Chapter 21 Chapter 17 The Fourth Century-1

In this century, China has entered an era of great division. The era of great division started in 304 of this century, ended in 589 of 6th century, and lasted 286 years throughout the 5th century.In the era of the great division, it is divided into two periods: the early period of the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms, and the latter period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.We illustrate with the following table: The Rebellion of the Eight Kings was a kind of self-killing in the style of revenge for the enemy. It was stupid and cruel. The family surnamed Sima was no different from a pack of wolves.It caused the unified Jin Dynasty to collapse from paralysis, and the disaster-stricken Wuhu people took the opportunity to break free from the shackles. In the 1900s, two major resistance forces declared independence and established political power in Yizhou (Sichuan) and Bingzhou (Shanxi).Then other resistance forces sprung up everywhere like mushrooms after rain.As a result, the remaining ruling class of the Jin Dynasty fled to the south of the Yangtze River to survive.The Central Plains in the heart of China is full of blood.

Rebellion of Eight Kings (Part 2) Queen Jananfeng swept away the three obstacles in a row like a storm, and then she was able to take power as she wished.When she thought she had completely controlled the situation, the target of her struggle was the crown prince Simakou, the only son of Sima Zhong and another concubine named Xie who was born as a commoner.Jananfeng herself had only two daughters, and she had an emotional dislike for Sima Kou.But it was some young upstarts of her Qi family surnamed Jia who ignited the fuse. They looked down on the sons of poor women, and they had conflicts with words from contempt.In the first year (300) of the fourth of this century (300), Jananfeng threw out his magic weapon of "falsely accusing rebellion" that worked like a god, and issued an edict declaring that Sima Kou had conspired against him and killed him.

However, this time the politically wronged prison has a political reaction, and it is a violent reaction.Prince Sima Lun, the uncle of the idiot Emperor Sima Zhong, under the design of the think tanks, called for revenge for the crown prince and launched a coup.Sima Lun was originally one of Jananfeng's sycophants, and his political interests made him seize the opportunity to betray his benefactor.So when his army entered the palace to arrest Jananfeng, Jananfeng panicked like a bolt from the blue.She was imprisoned in Jinyong City, which specially imprisoned high-ranking royal families, and died by drinking wine full of gold flakes. All the Qi family surnamed Jia were massacred.Jananfeng pressed the button of the Eight Kings Rebellion, but was also crushed by the giant wheel of the Eight Kings Rebellion.

After Prince Sima Lun poisoned Empress Jiananfeng to death, he also found that being a prime minister is not as good as being an emperor.The following year (301), he imprisoned the idiot emperor Sima Zhong and sat on the throne himself.As a result, his grandnephew, Prince Simakou, who served as the commander of Xuchang (Xuchang, Henan), raised troops in Xuchang to serve the king.Captured Luoyang.Sima Lun had only been addicted to the emperor for four months before he was sent to Jinyong City and died after being fed the golden wine that he poured Jananfeng four months ago. Sima Kou supported the restoration of the idiot emperor, making him a hero at that time. He also thought that he had made great achievements and great achievements, but in fact he was just as stupid as Sima Lun.He jumped from a local chief to a prime minister. He emptied himself of everything and simply sat at home to handle government affairs. All senior officials had to go to his home to ask for instructions. The idiot Emperor Sima Zhong was left alone and ignored.This approach gives careerists an excuse to object.Next year (302), Sima Kou's cousin, Prince Sima Kou, launched a coup d'état and killed Sima Kou as usual.

Sima Kou is the only person with a bit of brain in the Sima family. If he can continue to govern, at least he should be a blessing to the Sima family.But Sima's family already hated each other to the marrow, and vowed not to give up until they killed each other.So Simakou's younger brother, Prince Sima Ying, the guard commander of Yecheng (Linzhang, Hebei), and Prince Sima (Yu Ye), the guard commander of Chang'an, the uncle of the Yuanfang clan, joined forces to attack Luoyang.Sima (Yu Ye) is the protagonist of this great change. Because his royal blood is too distant, he is not qualified to take up important positions in the central government.So I also support Sima Ying, and hope that after Sima Ying becomes emperor, he will become prime minister.In 304, during the siege of Luoyang, Sima Kou was arrested by another distant uncle, Prince Sima Yue, and sent to the military camp of General Sima (Yu Ye) Zhang Fang, who was brutally roasted to death by charcoal fire.

Sima Ying was logically named the emperor's younger brother and became the legal heir to the throne.But his intelligence is not much higher than that of his idiot brother Sima Zhong. He does not live in Luoyang, but in Yecheng (Linzhang, Hebei-remember this city, it was the era of the Great Separation) where his guard headquarters is located. important town).Yecheng is 300 kilometers away from Luoyang in a straight line, so he remotely controlled the government from 300 kilometers away.The anger in Luoyang prompted Sima Yue to launch a second coup (just seven months after he murdered Sima Kou in the first coup), expelling Sima Ying's guards stationed in Luoyang, and then bringing the idiot Emperor Sima Zhong with him , personally crusade against Sima Ying.Regardless of whether you are the emperor or not, Sima Ying sent troops to fight and defeated the Central Army in Dangyin (Tangyin, Henan).Sima Yue fled alone, and the idiot emperor Sima Zhong was captured in Yecheng.

Sima Ying recklessly captured the emperor, making a big mistake.The commander of Jicheng (Beijing), Wang Jun, mobilized an elite corps mainly composed of Xianbei people, and went south to serve the king.The Xianbei people are world-renowned for their toughness and combat skills. Sima Ying's army fled, so he had no choice but to abandon Yecheng.Sima Ying had only a few dozen cavalry guards left, and she took her family members and the idiot Emperor Sima Zhong to flee to Luoyang, but was almost caught by Xianbei chasing soldiers on the way.Sima (Yu Ye) who was far away in Chang'an ordered Zhang Fang, the general he sent to assist Sima Ying, to take this opportunity to forcefully move the capital and put the idiot emperor under his control.

——A series of shocking events all happened in 304, the year when the era of great division began.When Sima Ying fled to Luoyang, the Cheng Han Empire and the Han Zhao Empire were established separately. Now that Sima (Yu Ye) has mastered the idiot Sima Zhong, he no longer needs the idiot Sima Ying.Sima Ying's title of emperor's younger brother was revoked, and Sima (Yu Ye) became prime minister as he wished, and took over the power. However, Sima Yue, who was defeated and fled, regrouped his troops in the Central Plains, called on King Qin, and demanded to kill Zhang Fang, who forcibly moved the capital.Sima (Yu Ye)'s talent was not commensurate with his ambition. After two defeats in front of him, he panicked and actually killed Zhang Fang and asked Qin Wangjun for peace.Qin Wangjun refused to negotiate with an opponent who destroyed his combat power, continued to attack, entered Chang'an, and welcomed the idiot emperor Sima Zhong to return to Luoyang.At this time, the whole country had been devastated by the war, and the grand palace was still in ranks. There was only one bullock cart for the idiot Sima Zhong to ride, and other officials had to walk on two legs.

Sima Ying fled when King Qin's army entered Chang'an, was arrested on the way, and was escorted to Yecheng, his hometown where he once ruled the world, where he was hanged in prison.Sima (Yu Ye) also fled. Later, the central government recruited him to be the prime minister (Situ). He went to Luoyang to take office in a trance. When he walked to Xin'an (Mianchi, Henan), he was intercepted by another prince Sima Mo. hanged. Sima Yue was the last king of the Rebellion of Eight Kings. He was as imbecile as the other seven princes, and he didn't learn any lessons from the corpse lying in a pool of blood.The next year (306) when the capital was returned to Luoyang, he poisoned the idiot emperor Sima Zhong to death, and made Sima Zhong's younger brother Sima Chi succeed him.

——We really don't understand why he poisoned Sima Zhong to death. According to common sense, an idiot emperor should be the most satisfied object of the powerful officials, and there is no need to get rid of it.But it is not for us to judge whether it is necessary or not, but for those in power to judge. Sima Yue must have a reason why he thinks he must kill him. The world is very lively because of so many foolish brains in power. The new emperor Sima Chi had normal intelligence and was determined to govern the country well, but it was too late, and Sima Yue would not allow anyone else to govern the country well except himself.In 309, he led his army back to Luoyang from Xingyang (Xingyang, Henan Province), the former important defense town. In front of Sima Chi, he arrested more than ten ministerial-level senior officials, declared them treasonous, and executed them all.Sima Chi had no choice but to be angry.However, internal violence could not relieve external difficulties. The guerrilla troops led by Shi Le, the newly-emerging general of the Han and Zhao Empires, attacked and plundered vertically and horizontally. Like scissors, they cut off all the external communication lines of the capital Luoyang. It could not be transported in, and an unprecedented famine occurred.Sima Chi issued an edict to recruit King Qin, but no one came to help. The generals with heavy troops were busy with their own salvation, or had lost interest in the emperor, like the general king of Jicheng (Beijing) who defeated Sima Ying in 3①4 Jun, he is establishing his own separatist forces, planning to proclaim himself emperor and king.At this time, Sima Yue realized that he had monopolized the power and his future was bleak, so he had to put all his eggs in one basket.In the winter of 310, he left his wife Pei Fei, his son Donghai Shizi (the legal heir of Prince Donghai) and a general to guard Luoyang together.He himself led all the troops and went south to attack, hoping to open a grain road leading to the Yangtze River Basin.After finally advancing to Xuchang (Xuchang, Henan Province), which is 140 kilometers away in a straight line, he found himself trapped in the boundless and endless waves of rebellion, helpless.In the spring of next year (March 11), only five months after he dispatched troops, he advanced another 130 kilometers to this city (Shenqiu, Henan).His army was leaderless and did not dare to turn northwest to Luoyang.Instead, they turned to the northeast, intending to escort Sima Yue's coffin to Sima Yue's Donghai Fengguo (Tancheng, Shandong) for burial.Xiangcheng is 400 kilometers away from the East China Sea in a straight line, and the rebel army is densely populated. No one knows how they dare to be sure that they will reach it.

The army of the Jin Dynasty without a commander-in-chief set out from Xiangcheng, and Shi Le, the general of the Han and Zhao Empires, chased after him. They only walked 80 kilometers. When they arrived at Kuxian (Luyi, Henan), they were encircled by the Han and Zhao corps. , Then the cavalry rushed to kill, and the Jin government's elite army of more than 100,000 people was wiped out.All senior officials accompanying the army, including Prime Minister Wang Yan, and all princes accompanying the army were also captured.Wang Yan was famous for his clear talks. Shi Le asked him about the corruption of the Jin government. Wang Yan claimed that he never wanted to be an official, and he never cared about political affairs after becoming an official.Then he flattered Shi Le and suggested that Shi Le leave Han and Zhao and become emperor himself.Other officials and princes sat side by side on the ground, yelling and tearfully pleading that they were not responsible for the chaos in the world.Shi Le told Gong Yan: "You have been an official since you were a child, and you have been a prime minister. You are famous all over the world, but you say that you don't want to be an official. You also say that you don't care about political affairs. People." Ordered to tear down the earthen wall and crushed them all to death. As for Luoyang, when he heard the bad news, the guarding general left the emperor alone and only escorted Concubine Pei and the son of the East China Sea. They left the city in the middle of the night and fled to the Fengguo in the East China Sea (Shandong City).The city of Luoyang suddenly became chaotic like a pile of ant nests that had been kicked over. Everyone thought that following the army would have a better chance of survival than staying in Luoyang.As for whether the East China Sea (an adjacent city in Shandong) is safe or whether it is safe on the way, people only know that Luoyang is at stake, and the sooner they leave, the better.However, just in the northeast of Xuchang, the only way to control the water, this group of mighty rich and noble people entered the ambush position that Shi Le had already arranged. A total of forty-eight princes, including the son of the East China Sea, were all captured alive. Everyone knows that they were probably sold to the upstarts of the Han and Zhao Empires as slaves forever.Only Concubine Pei, after being sold as a slave, fled to the south of the Yangtze River and became the luckiest member of the Sima family. The Rebellion of the Eight Kings is over.But the era of great division caused by the Rebellion of Eight Princes has just begun. The era of the second division begins When the Rebellion of the Eight Kings was at its climax, the era of the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms in the early stage of China's Great Separation came. "Hu" is like "foreign" in modern times, and Hu people are like foreigners. It is China's general term for other ethnic groups other than the Han nationality.The Five Hu, at that time referred to: the Huns, Xianbei, Jie, Di, and Qiang.According to the ancient saying, they are all descendants of Huangdi Ji Xuanyuan.At the beginning of this century (fourth), their distribution is shown in the following table.However, it should be explained that Jie is a branch of the Xiongnu and Shi is a branch of the Qiang. In essence, it can also be said that there are only Sanhu. The Five Hu went deep into China, not because of their aggression, but most of them were invited by China, and even forced, like the Huns, after they surrendered to China in the first century AD, China moved them to Xihe Meiji (Inner Mongolia Zhunge Er Banner), after more than 300 years, the population has increased and the settlement has been relatively expanded.Like the Qiang and Di peoples, when China’s population was excessively scarce during the Three Kingdoms era in the last century (Three), they were forced to relocate inland more than once to increase the source of wealth and soldiers.Their appearance is different from that of the Han nationality, with more beards and sunken eyes, and they speak a language that the Han nationality cannot understand.At the end of the third century of the last century, the chieftain of the Xianbei ethnic group was bald, and Qi Wannian, the chieftain of the Di ethnic group, launched two strong civil uprisings in Qinzhou (southern Gansu). .One of the mid-level officials (Prince Xima) Jiang Tong wrote "Tu Rong Lun" (Rong, that is, Hu), advocating that all the five Hu be moved out of China.Of course, this cannot be done. Even a ten times stronger government would not dare to try to drive millions of people from the fertile land that they have regarded as their own for generations, to the desolate outside the Great Wall. It was not national consciousness that prompted the Wuhu rebellion, but the corruption of the Jin government and the corruption and brutality of officials (in the description of the Qiang War in the first century, we emphasized this in particular, like Shi Le, the protagonist of the Puxian massacre. A typical example. Shi Le is a man of Jie. His family is poor. He lost his father since he was a child. And humble, so I don't even have a surname, only a baby name. In the sea of ​​people, it is just a poor little bubble. The Rebellion of the Eight Kings and the continuous drought made the troops stationed in various places of the Jin government unsustainable. Bingzhou (Shanxi) In order to raise food and salaries, the governor (inspector) Prince Sima Teng came up with unbelievably despicable means. He arrested barbarians on a large scale and sold slaves. Countless kind and law-abiding poor young people were arrested by officials from his family and workplace. , the two wore a flail (flail, one of the torture instruments, a hole was dug in the middle of the board and put on the neck), and they walked across the Taihang Mountain, which was as high as 2,000 meters above sea level, and walked to the Shandong (east of Taihang Mountain) slave market 500 kilometers away. Selling to big businessmen and big landlords. Shi Le almost died of illness on the road several times, but the escort officers did not want to reduce the number of piglets, so they were saved from death several times. When Shi Le was arrested from his mother, he was only 21 Years later, we can still hear the desperate cries of the disheveled old woman. She has no place to complain, because the criminal is the legal government. Shi Le was first sold as a slave to a big landowner, and later , he took the opportunity to flee and defected to a peasant uprising group nearby. Ji Sang, the leader of the group, gave him the name Shi Le. Soon, Shi Le assembled an army by himself. The guerrillas in the area, his high talent and the increasing corruption and brutality of Jin government officials made his army snowball more and more. What happened to Shi Le fully demonstrated the crux of the matter.Even if all the Wuhu were moved outside the Great Wall, the Han people would rise up and resist the violence. In fact, the Han people had already risen up and resisted the violence one after another, and Jisang was one of them. The five Hu and nineteen countries were established for a very short period of time, the shortest was only three years, and the longest was no more than fifty-seven years.And it was not all established by the Wuhu, and Han people also participated in it.Sudden ups and downs, intricate.We make a table for them, so as to have an outline impression first.Those marked with △ in the table refer to the most important countries. Table of Five Hu and Nineteen Countries: Three Kingdoms According to the table above, we describe them in order. Among the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms, the Chenghan Empire was the first to be established.Lueyang (Qin'an, Gansu) is one of the places where the Di ethnic group is concentrated.At the end of the last century (3), there was a great famine in northern China, thousands of miles were withered, and the roads were full of hunger. The people of the Lueyang family helped the old and the young and fled south.They moved into Yizhou (Sichuan) and scattered counties and counties, or worked as servants for others, or ran small businesses.In the second year of (4) of this century (301), the chaotic Jin government suddenly ordered that all refugees in exile be repatriated to their hometowns.Luo Shang, governor of Yizhou (inspector), was faint and greedy, and thought that the opportunity to make a fortune had come.On the one hand, the family members were strictly ordered to leave the country within a time limit, and on the other hand, checkpoints were set up to confiscate all the little property that the family members had brought with them through hard work and savings.At this time, the angry clansmen got the news that the Rebellion of Eight Kings continued to expand and their hometown was still famine, so they faced a choice: one was to return to Lueyang to starve to death, one was to stay and be killed by the Jin government, or one was to rebel.They chose to rebel, elected Li Te, one of the chiefs, as their leader, armed themselves, and attacked Roshan.Li Te was killed shortly thereafter, and his son Li Xiong captured Chengdu in 303, and Luo Shang fled.In 304, Li Xiong announced the establishment of the Chenghan Empire in Chengdu. However, it was not the Cheng-Han Empire in the southwestern border that gave the Jin government a fatal wound, but the Han-Zhao Empire established by another group of mutineers.This can be traced back to Huchuquan Shanyu, the last monarch of the Huns Khanate. Next, the Huns Khanate was divided into five tribes, each with a governor, and the Huns Khanate was destroyed from then on.For more than a hundred years, the Huns lived and married with the Han people, and most of them have been Sinicized.The aristocratic class headed by Shan Yu, originally surnamed Luan Ti, now claims to be the descendant of a princess of the Han Dynasty, so they changed their surname to Liu.At the beginning of the fourth century, Liu Yuan, the grandson of King Zuoxian, appeared, and Sima Ying, the emperor's younger brother who guarded Yecheng, appointed him as the governor of the five Huns, that is, the actual Shanyu.But like other high-ranking nobles of the Huns, he was restricted to live in Yecheng and could not leave.In 304, when Wang Junqin, the general of Jicheng (Beijing), led his troops southward, Liu Yuan took the opportunity to suggest to Sima Ying: "Wang Jun's Xianbei army has more than 100,000 people, and the Yecheng army may not be able to resist. I wish To serve you, mobilize the five armies of the Xiongnu to face the national calamity together." Sima Ying was overjoyed and let him go back.Liu Yuan returned to Zuoguo City (north of Lishi, Shanxi), and immediately gathered more than 50,000 people.But Sima Ying had collapsed and headed south to Luoyang.Liu Yuan sighed and said: "Sima Ying is really a slave." Then he declared independence and established the Han Zhao Empire. Liu Yuan lamented that Sima Ying was a slave, but in fact Liu Yuan himself was no better than a slave to go there.He was confined to a corner of Fubu in Bingzhou (Shanxi), moved east to west, and finally settled in Pingyang (Linfen, Shanxi), but was unable to expand.If it weren't for General Shi Le's guerrilla strategy to hollow out the internal organs of the Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan might have been wiped out.Liu Yuan died shortly after becoming emperor, and was succeeded by one of his sons, Liu Cong, after a struggle for the throne. ——There is a phenomenon in Chinese history, that is, the chaotic war of regime change, which always lasts about 30 or 40 years.If this time limit is exceeded for too long, the separatism will become long-term.The Han and Zhao Empires cannot take advantage of the new strength to wipe out the Jin government in one fell swoop, and the war cannot be stopped. Sima Chi, the emperor of the Jin Dynasty, was like an abandoned orphan after the troops left behind by Sima Yue escorted Concubine Pei and the prince of the East China Sea to escape from Luoyang. , the remaining residents assassinated each other and devoured each other's corpses.Sima Chi wanted to flee to Cangyuan in the east (southeast of Kaifeng, Henan) and seek refuge with a general who had expressed his allegiance to him, but when he walked to Tongtuo Street with several senior officials and family members—from the main entrance of the imperial palace to the south gate of Luoyang , was the first and most prosperous street in China at that time.The streets were overgrown with weeds, and hungry crowds attacked him.He yelled that he was the honorable emperor, and the attack became more intense. Presumably the frenzied and hungry crowd thought the emperor was fatter, so Sima Chi had to retreat to the palace and wait to die.Soon, the army of the Han and Zhao Empires gathered, Luoyang quietly fell without any resistance, and Sima Chi was captured.Liu Cong asked him, "Why do your Sima family kill each other so much?" Sima Chi said, "The Han and Zhao empires were prospered by destiny, and the Sima family didn't dare to work with you, so I will eradicate them for you first. "This passage is quite painful.Liu Cong made Sima Chi a marquis, but asked him to wear civilian clothes. At banquets, he taught him to mix with slaves and serve wine to the guests, but he still killed him later. After Sima Chi was killed, his nephew, Sima Ye, a fourteen-year-old child, was taken by a group of ambitious people and fled to Chang'an, where he proclaimed his ascension to the throne.But Chang’an, like Luoyang, has long been an isolated island. Years of famine in Guanzhong has made Chang’an even more dilapidated than Luoyang. In this area that has been the capital of China for hundreds of years, there are only more than 90 poor families and four cattle left. car.To such a degree of embarrassment, it is impossible to survive.The small imperial court barely lasted for four years, and in 316, when the Han and Zhao Empires were approaching the city, Sima Ye had to surrender.When Liu Cong was hunting, he taught Sima Ye to lead the way with a weapon in his hand.When going to the bathroom, he taught Sima Ye to fan him, but in the end he still killed him. ——In the (4) 1900s and 10s of this century, the three kingdoms in China established the Han Zhao Empire, the Cheng Han Empire, and the Jin Empire.When the Jin government could not control the whole country, we no longer called it a dynasty. Four or five countries stand side by side The Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms are all short-lived kingdoms. The main reason is that the ruling class was seriously corrupt from the very beginning, and they didn’t know how to cherish their regime, and added that it was unable to afford the loss, so that once it entered the bottleneck, it had not even entered Bottleneck, instant crushing.Let's use the monkey show to illustrate that the troupe leader must cherish the monkey on which his food, clothing and life depend. If he keeps starving it, whipping it, or even cutting it with a knife, it will probably die.The Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms are full of bosses who don't cherish monkeys. When they tortured monkeys to death, they themselves had to die with them, and it was a tragic death. The most severe monkey abuse was Liu Cong, the second emperor of the Han and Zhao empires. Even after killing two emperors of the Jin empire, his empire was still pitifully small. As his minister Zhang Bin said: "But It’s just a county in the Han Dynasty.” But Liu Cong’s lewdness and ferocity shocked even the tyrants of the Great Unity.In the palace, there are only five formal queens, and more than 10,000 concubines. They often don't leave the palace for several months, don't meet with the officials, and devote themselves to building the palace and collecting beauties.In the case of framing his younger brother, Prince Liu Kou, for treason, tens of thousands of high-ranking cadres were executed after gouging out their eyes and tortured. The capital, Pingyang (Linfen, Shanxi), was almost half empty.In 318, Liu Cong passed away. His son Liu Can was even more absurd and violent than his father. The first thing he did after he ascended the throne was to talk to the five empress dowagers who were all under 20 years old (that is, the five empress dowagers of his father Liu Cong). Empress), rape day and night, regardless of state affairs.Within two months, his father-in-law (also his father's father-in-law) Prime Minister Jin Zhun had Liu Can killed.Not only killed him alone, but also slaughtered all the royal family surnamed Liu, regardless of men, women, old and young.All the tombs of the royal family surnamed Liu, including those of Liu Yuan and Liu Cong, were dissected and cremated. ——Why Jin Zhun launched this coup is a mystery in history.From his behavior of killing people and digging graves, it can be understood that he has deep resentment towards the royal family surnamed Liu.But why the resentment is deep in the bones, no one knows. After the coup, Shi Le, the general who guarded Xiangguo (Xingtai, Hebei), and Prince Liu Yao, who guarded Chang'an, marched towards Pingyang respectively.The Jin family, men, women, old and young, were also massacred in the same way.The royal family surnamed Liu has died, and Pingyang has become a deserted city. Liu Yao succeeded the emperor and moved the capital to Chang'an. Next year (March 19), Shi Le sent a delegation to Chang'an to pay tribute to Liu Yao.Although Shi Le was a general of the Han-Zhao Empire in name, the Han-Zhao government could not restrain him. Shi Le himself had a large and skilled army. More than half of the land of the Han-Zhao Empire was taken from the Jin Empire by Shi Le and controlled by him. of.So he sent a delegation to North Korea to symbolize the stability of the central government.Liu Yao was naturally overjoyed, and issued an edict to confer Shi Le as the King of Zhao, as well as the principal and deputy representatives, as Marquis, rewarding them generously, and sending them back.However, there was a junior staff member of Juda in the delegation who was willing to stay in Chang'an. In order to show his merits, he made a small report to Liu Yao and said: "The reason why Shi Le paid tribute was not to be loyal to the central government, but to have other conspiracy. He was inquiring about the truth of the central government. The delegation returned in the morning, and Shi Le sent troops to attack at night." Liu Yao's simple mind suddenly became enraged, and he chased back the delegation that had already set foot on the way home, without any explanation, and beheaded them all. This is another incomprehensible thing. There has never been a method of anger that can prevent the opponent from attacking, only Liu Yao thinks it can.Only the deputy representative left in the delegation fled back. Shi Le immediately declared independence, separated from the Han Zhao government, and established the Later Zhao Empire in the areas where his military power reached. In the next year (320) when the Later Zhao Empire was established, Zhang Kou, the Governor (Ci Shi) of Liangzhou (Wuwei, Gansu) in the Northwest Frontier Jin Empire passed away. Pinch, the former Liang kingdom that did not dare to blatantly rebel, but did rebellion.There is no obvious date for the independence of Qianliang, and it often develops from a local separatist regime to an independent regime. ——This century (4) In the early 1920s, five kingdoms existed side by side in China: the Han Zhao Empire, the Later Zhao Empire, the Cheng Han Empire, the Former Liang Empire, and the Jin Empire. The congenital hatred between the Han Zhao Empire and the Later Zhao Empire was as deep as the sea, and they could not coexist peacefully.In 328, a decisive battle broke out in Luoyang, and the emperors of the two countries went out in person.However, if Shi Le is a tiger, Liu Yao can only be regarded as a pig.While Shi Le was carefully arranging the battlefield, Liu Yao gambled and drank with his cronies every day. Anyone who persuaded him to get close to military affairs and care about soldiers more would be regarded as deceitful and beheaded.At the beginning of the decisive battle, Liu Yao drank desperately and was already intoxicated. After getting on the horse, in order to show that he was calm, he drank again and again.So once the two armies came into contact, he fell off his horse and was captured.Next year (March 29), his son was also captured, and father and son were executed at the same time.In just 26 years, the Han and Zhao Empires were the first of the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms to perish. ——This century (4) At the end of the 1920s, four kingdoms stood side by side in China: the Later Zhao Empire, the Cheng Han Empire, the Former Liang Kingdom, and the Jin Empire. The Five-Jin Empire was cramped When Chang'an fell in 317 and Emperor Sima Ye of the Jin Empire was captured, Sima Rui, the prince guarding Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu), who was Sima Ye's uncle, announced his succession.On the map, the Jin Empire still owns the vast South China area south of the Huaihe River.But at that time, the south of the Yangtze River had not been fully developed. Guangzhou (Guangdong and Guangxi) and Jiaozhou (Northern Vietnam) were full of poisonous snakes and beasts, and there were few pedestrians.Although the territory is huge, the resources and soldiers are very poor.Although Sima Rui verbally clamored for the Northern Expedition to restore the country, but in his heart he was unwilling to rescue the poor nephew emperor and squeeze himself from the throne, so he satisfied his small court situation.There was once a general, Zu Gu, who gathered exiled villagers to form a counter-offensive force and asked the government to distribute weapons and fodder.Sima Rui could not and did not dare to openly reject Zu Ti's counterattack, but he was afraid that Zu Ti's counterattack would succeed, so he was only given some rotten weapons and no food at all.But Zu Ti still set out. When crossing the Yangtze River, he tapped his oars and said: "If I can't restore the Central Plains, I will be like the Yangtze River and never return." A stronghold was established on the border of the empire, but Sima Rui sent a trusted minister as his superior to govern him, and Zu Ti died of depression. If those in power are selfish and incompetent, they will definitely provoke internal change.Sima Rui also suspected Wang Dun, the general guarding Wuchang (Ezhou, Hubei), and cited another group of trusted ministers to contend with him.Wang Dun's reaction was ten times stronger than Zu Ti's, because he had the largest military force in the Jin Empire at that time.So he sent troops to the east, claiming to eliminate the treacherous ministers around the monarch.In 322, Jiankang was captured and all of Sima Rui's trusted ministers were killed, but Sima Rui's throne was still maintained.In that year, Sima Rui died of illness, and his son Sima Shao succeeded him.In 324, Sima Shao issued an edict to crusade against Wang Dun, and Wang Dun raised his troops to the east again. This time he was determined to abolish the Sima family's rule.But he was not as lucky as last time. During the siege of Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu), he died of illness in the barracks, and the army collapsed. Sima Shao served as emperor for only three years, and died in 325. His five-year-old son Sima Yan succeeded to the throne, and his young mother, Empress Dowager Yu, who was in her twenties, held the child in her arms to govern.Yu Liang was at odds with Su Jun, the general guarding Liyang (Hexian County, Anhui Province). He ordered Su Jun to be recruited as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Da Si Nong). exception.He reported that he would rather be transferred to the northern border Qingzhou (northeast of Shandong) to fight the enemy.Yu Liang refused to allow it, so Su Jun rebelled.In 328, Su Jun captured Jiankang, Yu Liang fled, and his sister, Queen Mother Yu, committed suicide.However, in a battle not long after, Su Jun's mount suddenly fell and was shot to death by King Qin's army, and the civil war came to an end. In addition to continuous civil wars, the Jin Empire also faced another situation, that is, serious conflicts occurred between a large number of exiles in the north and the indigenous people in the south of the Yangtze River.Most of these exiles consisted of a family group or a village group, and they did not regard themselves as refugees, but as conquerors.When they arrive at a place, they immediately begin to open up wasteland, or use political power to erode the arable land of the aborigines, monopolize the mountains, rivers and lakes, and become the new owner of the local area.Let's take an example of an unknown small landlord Kong Lingfu.Kong Lingfu fled to the south of the Yangtze River penniless, but soon owned a huge manor in Yongxing (Xiaoshan, Zhejiang) with a circumference of 16 kilometers, including 260 acres of farmland, two mountains and nine vegetable gardens.Kong Lingfu is just the younger brother of an official, not an official himself.We can reasonably infer the persecution imposed on the aborigines by tens of thousands of Kong Lingfu and thousands of people more powerful than Kong Lingfu. The Jin government that moved to the south was essentially a government in exile, composed of some scholar-bureaucrats who were lucky enough not to be killed in the north and escaped to the south of the Yangtze River, ruling a world they didn't know very well.After a while, the government-in-exile gradually became a colonial government, and the above-mentioned people had little status in the government and were treated with contempt.The above-mentioned people also reciprocated with contempt, calling the exiled guests "伧人", which means uneducated vulgar.As a result of the mutual hatred between the host and the guest, there was constant friction and even bloodshed.The civil uprisings that first occurred in March 15th and March 16th, killing the county chief (prefect) of Wu Xing (Huzhou, Zhejiang) were the armed resistance of the aborigines. At this point, the reason why the Jin Empire could not counterattack and restore the country is very obvious.A government-in-exile that has no popular foundation and keeps fighting among itself is like a pavilion built with matches. It is God's blessing that it can maintain the status quo.