds of thousands of households.Each household is counted as five people, and they can get 500,000 serfs at one time.The Han suddenly lost the farmland passed down from his ancestors, and he himself was suddenly reduced from a free farmer to a serf, with no place to appeal.In addition to the irresistible power of the Great Khan, any Mongols can invade at will. They often drive the Han people away from the fertile farmland suddenly, leaving the farmland barren and growing weeds for livestock.

The most special item in the tyranny of the Mongolian Empire is the monks of the Tubo religious country. The world calls them "Lamas", "Western monks" and "Fan monks".These so-called living Buddhas who are compassionate and save all sentient beings are one of the disasters for the Han people.Since the Great Khan honored the "Dharma King" as the national teacher, no matter whether the respect was political or out of sincere belief, the result was the same, that is, the Lama had great power in the Yuan Empire, which belonged to the Mongol Empire. To the extent of interfering in politics, it is more than enough to show violence against the Han people.For example, Yang Lian Zhenjia, the Buddhist governor in the south of the Yangtze River, was stationed in Hangzhou, and excavated all the tombs of the emperor and ministers of the Song Dynasty, and dug up the gold, silver and jewelry buried with him; Serfs in monasteries.Wherever the lama went, he followed like a cloud, forcibly living in the houses of the Han people, driving the men away, and leaving the women to stay with him.The Ninth Great Khan, Haishan, was particularly fanatical about Lamaism.In 1308 (fourteenth) of this century, Haishan issued an edict saying: "Whoever beats a lama, cut off his hands. Whoever insults a lama, cut off his tongue." Bada strongly opposed it, and then withdrew his order, but the lama was still encouraged by the situation.They seldom buy anything on the street, they just grab it.A firewood dealer once complained to Li Bi, the left-behind chief (left-behind) in Dadu (Beijing), that when Li Bi was dealing with it, all the lamas rushed to him with wooden sticks in their hands, and Li Bi fell down and beat him severely.Li Bi sued the Great Khan, and the Great Khan immediately ordered the lama to be pardoned.Once again, the lama fought with a princess and dragged the princess out of the car. There was a fist fight, and the Khan responded by ordering the lama to be pardoned.The same is true for the high-level rulers, and the Han people living in the lowest level can infer the ravages they have endured.

The Han people know that suffering comes not only from tyranny, but also from the Tartars—the Tartars.Tartar is an insult to the Mongols by the Han people.Unless the Tartars are eradicated and the shackles of subjugated slaves are lifted from the neck, the tyranny will not stop. The two Han people resisted fiercely The Mongol tyrants soon discovered that the Chinese were not as easy to enslave as they had imagined, just like Yelu Deguang, the second emperor of the Liao Empire.In the 13th and 1980s, when the Mongol Empire was at its peak, more than 200 anti-violent revolutions broke out in the south of the Yangtze River.Mongolia used cruel killings to suppress it, but no amount of bloodshed could stop the crater of anger of the whole nation. The resistance of the Han people was the same as the rule of the Mongols.

After the 14th and 1920s of this century, with the increasing corruption within the Mongol Empire, the changes of the people in various places were unstoppable.In the 1940s, there were more than 300 peasant riots in Shandong and Hebei alone. ——This is more than ten times the civil uprising in the territory of the Northern Wei Empire in the sixth century. It can be seen that the Mongolian rulers were more brutal than the Xianbei rulers.The wars everywhere will definitely lead to famines. Droughts really happened on a large scale.In 1344, the Yellow River broke through Baimao Dike (northeast of Lankao, Henan Province) and poured eastward. The villages and people in the 600-kilometer narrow strip were all submerged and went straight into the Yellow Sea.As the river flooded, it added hundreds of thousands of hungry people who had nowhere to go, becoming an endless source of soldiers for the armed masses.Among the hundreds of mass leaders, the six listed in the table below did the most damage to Mongol rule:

The above table shows two characteristics. First, the leaders of the masses are all of civilian origin, and none of them are scholar-bureaucrats.It shows that the patriotic speeches of the scholar-officials are more than the patriotic actions. Even if there are actions, they have no influence.Second, to overthrow the Mongolian rule, there were only civil uprisings but no coups and mutinies, which shows that in the Mongolian Empire, political power and military power were in the hands of the Mongols.The Mongols believed that this alone made the Han people helpless. They did not expect that once a civil uprising took hold, it would be as destructive as a coup or mutiny. Just as the revolution of the Han nationality was overwhelming, the Mongolian imperial government made a mistake in decision-making, which caused the Yellow River to return to its original course.The project was personally presided over by Prime Minister Tuotuo. In 1351, 170,000 civilians were recruited, and it took five months to block the breach of Baimao Dike (northeast of Lankao, Henan), so that the Yellow River still flows northeastward into the Bohai Sea.This is a great constructive project, but it chose the wrong time, especially the wrong method; in the age of boiling people, 170,000 resentful laborers were forcibly recruited from their hometowns, concentrated together.After the completion of the work, they were not properly resettled, and they were allowed to disperse in all directions.Liu Futong ordered his disciples to carve a one-eyed stone man with the words on the back: "The stone man with one eye stirs up the rebellion of the Yellow River." It was buried near Huanglinggang (northeast of Lankao, Henan), the old course of the Yellow River.When the peasants dug out the stone man during construction, people's hearts were greatly shaken.After the completion of the project, except for a few who returned to their hometowns, most of them gathered under Liu Futong's red scarf and became the main force.The red scarf, like the yellow scarf in the second century, is a symbol used by Liu Futong's resistance forces. In the same year (1351), Xu Shouhui, one of the leaders of the masses, proclaimed himself emperor, established Tianwan Emperor, occupied the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, sent troops into the south of the Yangtze River, and wiped out Mongolian forces.In 1355, Liu Futong welcomed Han Lin'er, the son of Han Shantong, the former leader of the White Lotus Sect, to proclaim himself emperor. He established the Han-Song Empire, occupied the Huaihe River Basin and the area south of the Yellow River, and took control of the entire Central Plains. The White Lotus Sect is a mysterious branch of Buddhism, with the important purpose of resisting tyranny, and it was founded by Han Shantong.Han Shantong once declared: "When the white lotus blooms, Maitreya Buddha comes to the world." He established the White Lotus Association to attract believers. ——About the anti-violence revolution of the Han people, there is a folk story that has been widely circulated.It is said that when Liu Futong first launched a public riot in Yingzhou (Fuyang, Anhui), due to the strict surveillance of the Mongolian "Master Jia", the Han people could neither gather to announce, nor send people to deliver news from house to house, and could not agree on the same time for riots.So Liu Futong asked "Master Jia" for permission to distribute moon-like round sweet cakes, called moon cakes, to his family so that the Han people could pray for the great sweat. "Master Jia" agreed, and there was a note written in Chinese characters in the mooncake: "Kill the Tartars on August 15th." under the stick. ——When the Golden Empire and the Mongol Empire collapsed, almost all the Jurchens and Mongols in China were massacred by the Han people, and even the babies in their arms were thrown on the stone steps, their brains were cracked, and the mothers had not yet wailed. , has died under the chaos of knives, the cruelty is unbearable.However, this is understandable. What the Han people bear is the deep hatred of the nation.The cruel massacre of the Jurchen and Mongolian ruling class is well known all over the world, and the Han people who are called "barbarians" are even more contemptuous.For example, Xinghua (Putian, Fujian) is only a small city. In the last century (13th), the Mongolian army captured it, and after the men and women in the city were slaughtered, blood flowed loudly.The aggressor must pay the price, even if he did not pay, his descendants must pay.This kind of dedication makes people associate with the karma of Buddhism, and they can't help but sigh in horror. Liu Futong, Prime Minister of the Han and Song Empires, was the greatest national hero against the Mongol rule. He selflessly used his emerging armed forces to attack the most powerful Mongol Empire in the world at that time.In 1358, after capturing Kaifeng (Kaifeng, Henan Province) as the capital, he immediately launched a general attack on Mongolia and marched in three ways.The east is led by General Mao Gui to attack Shandong Province; the west is led by General Bai Buxin to attack Shaanxi Province; the north is led by General Mr. Guan to attack Kaiping (Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia).After mopping up the Mongol forces in Shandong Province, the East Road Corps pointed directly at Dadu (Beijing) and advanced to Liulin Village, which is only 50 kilometers away from Dadu. , At a loss, ready to abandon Dadu and flee north.But Prime Minister Tuoba Taiping (that is, Han He Weiyi) insisted on sticking to it.Mao Gui's attack did not go well, and the solitary army could not stay for long, so they still retreated to Shandong.After the West Road Corps went deep into Guanzhong (central part of Shaanxi Province), it was defeated and disbanded.Only the North Road Corps was like a broken bamboo, passing through Shanxi, destroying all Mongolian resistance, and capturing Kaiping.Kaiping is only 280 kilometers away from Dadu as the capital. We don't know why they didn't go south to attack Dadu and capture the Mongolian Khan first.Instead of doing so, the North Route Corps advanced eastward, captured Liaoyang (Liaoyang, Liaoning), entered the Kingdom of Koryo (Korean Peninsula), and Koryo surrendered to the North Route Corps.However, the military discipline of this group of invincible revolutionary troops has been completely corrupted after a long expedition, which aroused great hatred from the people of Korea.Goryeo dispatched a large number of beauties in a planned way to socialize with the soldiers, while the men took the opportunity to hide their horses and weapons.After everything was done, a counterattack was launched, and most of them were killed, including Mr. Guan.Only more than 10,000 people escaped from danger and fled back to China, only to be wiped out by the furious Mongols waiting for them. The Han and Song Empires went on a three-way expedition, completely consuming their own strength.But the foundations of the Mongol Empire's walls were hollowed out, requiring only a final push. Rise of the Three Ming Dynasty The last push for the Mongol Empire was Zhu Yuanzhang and the Ming Empire he established. Zhu Yuanzhang was one of the generals of the Han and Song Empires. He was born in an extremely poor family. Both his parents died of the plague. The great monk is in charge.However, the temple was destroyed by scuffles all over the place, so he had no choice but to take risks and become a "bandit" and defected to Guo Zixing, the leader of the rebellion.Guo Zixing admired his talent, married his good friend's daughter Ma Shi, and used him as his bodyguard. Later, he appointed him as an officer and gradually promoted him to an important position.After the establishment of the Han-Song Empire, Guo Zixing, an armed force, immediately joined it.Guo Zixing passed away soon, and the Han and Song government appointed Guo Zixing's son Guo Tianxu as the commander (Marshal of the capital), and Zhu Yuanzhang as the deputy commander (Marshal of the capital) to cross the Yangtze River.Zhu Yuanzhang was very ambitious at this time and decided to exclude his son who thought of the Lord.When attacking Jiqing (Nanjing, Jiangsu), Zhu Yuanzhang's friend Chen Yexian rebelled and killed Guo Tianxu.Then Zhu Yuanzhang killed Chen Ye first.The Han and Song governments were unable to investigate in depth, so they had to appoint Zhu Yuanzhang as the commander and governor of Jiangnan Province (Pingzhang Shi of Jiangnan Province).After Zhu Yuanzhang captured Jiqing (Nanjing, Jiangsu), he changed his name to Yingtian and made it his base.At that time, the whole country was fighting bitterly against the Mongols, except for Zhu Yuanzhang. His combat target was not Mongolia, but other Chinese resistance forces.When the Han and Song empires sent troops to attack Mongolia in three directions, Zhu Yuanzhang expanded in the south-on the surface it seemed to be the expansion of the Han and Song empires. At the same time, the civil strife in the empire ended after ten years of the founding of the country.In 1360, the chancellor Chen Youliang killed the emperor Xu Shouhui in a coup.Chen Youliang came to power, renamed the Chen Han Empire, and established its capital in Wuchang (Wuhan, Hubei).Tianwan General Ming Yuzhen who was stationed in Chengdu (Chengdu, Sichuan) got the news and declared independence. In 1362, he moved to Chongqing (Chongqing, Sichuan) and established the Mingxia Empire.As for Li Er, who rose up in the early days, he had already died in battle.However, Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen, after accepting the official title of the Mongolian Yuan government, ostensibly surrendered to Mongolia, but in fact they still maintained their own independent kingdoms. After thirty-one years of chaotic battles between regimes, the victory finally belonged to Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang fought a decisive battle with Chen Youliang at Boyang Lake. Chen Youliang was so unlucky that when the battle was in full swing, he accidentally poked his head out of the cabin and was shot to death by a stray arrow.His son, Chen Li, was too young to command his troops. Next year (1364), he surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang.The Chen Han Empire died five years after its founding. In 1366, the Han Song Empire was attacked by Zhang Shicheng, the prime minister Liu Futong died in battle, and the emperor Han Lin'er fled to Chuzhou (Chuzhou, Anhui).Zhu Yuanzhang asked to move the capital to Yingtian (Nanjing, Jiangsu) under his control, and sent troops to welcome it.All the ceremonies were very grand, fully demonstrating a general's loyalty to the royal family.However, when they arrived at Guabu Town (Liuhe, Jiangsu Province), after boarding the dragon boat on the Yangtze River, the flattering army pushed Han Lin'er into the Yangtze River and drowned.The Han-Song Empire died twelve years after its founding. Like a candle, it destroyed itself and illuminated others.After seizing the throne, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne in 1368 and established the Ming Dynasty. ——This is a long-lived regime, lasting two hundred and ninety-four years. In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang's corps invaded Pingjiang (Suzhou, Jiangsu). Zhang Shicheng was captured, sent to Yingtian, and hanged himself to death.Another corps of Zhu Yuanzhang invaded Zhejiang, and Fang Guozhen surrendered. In 1368, seventeen years had passed since Liu Futong assembled the Yellow River laborers to resist the Mongolian tyranny, and Zhu Yuanzhang officially faced the Mongolian Empire.However, Mongolia at this time is no longer the Mongolia of seventeen years ago, and the foundation of the wall is empty.Zhu Yuanzhang's corps led the Northern Expedition under the leadership of general Xu Da and arrived in Tongzhou (Tongxian County, Beijing), 20 kilometers away from Dadu (Beijing).Tuohuan Timur, the Great Khan of Mongolia, was at a loss again, rejected any suggestion to stick to the decisive battle, took his wife, children and trusted ministers, and fled to the northern desert where his ancestors Temujin and Kublai Khan came from.Xu Da was luckier than Maogui, and he easily recovered Dadu (Beijing). In 1371, Zhu Yuanzhang's corps invaded Sichuan, and the Ming Xia Empire died ten years after its founding. In 1381, Yunnan, the last piece of Mongolian territory on the Chinese territory, was captured by Zhu Yuanzhang's corps. The prince guarding Yunnan, Bazaba, committed suicide on the way to escape.The Mongols have all been expelled from China so far. The Mongol Empire moved its capital (Beijing) to Dadu (Beijing) in 1264 (13) of the last century, and fell to Yunnan in 1381. It ruled China for a total of 118 years. He was the slave manager of the Han people for 118 years. The Ming Dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang succeeded the territory of the Yuan Empire, except for the Mobei region, which was the mainland of the Mongolian Empire.The Ming government divided the country into the following fifteen administrative regions: In this century (fourteenth), the capital of the Ming Dynasty was located in Yingtian (Nanjing, Jiangsu).In the next century (fifteenth), in 1421, the capital was moved to Beiping, the old capital of the Mongol Empire.Yingtian will soon be renamed Nanjing, and Beiping will be renamed Shuntian as Beijing.From the beginning of this century (fourteenth), Chinese place names changed less, and most of them remained until the twentieth century.Therefore, our clamping work can also be greatly reduced.Ancient place names are one of the biggest troubles in the study of history, which makes people feel like walking in the air and unable to keep their feet on the ground.After this century (fourteenth), the stage of history seems to be closer to us because of the familiar place names. The massacre of Zhu Yuanzhang The Ming government unified China, and the Han people naturally had a desire to believe that the dark age of Mongolian rule had passed, and that the government established by the Han people should be like some great dynasties in history, at least in the early days of their founding, showing a prosperous and peaceful state. A thriving atmosphere. This wish is not extravagant. However, the fate of the Chinese people is too bad. The political leader they met was not Liu Bang or Li Shimin, but Zhu Yuanzhang. The reality is that they are on a darker road.Zhu Yuanzhang soon launched a planned and legal massacre, completely adopting the unjust imprisonment method of Lai Junchen in the seventh century, but the level of cruelty made what Lai Junchen did seem like a child's play. The two most important actions are Hu Weiyong's unjust imprisonment and Lanyu's unjust imprisonment. Hu Weiyong is Zhu Yuanzhang's prime minister and is extremely talented.Essentially, a leader with an inferiority complex cannot coexist with a capable cadre.In 1380, "someone" accused Hu Weiyong of treason, colluded with Japan in the eastern sea, and planned to kill Zhu Yuanzhang at a banquet (refer to Lai Junchen's "Luo Zhijing", and you can understand that when people in power are determined to get rid of someone "someone" would accuse him of treason).Zhu Yuanzhang killed Hu Weiyong and slaughtered the three clans. After a long ten years, in 1390, Zhu Yuanzhang's animal nature broke out again, claiming that he had discovered the new conspiracy and new accomplices of the dead Hu Weiyong, so he launched a comprehensive arrest, even Zhu Yuanzhang's most respected founding father, Including the seventy-seven-year-old prime minister (taishi) Li Shanchang, more than 20,000 people were executed.Zhu Yuanzhang also compiled a book called "Record of the Treacherous Party", which appended Li Shanchang's confession and announced it to the whole country. Three years later, in 1393, Zhu Yuanzhang launched a second massacre. "Someone" reported the general Lan Yu's treason and was immediately arrested and imprisoned.Sapphire's confession is then published, in which Sapphire admits to preparing for a mutiny.So Sapphire was killed and the clan was wiped out.According to confessions, 15,000 people were exterminated, including one duke, thirteen marquises, and two earls.Several people have long since died, but Zhu Yuanzhang's law is retroactive, so the descendants of the deceased still have to pay for the crime.Zhu Yuanzhang compiled another book called "The Record of Rebellious Officials", which was announced to the whole country. The atmosphere of Zhu Yuanzhang's two massacres was his friends in need who were like brothers when he first joined the army.They served Zhu Yuanzhang, but when they thought they could share the wealth, they were not killed by Zhu Yuanzhang.However, these two massacres were nothing more than mass deaths.In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang slaughtered every day. Like Song Lian, the teacher of the crown prince, Zhu Yuanzhang honored him as a "sage", and he went to and from the palace like a family. Because his grandson was involved in the Hu Weiyong case, he was demoted to death.Liu Ji, Zhu Yuanzhang's most trusted think tank, whose high intelligence made Zhu Yuanzhang feel like a thorn in his back, finally poisoned him to death. Instead, he claimed that Hu Weiyong was poisoned to death, and deliberately asked Wang Guangyang, one of the prime ministers, if he knew.Wang Guangyang didn't understand Zhu Yuanzhang's intentions, so he replied that he didn't know.Zhu Yuanzhang was furious, and immediately demoted Jiang Guangyang, and ordered him to be hanged when he was halfway.Fu Youde, the general who pacified Yunnan, died at the same time as his father and son.Zhu Liangzu, the general who pacified Guangdong, was flogged to death with his father and son at the same time.Minister Li Shilu expressed his resolute resignation at the Jinluan Hall. Zhu Yuanzhang felt that he looked down on him as an emperor and taught the warriors to fall to his death.Among all the old friends who shared weal and woe, only three survived and were not accused of treason.One is Chang Yuchun, the other is Xu Da, and the other is Tang He.Chang Yuchun had the best luck, and died of illness early.Xu Da actually died of execution. He suffered from a kind of gangrene, and he was most afraid of goose meat.Zhu Yuanzhang gave him a bowl of goose meat, and ordered the eunuch who delivered the goose meat to supervise him to eat it. Xu Da cried while eating, and died of poison that night.So in fact only Tang and a person lived the longest and died well.After his death, his family secretly celebrated. In the last thirty years of this century (fourteenth), China has become a world of terror.Officials enter the court every morning and bid farewell to their wives, and when they return safely at night, the family can only smile.This is the case in the capital Yingtian (Nanjing, Jiangsu), and it is the same in all parts of the country.Zhu Yuanzhang set up "skin recording booths" in various states and counties. Once officials were accused of corruption, they would be skinned and hung in the booths as a warning.According to statistics, there are tens of thousands of people who die in prison or are sentenced to hard labor every year due to corruption charges.And the strict system of recovering stolen money has made mass arrests spread to all directions, and almost all families above the middle level in the country have gone bankrupt. Severely punishing corruption is admirable, but the problem lies in the procedural law, that is, whether the officials accused of corruption are really corrupt.Under the torture of the cruel officials, he even confessed to the crime of treason by destroying three clans, not to mention the crime of corruption that only killed one body.But the real horror is not the death penalty, but the recovery of stolen goods.The death penalty is one death, but the pursuit of stolen goods will cause endless disasters.When the property of the condemned prisoner was not enough to compensate the stolen money, he had to confess during the torture how much it had been deposited in a certain house, and the certain house was destroyed.If it is still not enough, that family will have to confess how much was transferred to another family under torture.Tossed and pulled, people who have never met inside and outside will become nest owners, and their families will be ruined. Violations of five human rights Zhu Yuanzhang's endless massacres, historians believe that the main reason is that the crown prince was cowardly and the emperor's grandson was young, and later the crown prince died very early.In order to maintain power, it has to.But this phenomenon alone does not necessarily lead to endless massacres. Zhao Kuangyin, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty in the 10th century, used the method of drinking to release military power as a response.The situation was the same for Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Western Han Dynasty in the second century before, but Liu Bang only punished a few generals.In the seventh century, the founding emperor of the Southern Zhou Dynasty, Wu (Shang Ming Xia Kong), was in a more serious situation, and he was only hit individually.The reason why Zhu Yuanzhang is so is mainly due to his character, an absolutely selfish and ignorant snake-scorpion character-his descendants also have this character, which is manifested in short-sighted, cold-blooded behavior, and likes to see others bleed and see others suffer , Watch others kneel down to him begging, but he refuses to forgive.This is one of the basest and most terrible qualities in man, in which the common man can do the greatest mischief to his friends and to his society.Having this quality as an emperor made this disaster even more aggravated and uncontrollable.Any tyrant in history occasionally had his kind side, but Zhu Yuanzhang did not at all, except for some small deliberate actions. ——For reckless heroes or revolutionary masses, it is a real misfortune to choose or support someone like Zhu Yuanzhang as a leader once they make a wrong judgment or are tricked by the god of fate. However, the pain brought to the Chinese by the mere massacre is still temporary.Zhu Yuanzhang's most serious injury to the Chinese people was a number of important political measures he took.China's cultural and material civilization was more advanced than that of Europe until this century (fourteenth), but Zhu Yuanzhang stopped this progress.So that when the Europeans invaded China in the nineteenth century, China had degenerated into an idiot-like tribe, at least three hundred years behind, rooted here. Three hundred years of backwardness is the incomparable crime of Zhu Yuanzhang and his Ming government.We divide the following three items to describe the content of this evil. a violation of human rights The establishment of the absolute autocratic system The deepening of the three culture sauce jars Zhu Yuanzhang and Liu Bang are the only two emperors who were born as civilians in Chinese history, but Liu Bang is a hero after all. He always maintains the open-minded and generous temperament of heroes, and he does not lose the true qualities of civilian society.Zhu Yuanzhang was deeply ashamed of his status as a commoner, ashamed of his past beggars and monks.In his inferiority complex, he was extremely envious of the superior status maintained by officials and scholar-bureaucrats, so he had a strong tyrannical idea of ​​suppressing others in order to seek his own psychological balance. We have repeatedly mentioned the lack of human rights concepts in ancient Chinese political thought, but Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the intentional establishment of a system that destroys human rights, that is, the "imperial prison" and "court rod" that have made people tremble for three hundred years. Let us first use the table on the next page to explain the status and interrelationships of the criminal prosecution agencies in the government: The Ministry of Punishment is responsible for the formulation and promulgation of laws, has jurisdiction over judicial institutions across the country, and has the power to arraign cases it deems inappropriate.The Metropolitan Procuratorate is responsible for picketing and reporting illegal incidents, and dispatches officials (censors) to various places to serve as "governors" to accept people's complaints against officials. It can also try and judge.Dali Temple is similar to the country's highest court, which is responsible for the trial of the first two institutions and makes the final ruling.They are known as the "Three Law Divisions" and are the official judicial system of the government.Of course, the three legal divisions were under the absolute control of the emperor, but Zhu Yuanzhang believed that they still had rational elements, so he set up a separate "Jinyiwei" (Jinyiwei's pro-army command and envoy division) under his direct command, that is, the Capital Public Security Command.There is a "Zhen Fu Division" in Jinyiwei, that is, the Military Law Department.Jin Yiwei arrested the criminal, tortured him to make a confession, and handed it over to the Fusi of the town for sentencing and execution.It's as quick as using your arms and fingers, without any scruples.Hu Weiyong, Lan Yu and other 50,000 people were imprisoned for two major crimes, which was the mission completed by Jin Yiwei. However, Zhu Yuanzhang's descendants believed that Jinyiwei's rationality had not been completely wiped out, so in the next century (15th), they established "East Factory" and "West Factory".In the next century (16th), an "inner factory" was established, presided over by the emperor's most trusted eunuch.The secret police, which were already all over the country, intertwined with each other like a cobweb. This is an unprecedented phenomenon in China.Every move in the streets and alleys, quarrels between husband and wife and fights in the market, happened in the morning and reached the emperor's ears at night.The greatest convenience for the eunuch to preside over the eunuch is that he can report directly to the emperor at any time, and the emperor can issue orders to the eunuch at any time.Eunuchs are as powerful as thunder, and no one can resist them.Therefore, if criminals fall into the hands of the Sanfa Division, there is still hope of survival or the hope of not being tortured. Once they are arrested by "Factory" and "Guardian", no one will be spared. There is also the court rod that has the same destructive function on human rights.Tingzhang, that is, to torture criminals with wooden sticks (questioning) in public.It is a tool for extorting confessions and recovering stolen goods, and it is also a kind of punishment.If a person is punished with more than one hundred court battles, what he receives is the death penalty, and it is an extremely painful and humiliating death penalty.Under the Yanzhang system, from the prime minister down to the common people, no one can maintain the dignity of human nature.When executing court rods on senior officials (ministers, vice-ministers and above), there must be eunuchs sitting in the central prison for punishment, and other government officials will sit on both sides, with 30 eunuchs standing on the left and 30 royal guards standing on the right. There are more than a hundred jailers, all wearing shorts and holding wooden sticks.After the eunuch read the emperor's edict (judgment) to the "criminal" minister, the "criminal" minister was immediately rushed up by the execution officer, fell to the ground, and tied him from the shoulders down with a sackcloth to prevent him from turning.Then his feet were tied with ropes, and he was pulled and held by the strong man in all directions, only the buttocks and legs were exposed, and he accepted the court staff.When the court rod was lifted, the tortured person was in unbearable pain, wailed loudly, hit his head on the ground, his mouth was filled with dust, and his beard was completely worn off.This is a horrific picture of human rights abuses, and Zhu Yuanzhang used it to deal with the Chinese people. A strong person can support eighty strokes, and those who exceed one hundred often die under the rod.If it is not dead, dozens of bowls of rotten meat should be cut off and treated for more than half a year.Jin Yiwei's execution wardens have received special training.If they get a satisfactory bribe, the wooden sticks they hit will look heavy, even bloody, but they will be less injured and less painful.If the family is poor and has no money to offer bribes, when they cast the stick, it looks very light and the skin is not broken, but the pain is deep in the heart. After only thirty or forty sticks, the veins and blood vessels will be severed, all the muscle tissue will collapse, and they will die soon. There is no medicine. can be saved. One hundred years ago in the last century (thirteenth), the United Kingdom promulgated the Magna Carta to protect human rights and prevent people from being arrested and imprisoned without a court trial. Six The Establishment of Absolute Autocracy 明政府建立之初，仿效韩宋帝国，中央政府设立下表所列的三个机构，作为中枢。由中书省首长，担任宰相，作为皇帝的助理。中书省内设立六部，负责全国行政。 本世纪（十四）八十年代，朱元璋诬陷宰相胡惟庸谋反后，即下令撤销中书省编制和宰相职位。摆升六部为一级中枢机构，各部首长（尚书）直接向皇帝负责，皇帝不再设立助手，而直接向各部发号施令，已经够专制的政府，此后进入更绝对的专制。朱元璋另外成立一个秘书机构，称为“内阁”，所委派的秘书，称为“大学士”。大学士冠有某殿某阁字样，以资分别（殿阁都是宫廷中的建筑物）。大学士的职位很低，只正五品，比各部首长（尚书·正二品）要低三级，等于各部最低的助理科员。 中国有史以来在政治上占重要位置的宰相制度，从此消失。皇帝遂在没有助手帮手的情形下，单独处理帝国事务。朱元璋对此一措施沾沾自喜，认为是他最高智慧的结晶，可以永远保持明政权于不坠。所以他下令说：“后世子孙永不许恢复宰相制度，如果有人如此请求，即以叛逆论罪，凌迟处死。” 然而，问题就发生在皇帝身上，朱元璋来自民间，政权又由他创立，对繁琐的政务，还可以勉强应付。但他的后裔却是一群花花大少——而且是一群恶少，生长在深宫之中和女人、宦官之手，面对着千万种变化莫测的帝国事务，必然手足失措。本世纪（十四）末年，朱元璋平均每日要亲自批阅一百五十件奏章，裁决四百种案件。从前有宰相可以帮助皇帝，如今没有人能为他分担，他也不准别人分担。花花大少皇帝只有依靠内阁，命那些大学士在每一个奏章或案件上，签注意见，写出对该事的分析和应如何反应的建议，甚至皇帝颁发命令的草稿，都一并拟好呈上。——当时术语称为“票拟”和“条旨”。皇帝即根据这些签注，加以批示。于是，不久之后，大权遂渐渐滑入大学士之手。大学士成为没有宰相名义的宰相，内阁也成为没有中书省名义的中书省。 内阁大学士有数人之多，并不是每一位大学士都可签注意见，必须资格最高，深得皇帝信任的人（往往是华盖殿大学士，华盖殿后来改为中极殿），此人即世人所称的“首相”——首席宰相。但大学士毕竟不同于正式宰相，正式宰相可以单独推行政令，大学士便无此权。他只能依靠“票拟”一一签注意见，来窃弄皇帝的权力，只有黑市地位，没有法定地位。 更主要的原因是，大学士跟皇帝之间，还有一段距离。对皇帝如何裁决，是不是依照他签注的意见裁决，甚至会不会作相反的裁决，大学士都不知道，他们也很少有向皇帝当面陈述解释的机会。事实上，到了后来，皇帝深居宫中，不出来露面，大学士遂数月数年，或数十年，都看不到皇帝的影子。他只有依靠这种脆弱的“票拟”，维持权力。而此票拟，却要仰仗宦官转达，并仰仗宦官在皇帝面前作补充说明。皇帝所颁发的命令，也由宦官传递，有时用批示，有时用口头，宦官的权力遂日形膨胀。而皇帝和大学士之间，往往互不认识。皇帝对大学士的印象，全来自宦官的报告。于是，政府大权又从大学士手中滑出，滑到宦官之手。我们可用下表显示明政府在下世纪（十五）中叶后所呈现的组织形态。必须对此形态了解，才能对明王朝了解。 宦官，在蒙古帝国时，改称“太监”。太监本是宦官中的一种官职，后来演变为凡宦官都称太监。明政府的宦官组织，共有四十个机构（十二监、四司、八局、十六杂房）。司礼太监仅只是四十个机构中十二监之一的“司礼监”的首长，但却是一个最高职位，可称之为宦官之王。原因很简单，他负责伺候皇帝，并担任皇帝和内阁间的跑腿工作，最接近权力魔杖。大学士签注的意见，必须司礼太监先看过，才能到达皇帝面前。皇帝批示时，司礼大监有机会随时参加意见。举一个例子，可以说明司礼太监的关键。置。第十一任皇帝朱厚照十五岁即位，正是贪玩的年龄，司礼太监刘瑾，每乘他专心游戏时，请他批阅奏章，朱厚照就大怒说：“你不会代我批吗，我用你干什么？”刘瑾正是要小家伙说这句话，然后他的批示即获得法律根据。于是司礼太监成为皇帝助手，大学士反而降为司礼太监的秘书，司礼太监命他如何签注意见，他只有照办。到了以后，连大学士都由宦官推荐，绝对专制的弊端，全部出现。 英国于一百年前，即建立国会，约束君主权力。中国却恰恰相反，君权更加肥壮，这是明王朝加给中国人的不幸。 七大黑暗时代 中国悠久而光辉的文化发展，像一条壮观伟大的河流。纪元前二世纪西汉政府罢黜百家，独尊儒家时，开始由灿烂而平静。十二、十三世纪宋王朝理学道学兴起时，开始沉淀。本世纪（十四）末期，这河流终于淤塞成为一个酱缸，构成一个最庞大最可哀的时代。 明王朝使中国文化淤塞成为一个酱缸的工具有二：一是文字狱，一是八股文。 文字狱属于诏狱的一种，它的特征是：罪状由当权人物对文字的歪曲解释而起，证据也由当权人物对文字的歪曲解释而成。一个单字或一个句子，一旦被认为诽谤元首或讽刺政府，即构成刑责。文字的意义不在客观的解释，而在当权人物主观解释。文字狱的本身就是当权人物作贼心虚的一种反应，越是心虚，越是神魂不宁，听到别人说“亮了”，他就肯定是讽刺自己的秃头，因而恼羞成怒。于是知识分子除了被“诬以谋反”外，又多出一种纯属于文字的灾难。——因而我们想到仓颌造字时，神鬼曾经夜哭，不知道是不是这个缘故。 现在举出例子说明：浙江（杭州）府学教授林元亮，奏章上有“作则垂宪”，处斩；北平（北京）府学教授赵伯彦，奏章上有“仪则天下”，处斩；桂林（广西桂林）府学教授蒋质，奏章上有“建中作则”，处斩；这些句子里的“则”，本是“法则”和“标准”之意。但朱元璋不作如此解释，当时江南方言，“则”与“贼”同音，朱元璋认为显然是讽刺他作过小偷的往事。尉氏（河南尉氏）县学教授许元，在奏章上有“体乾法坤，藻饰太平。”这两句话是千年以前的古文，但朱元璋却解释说：“法坤与'发髡'同音，发髡是剃光了头，讽刺我当过和尚。藻饰与'早失'同音，显然要我早失太平。”于是许无处斩。这一批人都是地方学校教师，只不过代地方官员撰写奏章，竟招来杀身之祸。当然，文字狱不限于奏章。朱元璋崇信佛教，对印度高僧释来复最为礼敬。释来复告辞回国，行前写了一首谢恩诗，诗中有两句：“殊域及自惭，无德颂陶唐。”意思很明显，他生在异国（殊域），自惭不生在中国，觉得自己还没有资格歌颂大皇帝。但朱元璋的解释不同，他说：“殊，明明指我'歹朱'。无德，明明指我没有品德。”于是释来复从座上客变为阶下囚，处斩。 文字狱是围堵，八股文是钓钩。 科举制度到明王朝，只剩下进士一科，并分为三个阶段完成。县级考试（县试）录取，称为秀才，即初级知识分子。然后才有资格参加省级考试（乡试），录取后称为举人，即中级知识分子。然后才有资格参加由教育部（礼部）主持的中央级考试（会试），录取后再参加由皇帝主持（实际上由宰相或宦官主持）的最高考试（殿试），录取后称为进士，即高级知识分子。明王朝跟宋王朝一样，有一项不成文法，非进士出身，不能担任宰相（大学士）或部长级高级官员。 科举对知识分子的重要性，至为了然。它是知识分子唯一的出路，汉、唐王朝时还有学校一途，明王朝则学校不过培养参加考试的人才。汉、唐王朝还有立功边疆一途，明王朝则没有任何其他机会。朱元璋更规定考试范围，以《五经》、《四书》为限。《五经》、《四书》，又以理学道学领袖人物朱熹的注解为标准课本。本世纪（十四）八十年代，朱元璋更特别颁布一种试卷格式，规定应考的知识分子遵守。下世纪（十五）初期，第三任皇帝朱棣，进一步加以约束，规定使用八股文。 “八股文是一种文章的体裁，一篇文章中，不多不少的，恰恰包括八股——一股即两个或四个完整的句子，这形式是严格的，不能改变，改变便不是八股了。但八股主要的特征却在精神方面，即内容方面。依照规定，作八股文，不能发挥自己的意见，也不是自己在说话（八股文中没有“我”字），而是儒家圣人系统在说话，看起来四平八稳，面面俱到，实际上却什么都没有触及。这种文体，跟代数学上的方程式一样，用不着独立思考——事实上是严厉的禁止独立思考，只要能把圣人系统的言语恰当地代人八股的方程式中，便是一篇最好的文章。如果被主考的试官欣赏录取，便可由秀才、而举人、而进士，而成为国家的领导人。至于怎么才能恰当地代入，那就是自此之后直到十九世纪末期，五百年间，中国知识分子所追求的最大奥秘，和最大学问。 知识分子所从事的唯一研究工作，是从《五经》、《四书》中选出全部可作为考试的题目，请老于此道的八股专家，撰写数百篇八股文，日夜背诵。考试时，把适当的一篇，照抄一遍。就像赌博时押赌注一样，押中时就成为进士，被任命为官员；押不中时，则落第而归，下次考试再来。知识分子不接触其他任何书籍，甚至连《五经》、《四书》都不接触。年轻人偶尔翻阅《五经》、《四书》，或偶尔翻阅历史古籍，如司马迁的《史记》之类，不但自己会懊悔浪费宝贵的光阴，即家长和教师，也必大大的震惊。如果有人竟然对文学艺术，如科学工程有兴趣，那更骇人听闻，会被他的亲友所不齿。知识分子被八股文硬拖到酱缸之中，没有自己的思想，更没有自己的感情。不知道人类还有别的知识和别的情操，只知道如何作八股文，和如何做官，于是一种只有中国才有的“官场”社会形成。 明王朝统治阶层曾由这类知识分子组成，他们对人的评价，完全以官为标准。——犹如资本主义社会对人的评价，完全以钱为标准一样。为了做官，不但忍受廷杖的耻辱，还建立一系列的奴才哲学，宣称皇帝即是父亲（君父），所以“君要巨死，臣不敢不死”，仅只廷杖，算不了什么。于是霎时间耻辱化为荣耀，本来应该愤怒的心情，因已找到奇异的理论基础的缘故，反而大悦。人性尊严被严重歪曲，这正是酱缸文化的特征之一。 欧洲历史正开快车，本世纪（十四）已进入文艺复兴时代，挣脱黑暗时代的枷锁，呈现一片耀眼的光明。而中国人却被糟蹋到这种地步，真是一个巨大悲剧。 八靖难之役 本世纪（十四）最后第二年（一三九八），暴君朱元璋逝世。二十二岁的孙儿朱允炆位。 明王朝面临它的瓶颈。 朱元璋共有二十六个儿子，长子即皇太子（朱允炆的父亲），早死；另一幼子也早死。其他二十四个儿子，全都分封到各重要地区。这些亲王每人都拥有一万五千人左右的警备部队，称为“护卫”。在北方边疆地带，共封有九个亲王。地方军事调动，都要先报请亲王核准，所以亲王又类似军区的太上司令官。朱元璋的目的是，用边疆诸亲王抵抗退出塞外的蒙古人，用内地诸亲王镇压人民对暴政的反抗。 这种现象仿佛纪元前二世纪西汉王朝七国之乱和纪元后三世纪晋王朝八王之乱发生前的形势，但没有那么严重，因为明王朝的亲王只有一万五千人的军权，对地方没有行政权和财政权。不过这已使少年皇帝朱允炆不安。朱允炆最亲信的大臣黄子澄、齐泰、方孝孺，一致主张迅速削藩。 削藩，在任何时代都是正当的，一个正常的国家内不允许同时存在很多独立王国。可是有两件事朱允炆失于考虑，第一，当时请亲王并没有割据一方反抗中央的企图和迹象。诸亲王除了王府一万五千人警备部队外，对地方军队并不能直接掌握，还构不上独立王国的威胁。第二，黄子澄一批庸才，根本不懂政治，不是处理这种带有爆炸性事件的良好人选。 朱允炆登极的当年（一三九八），刚把祖父朱元璋埋葬，就派遣军队奇袭开封（河南开封），把分封在开封的周王朱(木肃)逮捕，废为平民，贬谪到云南。这种像对付叛逆一样的发兵奇袭和废贬的严厉处分，使所有亲王大为震恐。明年（一三九九），“有人”告发分封在云南（云南昆明）的氓王朱(木便)有犯法的行为，朱允炆下令废朱(木便)为平民。不久，又“有人”告发分封在荆州（湖北江陵）的湘王朱柏也有不法的行为，朱柏得到消息，全家自焚而死。接着又“有人”告发分封在青州（山东青州）的齐王朱囗，朱允议下令废朱囗为平民。于是又“有人”告发分封在大同（山西大同）的代工朱桂，朱允炆下令把朱桂囚禁高墙。 亲王们在地方上种种暴行，都是事实。但朱允炆这种一连串暴风雨般的措施，暴露了他的目的并不是惩治不法，而且也超过了削藩的范围，分明是要消灭他的叔父一代。 就在代王朱桂被囚高墙后，朱元璋的第四个儿子，分封在北平（北京）的燕王朱棣叛变，率军南下，宣称皇帝被好恶的高级官员包围蒙蔽，已不能依自己的自由意志行使职权，对这批奸恶分子，必须肃清。这是有名的“靖难之役”，即安靖内部灾难的军事行动。朱允炆对朱棣这种激烈反应，并不认为太出意外。七国之乱终被削平的史迹，给朱允炆很大鼓励，他下令讨伐。 当本世纪（十四）结束时，靖难军和中央军在黄河以北，进行猛烈战斗，互有胜负，没有人敢预测它的演变。 九东西方世界 一三○五年（蒙古帝国大汗海山，下令凡殴打喇嘛僧侣者断手的前三年），法国人克勒门五世，当选教皇，白罗马迁到亚威农，历时七十三年，世称“巴比仑之四”。 一三二一年（蒙古十一任大汗硕德人刺即位的次年），意大利诗人但丁逝世。 一三三三年（蒙古十八任大汗脱欢铁木儿即位），日本后醍醐天皇讨伐镰仓幕府，皇军攻陷镰仓，镰仓幕府终，共历时一百四十八年。 一三三四年（脱欢铁木儿即位的次年），日本皇军元帅足利尊，逐后醍醐天皇，另行拥立光明天皇，史称“北朝”。后醍醐天皇奔吉野，史称“南朝”。足利尊称征夷大将军，于平安（京都）设幕府，世称室町幕府（室町，足利尊宅名）。 一三三七年（天完帝国建国前十四年），法王胖力六世宣布收回英王爱德华三世在法国分封的土地，爱德华三世也宣布自己是法国王位的合法继承人。法遂向英宣战，战争延续一百一十七年，史称英法百年战争。 一三四七年（黄河掘出一只眼石人前四年），黑死病自亚洲随着商业路线，传入欧洲，三年内，英法人口死三分之一，百年战争为之停顿三年。 一三六○年（韩宋帝国建国第六年），英法百年战争第一次战役终，历时二十四年。英王放弃继承法国王位，法割若干土地与英。 一三六九年（明王朝建立第二年），（一）英法百年战争再起，法军进攻英国在法国的领土，英军节节失利。（二）蒙古帝国所属察合台汗国大将帖木儿，夺取汗位，建都撒马尔罕（乌孜别克撒马尔罕），史称帖木儿帝国。 一三九二年（蓝玉案大屠杀前一年），（一）日本南朝并入北朝，南北朝时代终，历时五十九年。（二）高丽王国政变，国王王瑶让位给他的大将李成桂，高丽王国亡。明年（一三九三），李成桂改国号为朝鲜（王瑶忽然想起来向中国索取鸭绿江北岸，在四世纪末，那是被高句丽王国占领的一片土地。动员全国军队，分道并进。当军队发现是进攻中国时，大为惊恐。大将李成桂遂把王瑶逐下宝座。李成桂即位后，向中国上奏章谢罪，请求册封，中国封李成桂为朝鲜国王。此事使我们回忆八世纪八十年代，回纥汗国所发生的同样政变，也由反对进攻中国而起）。 一三九五年（蓝玉案大屠杀后二年），英法百年战争第二次战役终，历时十九年。英国把在法国的封地，大部分割给法国。但英王娶法王的女儿当皇后。