Chapter 27 Chapter Twenty Seventh Century-2

The Purification of the Seven Buddhists and the Unity of the Three Religions Following the eminent monk Shi Faxian in the fifth century, the eminent monk Xuanzang appeared in the seventh century.His deeds and achievements are the same as those of Shi Faxian, but his influence is even greater.Xuanzang left Chang'an and traveled westward in 627, violating the strict prohibition against going abroad at that time, crossing the quicksand and Congling Snow Mountains in the Western Regions (Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia) to seek Buddhist scriptures in India.It took nineteen years and returned to Chang'an in 645.Emperor Li Shimin did not pursue his crime of smuggling, but instead gave him high respect and asked him to preside over Hongfu Temple, the largest temple in Chang'an.Xuanzang translated the Buddhist scriptures he brought back from India with great painstaking efforts, and completed seventy-five volumes successively.This is a huge number. Even in the twentieth century, when translation tools such as dictionaries and dictionaries were available, it was not easy for one person to translate seventy-five great works.

Xuanlei is known as "Tang Monk" and "Tang Sanzang". He is well-known in China, even children know him.There are too many eminent monks in history, and Shi Faxian is one of them.Only Xuanzang is immortal, thanks to a novel written by Wu Cheng'en, a great writer in the sixteenth century.This is a successful humorous novel, but Xuanzang is written as a pussy, and Sun Wukong, one of his disciples, is written as a hero with great powers. Buddhism is a religion that emerged in a very complicated Indian society. It includes two components, one is the ghosts and gods worshiped in India at that time, and the other is the idealism philosophy prevailing in India at that time.Therefore, Buddhist scriptures are also divided into two parts, one part is called "Hinayana", which belongs to the former and the other part is called "Mahayana", which belongs to the latter.The Buddhist scriptures brought back by Xuanzang are mainly Mahayana, and Mahayana has nothing to do with religion, but only with philosophy, so Buddhism began to split.The essential element of religion is the worship of ghosts and gods, and only the worship of ghosts and gods can be called a religion.Just as the prerequisite for a painter is painting, he must paint to be called a painter.Some intellectuals among Buddhists discovered systematic and clear psychological analysis from the Mahayana classics, something that was not found in ancient Chinese philosophy and Confucian school Confucianism. The painter declares that he is not the same as painting. This attitude has produced in Buddhism what we may call the "Buddhist school".Its development sequence is opposite to that of Taoism. Taoism first had a school of Taoism, and then split into Taoism.Buddhism first had Buddhism, and only then did it split into Buddhist schools.The difference between the Buddhist school and Buddhism is like the difference between the Taoist school and Taoism, and the difference between the "hot dog" and the "dog" we once compared.

After Buddhism was introduced to China, Theravada was hated by Taoism, and Mahayana was hated by Confucianism.As a result of hundreds of years of struggle, a harmonious situation has finally emerged, that is, the three religions of "Confucianism", "Buddhism" and "Taoism" are one.The emergence of this harmony is very abrupt.And it is theoretically impossible. For one thing, "Confucianism" is not yet qualified to be called a religion.Second, belief is exclusive.However, if you find that there is a phenomenon of division in Buddhism, it is only the school of thought that unites, not the religion.The so-called unity of the three teachings should be correctly pointed out as the unity of the three schools of thought.Let's try the following table for an illustration:

The cause of translating Buddhist scriptures reached its peak in this century (7th), and after Xuanli, there was no way to continue.Because Buddhism has declined in India, where it originated, and no new classics will appear.Under the impact of a large number of Buddhist scriptures published, the Buddhist school is further divided into many trivial sects, such as "Lvzong", "Zen", "Huayan Sect", "Faxiangzong", etc., in their own small world, they repel and attack each other.But the real Buddhism finally abandoned the entanglement of Mahayana and became a pure religion. Like Taoism, it spread to the people. This power is ten thousand times stronger than that of Mahayana, which is only popular among literati.Karma retribution, reincarnation, and the idea and belief that there are gods who rule over human beings are deeply rooted in people's hearts.

8. The Re-expansion of China's Territory The greatest success brought to China by the second golden age was the restoration of its inherent territory.In the era of the Great Split, a large amount of border land was lost. Although the Sui Dynasty was revived for a while, the time was too short, and it was lost again due to the collapse of the government soon.The original goal of the Tang Dynasty was only to eliminate the threat of the Turkic Khanate in the north.However, successive military victories brought China's territory back to the territory of the Qin Dynasty in the third century BC and the Western Han Dynasty in the first century BC, and even surpassed it.The Tang government successively set up the six governor's mansions (duhu mansions) listed in the following table in the border areas, like six giant pillars, to defend the mainland of China.

China's heavy foreign aggression is the Turkic Khanate in the north, so it naturally became the first target of counterattack. In 603 (7) of this century, Datou Khan, Qimin Khan's opponent, was defeated and surrendered to Qimin Khan, and Qimin Khan became the Great Khan of the Turks.However, Luo Khan, one of the little khans in the western Jinshan (Altai Mountains), refused to admit it, claiming that he was the great khan of the Turks.So the Turkic Khanate split into two, and the East and West confronted each other. Although the Eastern Turkic Khanate lost its western tribes, it still remained strong, especially at the beginning of this century (7), when China was in the midst of eighteen years of dynastic change.The leaders of the civil uprising rising in the north, like Liang Shidu and Liu Wuzhou, all paid tribute to the Eastern Turks and received titles.When Li Yuanchu, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, rebelled, he also paid tribute to the Eastern Turks.During Li Yuan's reign in the 1920s, when the East Turkic envoys and businessmen came to China, it was like a tiger entering a flock of sheep, raping, burning and killing, and lawlessness.However, the Turkic Corps still went deep into China's borders from time to time, completely ignoring the existence of China.The ministers once suggested to abandon Chang'an and move the capital to the south.Although Li Yuan didn't accept it because of his too much relationship, he never dared to show any displeasure towards the Turkic violence.

In 626, the Xuanwumen Incident had just ended and Emperor Li Shimin had just ascended the throne, and the Eastern Turkic Khanate launched a surprise attack on Chang'an.Great Khan Jieli Khan (youngest son of Qimin Khan and youngest brother of Shibi Khan) and his nephew Little Khan Shili Khan (eldest son of Shibi Khan) traveled southward until they arrived at the Weishui Bridge.It is only a water away from Chang'an, and the ups and downs are terrified.Emperor Li Shimin had no choice but to put all his eggs in one basket. He personally went to Weishui River to beg Khan Jieli for peace. In addition to reaffirming his oath to continue to submit, he also promised to increase the amount of tribute and property before Khan Jaeli retreated.This was a great shame to Emperor Li Shimin, but because of this meeting, Emperor Li Shimin saw with his own eyes the incompetence of the Turkic organization, so he decided to fight back in advance.Three years later, in 630, general Li Jing marched to the north, went out of Dingxiang (Helinger, Inner Mongolia), and went deep into the Yin Mountains. The whole army of Jieli Khan was wiped out, and he fled westward alone, and was captured by Chinese pursuers.The invincible Eastern Turkic Khanate was defeated by China in the First World War, which greatly shocked the tribes in the north, and Emperor Li Shimin won the honorary title of "Tian Khan".

The tribes of the Eastern Turkic Khanate have been scattered since then, but "Khans" still appear from time to time, either because of the support of some remnant tribes, or because of the Chinese government's appointment to take care of some remnant tribes.Among them, a few khans continued to confront China, but they all ignited and extinguished like sparks.This was maintained intermittently until 745, the last great Khan, Baimei Khan, was beheaded by the Huairen Khan of the Huihe Khanate, and was completely wiped out. The Tiele tribe to which the Eastern Turkic Khanate belonged was as complex as the Turks, including many small tribes of different races. Among them, two small tribes were the most powerful, one was the Xueyantuo tribe and the other was the Huihe tribe.In 628, Yinan, the chieftain of the Xueyantuo tribe, gained the leadership of the Tiele tribe, broke away from the East Turks, called himself Khan, and established the Xueyantuo Khanate.Two years later, in 630, the Eastern Turkic Khanate was dispersed, and the Xueyantuo Khanate accepted the Turkic tribes in exile, entered the Turkic homeland, and directly neighbored China.China's richness tempted it, like the Turks, to continue to invade south.However, its bad luck happened to meet China's second golden age.In 646, the Chinese general Prince Li Daozong attacked, Xue Yantuo's corps collapsed, and the last Khan Tumozhi Khan surrendered to China.

After the demise of the Xueyantuo Khanate, the Huihe tribe immediately filled the power vacuum in the desert.But it is still a tribal form, and China canonized its chief as the governor of Hanhai. Nine Conquests of the Western Regions and Defeats of the Southwest The Western Regions (Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia), the old land of China, has been lost for 600 years, which is too long. Therefore, when China expanded westward in the 1970s and 1940s, what it faced It is a completely new look of the Western Regions, which is no longer the Western Regions where there were many city-states in the era of Zhang Sai in the second century BC and Ban Chao in the first century after the Era.Now there are only a few big countries left in the Western Regions: Gaochang Kingdom, Yanqi Kingdom, Kucha Kingdom, Khotan Kingdom, Shule Kingdom, and Western Turkic Khanate, all vying for hegemony.Among them, Yanqi, Qiuci, Khotan, and Shule were all ancient kingdoms. Due to the annexation of neighboring countries, the territory expanded greatly.

What caused the westward movement of Chinese power was the Gaochang Kingdom, which was founded in the former land of Cheshiqian Kingdom, with an area of ​​about 50,000 square kilometers and its capital Jiaohe City (Turpan, Xinjiang).It formed an alliance with the Western Turkic Khanate, adopted a policy of encircling China, sealed off the border, and cut off communication between China and the Western Regions.Despite China's repeated appeals, Chinese refugees are still detained and not allowed to return to China.In 640, the Chinese general Hou Junji marched westward, and the Gaochang Corps was defeated. The garrison troops of the Western Turkic Khanate were horrified and retreated at night.The king Kou Wentai, who challenged the powerful enemy, died of grief and anger. The successor king Kou Zhisheng surrendered and was sent to Chang'an, and the country perished.China changed Jiaohe City to Xizhou, and Khan Floating Siege City (Jimsar, Xinjiang) to Tingzhou.

Then came the Kingdom of Yanqi, which stretched 400 kilometers from east to west, and its capital Yanzhe City (Yanqi, Xinjiang), had always maintained good relations with China.When Hou Junji destroyed the Gaochang Kingdom, Yanqi King Long Tuqizhi went to the headquarters of the Chinese Expeditionary Army to congratulate him because of his feud with Gaochang.But later, he concluded a marriage with the West Turkic Khanate (the younger brother of the Western Turkic Minister married the daughter of Long Tuqizhi), turned indifferent to distant China, and repeatedly detained Chinese envoys in transit and envoys from other countries to and from China .In 644, Guo Xiaoke, Governor of Anxi (Guardian of Anxi) who was stationed in Gaochang, attacked Yanqi, captured Long Tuqizhi alive, and established a new king.But after the Chinese expeditionary force withdrew, the Western Turkic Khanate came to attack, killed the new king, and appointed another royal relative, Longxue Poanazhi, as the king.Four years later (June 48), when the Chinese general Ashina (surname) Sheer (name) went west to conquer the Kingdom of Kucha, he attacked Yanqi by the way and killed Longxue Poanazhi.This time the Chinese Corps did not retreat. The Kingdom of Kucha covers an area of ​​about 100,000 square kilometers and has more than 700 towns. The capital is Yiluolu City (Kuqa, Xinjiang).I also got along very well with China at first.But the Western Turkic Khanate finally won it over and participated in the encirclement of China.In 648, Ashinasheer, a Chinese general of Turkic origin, went west and captured King Baihe Libu Shibi alive.China's Anxi Governor's Mansion, which was originally located in Xizhou (Turpan, Xinjiang), then moved westward and moved to Kucha. Shule Kingdom (Kashgar, Xinjiang) and Khotan Kingdom (Hotian, Xinjiang), two countries with an area comparable to the Kucha Kingdom, surrendered to China without a war.China then set up four military strongholds in Yanqi, Qiuci, Shule, and Khotan, called "Four Towns", which belonged to the governor of Anxi and served as the Ping Fan in the west of China.In 670, the Kingdom of Tulei attacked the Western Regions with all its forces, and the four towns fell temporarily.Twenty-two years later, in 692, the Chinese general Wang Xiaojie counterattacked, Tubo was defeated, and the four towns returned to the Chinese territory. For the countries of the Western Regions (Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia), China and the Western Turkic Khanate are two giants.The countries in the Western Regions were caught in the gap between China and the Western Turkic Khanate, just like they were in the gap between China and the Huns Khanate in the second century before.The five kingdoms mentioned above are the victims between the two superpowers.When all the independent kingdoms were annexed by China, and the Chinese border moved north and west, and directly contacted the Western Turkic Khanate, a decisive battle finally broke out.In 657, the Chinese general Su Dingfang led an expeditionary force, including the Uyghur Corps and several Eastern Turkic Corps attached to China, to attack the Western Turkic Khanate in three directions.Western Turkic Shabolue Khan personally ruled ten surnames (ten tribes and corps, and marched eastward from Central Asia to meet them. The two armies met north of Yili River (Ili River in Xinjiang). Sabolo Khan was defeated and led The remnant army crossed the Yili River and retreated towards the Suiye River (Kazakh blowing river, or translated as Chu River). The Chinese expeditionary force chased after them and fought again on the north bank of the Suiye River. Sabolo Khan was defeated again. With a few guards on the left and right , fled to the west. Fleeing to Shiguo (Uzbek Tashkent City) in the southeast of the Aral Sea, he was captured alive by Shiguo and handed over to the Chinese expeditionary force who arrived at the city. As in the case of the Eastern Turkic Khanate, the tribes of the Western Turkic Khanate have since dispersed.Although there will also be the rise of "Khan" in the future, it will be short-lived.In the 1940s (8th) and 1940s, Ashina Ting, the last great khan dispatched by China, was beheaded by the Tuqishi tribe, and the West Turkic Khanate died in name and reality. What China won in the Western Regions was a complete victory, which was very different from the era of Zhang Qian and Ban Chao. At that time, it was only limited to transplantation and reclamation, and the main thing was the military alliance that broke the right arm of the Huns.However, starting from the seventh day of this century, prefectures, counties, and military regions were set up, and the Western Regions were incorporated into the Chinese administrative system and officially became Chinese territory. But on the western frontiers, China's expansion was thwarted. The Tuyuhun Khanate (Qinghai Province) on the western border is a brother country of the former Yan Empire, one of the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms in the fourth century.The younger brother's branch entered mainland China and established the Qianyan Empire in Yecheng (Linzhang, Hebei).The elder brother's branch traveled 2,000 kilometers away and came to the vicinity of Qinghai Lake to establish the Tuyuhun Khanate.In the era of great division, there were constant wars with several short-lived small countries on the western border of China, such as Nanliang and Xiqin.At the beginning of this century (7th), Khan Murong Fuyun was in power, and the national power was strong, so he clashed with China.In 635, Chinese general Li Jing led his army deep into the grasslands of Qinghai. Murong Fuyun was defeated. He gathered his troops to fight again and was defeated again. He could not form an army, so he had to lead the remnants to flee to the northwest, intending to join the Yuyi Kingdom in the Western Regions, which was still independent at that time.Walking to the Qaidam Basin, the subordinates dispersed, and the remaining cavalry of more than a thousand cavalry barely supported them. When they arrived in the desert, almost all of the subordinates ran away.Murong Fuyun was killed by his attendants.China canonized his son Murong Shundang Khan, who was sent to Chang'an as a hostage.But Murong Shun had been in China for too long, and his Sinicization was too deep to be accepted by his people. Within a few months, he was stabbed to death and was succeeded by his son Murong Nuoyibo.In order to stabilize the relationship between the two countries, Emperor Li Shimin married Princess Honghua to Murong Nuojubo.However, the Tubo Kingdom kept plundering its herds behind it, and Murong Nuoyibo couldn't resist it.In 672, the entire khanate collapsed, and Murong Nuojubo and his princess wife fled to China with only a thousand remnant tribes. The Tuyuhun Khanate perished, and all the people in the land were annexed by the Tubo Kingdom.The Tubo Kingdom is a kingdom built by a branch of the Qiang nationality, including most of Tibet and Qinghai—the roof of the entire world, which is one third larger than the Western Regions (Xinjiang and Eastern Central Asia). The capital Luoxie City (Tibet Lhasa).China has never known such a country, even if it was rumored, because it is thousands of miles away, it has never paid attention to it.When it sent envoys to China in the 1970s and 1930s to pay tribute and appeared in Chang'an, China just regarded it as a small and remote tribe, but in fact it was already very powerful at that time.In order to use it to play a role in the back of the Tuyuhun Khanate, in 641, China married Princess Wencheng to its king Qizong to praise her.However, the Tuyuhun Khanate weakened under the continuous attacks, so China had to turn around to help the Tuyuhun Khanate. Thirty years after Princess Wencheng married, in 670, the Tubo Kingdom attacked the Western Regions (Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia), and all four towns in the Western Regions were lost.The Chinese general Xue Rengui attacked from the west of Qinghai Lake, hoping to influence the situation in the Western Regions, and hoping to expel the Tubo tribes who invaded the Tuyuhun land.But defeated by Tubo, the whole army was wiped out, only Xue Rengui and a few generals fled back.Eight years later (June 78), the Chinese sent General Li Jingxuan to attack the west again, and the entire army was wiped out again. The deputy commander, Liu Shenli, was captured by Tubo.In 692, another general, Wang Xiaojie, regained the Western Regions, but in 696, when Wang Xiaojie attacked Tubo for the second time, he failed again. The strong and good war of the Tubo Kingdom made China encounter a strong enemy in the southwestern border. Ten Eastern War and Eternal Peace The East refers to Korea and Japan. Before the Goguryeo Kingdom resisted the attack of the Sui Dynasty in China at the beginning of this century (7th), the Silla Kingdom (Gyeongju, South Korea) at the southern end occupied its 250-kilometer-deep land.After the 1940s, a coup took place in the Goguryeo Kingdom. The prime minister (Mo Gaozhi) Quan Gai Suwen killed the king Gao Jianwu, and Gao Jianwu's nephew Gao Zang was appointed as the king, and Quan Gai Suwen was dictatorship.He needed to use foreign military victories to increase his prestige, so he made an alliance with another kingdom, Baekje (Buyeo, South Korea) at the southern tip of the peninsula.In 644.Attack on Silla, claiming to claim back the lost land.However, it has continued to sink more than forty cities and still does not stop. It is obvious that it will swallow them all.The Kingdom of Silla was in a hurry to China.China ordered Goguryeo to cease the war, but Quangai Suwen refused.Next year (June 45th), Emperor Li Shimin personally conquered, and the city of Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning), which Yang Guang could not conquer with all his strength in China, was finally captured.Then they broke through Baiya City (Haicheng, Liaoning), Gaimu City (Gaizhou, Liaoning), and encircled Anshi City (Haicheng, Liaoning).Anshi City became the second Liaodong under the strong defense of Yang Wanchun, a famous Goguryeo general.However, the severe winter had arrived and the ground was frozen. The Chinese Expeditionary Force had no equipment to keep out the cold and had to retreat.Yang Wanchun bid farewell to the city to express his thanks, and Emperor Li Shimin ordered him to send him a hundred pieces of silk and satin to show his respect.This time the military operation was not considered a success, but the difference between Emperor Li Shimin and Yang Guang was that Li Shimin did not have any fighting spirit to come again. Goguryeo lost its territory in the north and lost its troops, so its aggression against Silla in the south had to be stopped.But the Baekje Kingdom did not stop. Queen Jinde of Silla wrote "Ode to Peace", embroidered it herself, presented it to China, and begged for help.In 1966, Jin Chunqiu, the successor of Queen Zhende, appealed to China again.China sent General Su Dingfang to lead the navy to help. The fleet set out from Chengshan (Rongcheng, Shandong) and landed forcibly at the mouth of the Xiongjin River (Jinjiang) in the Kingdom of Baekje. Ci surrendered.China took Baekje into its territory and set up five governor's mansions including Xiongjin. Su Dingfang led his army back to the country soon, leaving General Zhang Renyuan to guard it. As soon as Su Dingfang left, Daochen, the eminent monk of Baekje, and Fuxin, the general, welcomed the prince Fu Yufeng who was in Japan at that time back to the country, inherited the throne, and surrounded the Chinese garrison in Yupicheng.Next year (June 61), the Chinese general Liu Rengui also landed at the mouth of the Ungjin River as reinforcements. The Baekje army faced the battle and was defeated.Liu Rengui's troops were not many, so he could not attack. He could only help Zhang Renyuan to stick to Sibibi, which lasted for two years.In 1963, the Japanese army came to aid Baekje, and China sent general Sun Renshi across the sea to increase troops. Another general, Liu Rengui, led the navy from the Woongjin River into Baijiang (Korea Jinjiang), preparing to join up with Sun Renshi and attack Zhouliu City.Unexpectedly, at the mouth of the Baijiang River, he met the Japanese naval fleet and fought a decisive battle.The Chinese fleet slammed into the waist of the Japanese fleet, and the Japanese fleet was cut off from the middle, unable to respond from the beginning to the end, so they had to retreat while fighting.China continued to attack, won four battles and won four victories, sank and burned more than 400 Japanese ships, fireworks soared into the sky, and the sea water turned into blood; the entire Japanese fleet was wiped out.This is the first war between China and Japan.Fu Yufeng got the news of defeat and knew that the situation was over, so he abandoned Zhouliu City and fled north to the Kingdom of Goguryeo.The Kingdom of Baekje died in the 681st year of its founding. Quangai Suwen, the prime minister of the Goguryeo Kingdom, died in 666, and a fierce struggle broke out among his sons. The son Quan Gai Suwen failed and defected to China.An incomparably strong country, which has suffered countless severe blows from the outside without causing it to collapse, is now split from the inside.China seized this opportunity and sent General Li (Zhou Li) as the commander-in-chief, Quan Nannan as the guide, and Lu Dao went to the east.In 668, the capital Pyongyang was captured and King Gaozang was captured.The Kingdom of Goguryeo died in 705, and the Three Kingdoms era on the Korean peninsula came to an end. Now, three-quarters of the Korean peninsula belongs to China, and the Kingdom of Silla is cramped in a quarter of the southeast corner of the peninsula.However, China only ruled for nine years, and the Kingdom of Silla was deeply dissatisfied with the fact that China had annexed so much land without giving it any.This ungrateful but brave small country began to secretly challenge the behemoth China, launching popular uprisings everywhere, and pushing Pyongyang to isolate itself.In 1676, the Chinese garrison troops could not support them, so they had to retreat and moved the Andong Governor's Mansion in Pyongyang to Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning). The Silla Kingdom unified the central and southern parts of the Korean peninsula. Datong River), neighbors with China. After the Kingdom of Silla unified the central and southern parts of the peninsula, it did not continue to confront China. Instead, it wisely adopted a policy of serving the great powers, and was very respectful to China.This policy has achieved perfect results. Since then, there will be no more wars between China and North Korea, and they will always be brotherly brothers. Thirty years after the demise of the Goguryeo Kingdom, that is, the last year of this century (7) (699), one of its generals, Da Zuorong, who was exiled in the Songhua River Valley in the north, and a part of the force led by him, were in contact with the local (Gemo ) (Ge He) tribes combined to establish the Bohai Kingdom.Like some countries on the Korean peninsula, it is completely Chinese.Official system and official names, as well as government organizations, are no different from China.It also adopts a big policy towards China, so between China and Bohai, the diplomatic relations are harmonious and there has never been a war. Da Xiangrong originally called the kingdom he established the Kingdom of Zhen. In the next century (eighth) 713, China conferred Da Xiangrong the King of Bohai County, and then began to use Bohai as the country name. The Japanese Empire is as old as the countries on the Korean peninsula, but its culture was backward compared to that of North Korea, because Chinese culture had to pass through North Korea before it could be introduced into Japan.Before the seventh of this century, Japan was still a tribal structure, but under the cultural impact of China's absolute superiority, everything inherent in Japan could no longer adapt to domestic needs and the new international situation.Thus came the modernization—that is, the Sinicization movement.In 646, Emperor Kotoku ordered the national land to be taken back from the nobles and turned into national ownership.Abolish the hereditary official title system similar to slave owners, so that the people of the whole country are no longer subordinate to the nobles, but directly subordinate to the emperor.Following the example of China, the nobility only had titles but no land.Switch to China's unique "Year Name" system, and set this year (June 46) as the first year of Dahua.According to the form of the three "provinces" of the Chinese government, organize the Japanese government and set up six (provinces), each in charge of state affairs.And popularize education, adopt Chinese characters as the legal text, and use Kong Yingda's "Five Classics of Justice" as the legal textbook.This was the first time that Japan accepted the modernized cultural movement on a large scale, and historians call it "Daika Kaixin".Since then, Japan, like the countries on the Korean Peninsula, has become another "China" besides China. It is almost identical to China in terms of writing, education, official system, government, and even ideology. —— Japan's Sinicization movement, Dahua reform is just the beginning.Since then, the absorption of Chinese culture has been increasing day by day for more than a thousand years.As a result, a kind of Chinese worship has generally emerged, believing that everything in Japan is wrong and everything in China is right.Some well-known scholars even believe that the change of dynasty in China is in line with the classics, and the system of one line of emperors in Japan is a shameful fallacy.At first the Japanese regarded themselves as barbarians and respected China as China, but later they thought that Japan was China, and China became barbarians instead.Lai Zhongchuan, a famous poet in the Heian period (794-185), once said in a poem: "When you take a boat, you should take a composition boat, and you will become famous by writing Chinese poems." This can explain the degree of Japan's admiration for China. Eleven Wu (upper Ming and lower empty) - China's only female emperor Twenty years after the golden age, in the 1950s, a young and beautiful woman stood up in the court of the Tang Dynasty. This woman is Wu (Shang Ming Xia Kong), when she was thirteen years old, she was elected to the imperial palace, and was later listed as one of the concubines of Emperor Li Shimin.There were nineteen levels of imperial concubines in the early Tang Dynasty: "Concubine Hui", "Concubine Shu", "Concubine De", "Concubine Xian", "Zhaoyi", "Zhaorong", "Zhaoyuan", "Xiu Yi", "Xiu Rong", "Xiu Yuan", "Chong Yi", "Chong Rong", "Chong Yuan", "Jie Hao", "Beauty", "Talent", "Baolin", "Yu Nu" , "Cai Nu".Wu (upper bright and lower empty) is the sixteenth-level "talented person", and there are nine "talented persons" at the same time, and she is only one of the nine, which is a hopeless position.In the year when Wu (upper Ming and lower Kong) was twenty-six years old, that is, in 649, Emperor Li Shimin passed away. According to the royal regulations, the concubines of the late emperor had to become monks and become nuns. , the lonely ones spend the rest of their lives.All the concubines of Emperor Li Shimin were sent to Ganye Temple in Chang'an, and Wu (shangmingxiakong) was naturally among them, which is a more desperate position.However, Fate bestowed her favor.Five years later, in 654, the successor Emperor Li Zhi and his wife, Queen Wang, went to Ganye Temple to offer incense.When Li Zhi was the prince, he was salivating at the beauty of Wu (Shang Ming and Xia Kong).Now, he sees Wu (upper Ming Xia Kong) among the nuns, and Wu (upper Ming Xia Kong) of course sees him too, but it is not the same now, she sheds tears, and Li Zhi also sheds tears.All this was seen by Queen Wang. At that time, Queen Wang was competing with Concubine Xiao Shu, another concubine of Li Zhi, so she took Wu (upper Ming and lower Kong) back to the palace, hoping to use her to help her fight against Concubine Xiao Shu.Wu (upper bright and lower empty)'s mouth can ooze honey, so that the queen treats her like a sister, and strongly recommends her to Li Zhi. Li Zhi was 27 years old in 654, and Wu (shangmingxiakong) was 31 years old, four years older than Li Zhi.Once a young man with no experience in life falls into the hands of a beautiful woman who is full of scheming and mature, it is like a fly landed on a spider's web, and it is difficult to escape except to be smashed to pieces.In just a few months, Li Zhi became her plaything.Wu (upper bright and lower empty) then started her first goal: the queen's throne.Next year (June 55th), she strangled her newborn daughter to death with her own hands, and then framed her as the murderer of Queen Wang. The unfavorable treason case led to the rise of the palace prison.As a result, Queen Wang and Concubine Xiao Shu were beaten with a hundred sticks each, their limbs were cut off, and then they were thrown into the wine tank, and they died listening to their slogans.Li Zhi officially conferred the title of Empress Wu (Shangming Xiakong), only one year and seven months after she left Ganye Temple. The fierce and ruthless offensive is shocking. After Wu (upper Ming Xiakong) completed the first goal, he went on to pursue the second goal: power.This of course requires extraordinary design and patience.Li Zhi often had severe head pains and could not open his eyes.Wu (shangming, Xiakong) appeared at the Golden Luan Hall at the same time as Li Zhi, and listened to the minister's report, and Wu (shangming, Xiakong) made a ruling. Government officials called their couple "two saints", and the government's control power was silent. It slipped into the hands of Wu (upper Ming and lower empty).What Wu (upper Ming and lower Kong) needs is for Li Zhi to live in pain like this, so that she has enough time to eradicate those who oppose her and ambush her own strength.However, Li Zhi lived too long. He reigned for thirty-five years and did not die until 683. Wu (shangmingxiakong) later hated Li Zhi to the bone, but she was able to control herself and did not murder him. This is where she is extremely clever.After Li Zhi's death, Li Xian, the third son born to Wu (Shangming Xiakong), succeeded to the throne. Only three months later, Wu (Shangming Xiakong) deposed him and made her fourth son Li Dan the emperor. Wu (upper Ming and lower sky) was in charge of the government as the empress dowager, and Li Dan was completely a puppet.This was maintained for seven years. In 690, Wu (Shangming Xiakong) thought that the time was ripe, so he deposed Li Dan and sat on the throne of emperor himself.The Tang Dynasty, the most powerful empire in the world at that time, was quietly abolished by Wu (upper Ming and lower empty).Wu (upper Ming and lower sky) was the first and only female emperor in Chinese history. The dynasty she established was called the Zhou Dynasty (known as the Southern Zhou Dynasty or Wu Zhou in history). Wu (Shang Ming Xia Kong) is an outstanding woman with great talent and wisdom. She worked hard for 28 years before becoming the empress dowager, and seven years before becoming the emperor. She was already a 67-year-old old woman up.At that time, it was conceivable that almost everyone opposed her. The royal family surnamed Li and all government officials, as well as the Confucian school of ethics at that time, all rejected a woman as emperor.So Wu (shangmingxiakong) used her own method to protect her dynasty, that is, appointing jealous officials and ruthlessly and expanding the policy of unjust imprisonment.Carry out mass but ostensibly legal massacres.Anyone who opposes her, or is considered to be against her, and those who are trapped by cruel officials, will be sentenced to treason by law, and beheaded together with their families or families.Including Li Zhi's uncle, grandson Wuji (the reason why Li Zhi was able to become the prince is entirely due to his uncle's strength) and Wu's two sons - the eldest son Li Hong and the second son Li Xian.Moreover, the grandson of Lian Wu (shangmingxiakong) was whipped to death by this supposedly kind old grandmother. ——only unlimited power can be so violently toxic, making a mother and grandmother crazy into martial arts (upper light and lower sky) like this. The Twelve Torture Officials and Torture The regime of the Southern Zhou Dynasty was a naked spy regime, built on the prison system presided over by cruel officials.Nominally, Wu (upper Ming and lower space) ruled, but in fact it was the group of cruel officials who ruled. The quality of a law lies not in the "law" itself, but in the implementation of the "procedure law".It is not how to punish crimes, but how to determine crimes.The laws of the Tang Dynasty are the most perfect among the laws of all dynasties in China. However, due to the lack of human rights concepts in ancient Chinese political thought, China has never been able to produce evidence-based procedural laws, and "Tang Law" is no exception.As a result, the torture of cruel officials has replaced the procedural law, and judges do not pursue facts, but only confessions when reporting on investigations.It is the function of a cruel official for a person to "confess" and "self-confess" knowing that the whole family will be slaughtered if he falsely admits to treason. The cruel official group formed by Wu (upper Ming and lower empty), the most famous ones can be listed as follows; One of Lai Junchen Wu's (Shangming Xiakong)'s most trusted assistants, when he was in power, except for Wu (Shangming Xiakong) himself and Wu's relatives, all government officials and people involved were under his control. Criminal Procedure Code - Trembling Under Torture.As long as anyone (including princes and prime ministers) is arrested and interrogated by envoys, he seldom walks out of prison alive.The torture he used when interrogating the defendant included only one item of "shackle", and there were ten names that made people palpitate: "Ding Baimai", "Can't Breathe", "Suddenly Roaring", "Watching and Inheriting", " Lose courage", "Facts are the same as the opposite", "Anything is the same as the truth", "Worry about dead pigs", "Wishing for death", "Seeking to break the family".Other tortures also have their own names, and they are beautiful and fragrant, fully expressing the destruction and mockery of human rights and human dignity.For example, "Phoenix spreads its wings": tie the defendant's hands and feet to short logs, and twist his arms like twisting a rope. "Donkey Colt Pulling Up": tie the defendant to a post, tie a rope around his neck, and pull it forward. If he does not confess in time, his neck will be broken. On the rubble, hold the shackles with both hands and raise them above your head. "Jade Girl Climbing the Ladder": teach the defendant to climb a high ladder, tie a rope around his neck, and pull it backwards, or suffocate to death, or fall to his death. Lai Junchen is not only a practitioner, but also a theorist.He is the author of "Luo Zhi Jing", which is the first classic in the history of mankind to create unjust prisons. There are seven procedures instructed in the scriptures: First, determine the object first. 2. Secret agents send informant or denunciation letters from all directions to relevant agencies or people in power. 3. Waiting for the relevant authorities or people in power to hand over these letters for investigation (the matter has developed to this point, the fate of the subject has been determined. It can also be said that when Kushi is determining the subject, the subject’s fate has already been determined, because those involved It is impossible not to hand over the letter of the huge case of treason). 4. Arrest and interrogate the subject according to the letters handed over. 5. Use torture during interrogation to obtain ideal confessions. ——It should be noted that if you refuse to confess and die under torture, you will be charged with another crime: "suicide in fear of crime".The defendant has only two choices, one is to confess, the other is to die under torture.In fact, it is not necessary to torture every defendant. For example, Prime Minister Di Renjie and others were not tortured. Just teaching him to know what will happen if he does not cooperate has the same effect. 6. During the interrogation, teach the defendants to draw each other in the confession, and expand the meeting. The number of people and the size of the scope are determined by the person in power or Kushi. 7. Arranging and compiling the defendant's confession so that it matches each other without flaws.于是，程序完成，一件谋反叛国巨案，宣告破获。 索元礼武(上明下空)情夫之一的薛怀义的干爹，所以最得信任。他最大的本领是，只几天工夫，就可以从一个被告牵引出一千个被告。被告交给他，跟交给来俊臣一样，百死一生。他发明一种特制的铁笼，教被告把头伸到里面，而里面钉满铁针。有时他把被告倒悬起来，在头部系上石头，使它下坠。有时用醋汁灌被告的鼻孔，直到招认或被窒息而死。有时用铁圈套到被告头上，在缝隙中打入木楔，直到招认或脑浆崩裂。 侯思止一个不识字的法官，他对武(上明下空)说：“我虽然不识字，可是我忠心除奸。”武(上明下空)很欣赏他。侯思止以审讯宰相魏元忠一案而闻名，当魏元忠拒绝承认谋反时，他认为魏元忠空言狡辩，把魏元忠双足缚住，在地上倒拖。 周兴他当权的时间很短，但他在冤狱史上的地位却非常重要。有一天，武(上明下空)把一件密告周兴谋反的检举信件交给来俊臣调查。来俊臣跟周兴是最好的朋友，而且那一天二人又恰恰在一起共进午餐。任何人都以为来俊臣一定会为他的好友昭雪，但这是不懂特务本质的人的想法。特务的本质是互相吞噬的，对越是要好的朋友越加残忍，用以表示他自己的清白与忠贞。来俊臣问周兴说：“有一个被告，态度非常顽强，不肯承认谋反，最好用什么办法对付他？”周兴说：“简单的很，把他装到大瓮（缸）里，四周燃起炭火，他就非承认不可。”来俊臣教人如法布置妥当后，对周兴说：“有人告兄台谋反，我奉命调查，请君入瓮。”周兴的尴尬与狼狈，以及结局，是可以推断的。从此，“请君入瓮”一语，成为中国最有名的成语之一。 十三东西方世界 六○七年（杨广在启民可汗王庭炫耀威风），日本帝国推古天皇遣使节小野妹子前来中国，中国遣使节裴世请赴日本报聘。 六二二年（中国正逢十八年改朝换代混战），伊斯兰教教主穆罕默德在麦加被逐，率门徒出走麦加那。伊斯兰教徒即以本年为回历元年。 六三○年（中国擒东突厥颉利大可汗，李世民大帝被尊为天可汗），穆罕默德攻陷麦加，建阿拉伯帝国。中国史学家称之为大食、天方。 六三二年（中国擒颉利大可汗后二年），穆罕默德逝世，没有儿子，政府设“哈里发”为元首。 六三八年（中国灭高昌王国前二年），阿拉伯帝国攻陷东罗马帝国属城耶路撒冷，伊斯兰教从此在巴勒斯坦传播。 六四六年（中国灭薛延陀汗国），（一）阿拉伯帝国攻东罗马帝国北非领地，陷亚历山大城。伊斯兰教从此在北非传播。（二）日本帝国“大化改新”，全盘吸收中国文化。 六六一年（中国灭百济王国前二年），阿拉伯帝国第四任哈里发被刺死，大臣穆阿伟亚自立为第五任哈里发，废除选举制，改为父子世袭，并把首都从麦地那迁到大马士革。西洋史学家称之为奥米亚王朝，中国史学家称之为白衣大食。 六七二年（吐蕃王国灭吐谷浑汗国），日本天智天皇逝世，皇弟大海人起兵攻皇太子大友，大友兵败自杀。大海人即位，是为天武天皇，史学家称“壬申之乱”。