Chapter 22 Chapter 6 The Official System of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

The central official system of the Ming Dynasty had four notable features.details as follows: The first feature is the abolition of the prime minister system.In the early Ming Dynasty, along the Yuan system, Zhongshu Sheng and the prime minister were set up.In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380 A.D.), Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty announced the abolition of Zhongshu Province immediately after killing Hu Weiyong because the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty was powerful enough to abolish the emperor. There is no prime minister.Since then, the prime minister system that had existed in Chinese history for a long time was abolished, and the system of autocratic monarchy without a prime minister was implemented for more than 500 years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.After the prime minister was abolished, the central organization of the Ming Dynasty readjusted, forming an administrative structure with six departments as the main body, and the government departments and temples (divisions) were responsible for government affairs.

The six ministries are the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment, and the Ministry of Industry.From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the early Ming Dynasty, although the Six Ministries belonged to important departments of the central government, they were not directly subordinate to the emperor, or belonged to the Ministry of Shangshu, or under the Ministry of Zhongshu, and their powers were relatively limited.After the prime minister was abolished, the six ministries were directly under the emperor and became the highest level of power in the central government in charge of government affairs.The Ministry of Officials is an institution that manages civil servants.There are four divisions under it, Wenxuan, Yanfeng, Jixun and Kaogong.The household department is an institution that manages land, household registration and national finance.There are thirteen divisions under it, and the names of the divisions correspond to the names of the thirteen local provinces and regions in the Ming Dynasty.Each division is divided into four divisions: Min, Duzhi, Jin and Cang.The household treasury is called Taicang, which was the treasury of the Ming Dynasty.The Ministry of Rites is an institution in charge of etiquette and education, with four divisions under it: Ritual System, Temple Sacrifice, Host and Guest, and Refined Food.The Ministry of War is an institution in charge of military affairs, with four divisions under it, including military selection, staff, vehicles, and arsenal.The Ministry of Punishment is an institution in charge of criminal administration, with thirteen divisions under it, the names of which are the same as those of the Ministry of Household Affairs.The Ministry of Industry is the institution in charge of engineering construction, with four divisions under it, namely Yingjian, Yuheng, Dushui and Tuntian.The six ministers are Shangshu, and the deputy second is the left and right servants, who are also called Zhengguan or Tangshangguan.The department, also known as the Qingli department, has Langzhong, Yuanwailang, and the principal, all of whom are subordinate officials.Doctors are regarded as Zhenglang, and Yuanwailang is regarded as Deputy Lang.He also set up Secretary Wu as the chief officer, responsible for the general affairs of the Ministry. "Daming Huidian · Hongzhijian Fanli" says: "In this dynasty, officials...although civil and military affairs are juxtaposed, political affairs are all attributed to civil servants." The Ministry of Officials is the organization that manages civil officials, and has the highest status among the six ministries.The power of each ministries and divisions is concentrated in the hands of the principals. "History of the Ming Dynasty Yan Jizu Biography" says: "The government of the six ministries is governed by the Shangshu, and the affairs of the various divisions are controlled by the Zhenglang, while the assistant ministers, deputy ministers, and principals only accompany the painting titles."

The government, courtyard, temple, and division are institutions that cooperate with the six ministries.The institutions related to the Ministry of Rites include Zongrenfu, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Honglu Temple, Pedestrian Department, Guozijian, Qintianjian, Imperial Hospital, Jiaofang Department, Senglu Department, Daolu Department, etc.The Clan Mansion is in charge of the affiliation of the royal family and the compilation of jade records (royal family genealogy).In the early Ming Dynasty, Zongren Ling, Zuo Zongzheng, and Zuo Zongren were established.In the future, officials will not be prepared, and government affairs will be managed by honored relatives.Taichang Temple is an institution related to the priests of the Ministry of Rites, and is in charge of various sacrificial offerings and ritual and music activities.Guanglu Temple is an institution related to the Fine Food Department of the Ministry of Rites, which is in charge of sacrificial offerings, banquets and court meals.Honglu Temple is an institution related to the Department of Rituals and the Department of Hosts and Guests of the Ministry of Rites. It is in charge of court rituals, guests and official introductions.All three temples have official officials such as Qing, Shaoqing, and Sicheng.The main book or book is the chief official, and the subordinate officials are specific business officials.Another ministry of Taichang Temple is the Admiral Siyi Pavilion.Siyi Pavilion is an institution specialized in translating foreign and minority languages.The Department of Pedestrians is in charge of the affairs of envoys going out, and has a department chief, left and right department deputy, and pedestrians.Guozijian is the highest institution of learning, with official officials such as sacrificial wine and secretary industry.The chief official is the book, and the subordinate officials include Jiancheng, doctor of "Five Classics", teaching assistant, Xuezheng, Xuelu, classics, and palm food.Qin Tianjian is an institution in charge of compiling almanacs and observing astronomy and meteorology. It has supervisors, deputy supervisors and various professionals.The Tai Hospital is an institution in charge of medical and health services, and has officials such as court envoys, court judges, and imperial doctors.The Department of Jiaofang is in charge of music and dance, and there are actors such as Fengluan, Zuo Shaowu, and Zuo Siyue.The Senglu Division is in charge of Buddhists all over the world, and there are monks and officials such as Zuo Shanshi, Zuo Zuo explaining teachings, Zuo Zuo preaching, and Zuo Jueyi.The Department of Daolu is in charge of the Taoists all over the world, and there are Taoist officials such as Zhengyi on the left and right, Yanfa on the left and right, Zhiling on the left and Xuanyi on the left and right.

The institutions related to the Ministry of War include the Dudufu of the Five Armies and the Taipu Temple.In the early Ming Dynasty, the Metropolitan Governor's Mansion was established, which evolved from the Privy Council of the Yuan Dynasty.After the Prime Minister was abolished, the Metropolitan Governor's Mansion was changed to the Central, Left, Right, Front, and Back Five Armies Governor's Mansion, referred to as the Five Mansions.Each of the five prefectures set up the left and right governors, the governor Tongzhi, and the governor Qianshi, who are in charge of military registration and the guards of the world's capitals (see below).The officials of the five governments are all military officers.All the guards are located in the capital, and some are located in the local area.The capital is the residence of the emperor, where all the cities of the country are located, and the most guards are set up, called Jingwei.There are three types of Jingwei.First, it belongs to the Dudufu of the Five Armies, with a total of thirty-three guards. The main task is to defend the capital and inspect the gates of the capital.Second, Shangzhiwei, also known as the pro-military guards, initially set up twelve guards, and later increased to twenty-six guards. The responsibility of the door.Third, there are fifteen guards, which belong to the Ministry of Industry and other institutions, responsible for carpentry and guarding the emperor's mausoleum.The guards also mobilized elites to form the Beijing Camp with the local troops who went to Beijing for training in turn.The Beijing Camp is a military establishment, also known as the three major camps, namely the Five Army Battalion, the Three Thousand Battalion, and the Shenji Battalion.Each of the three major battalions is headed by an admiral, eunuch, military official, and chief appraiser.Each army is divided into battalion officers, commanders, officers, ministers, officers, commanders, and cards.During the time of Jingtai, the capital camp was changed to regiment camp.During the Jiajing period, the three major battalions were restored, led by a general, called the governor of the Jingying Rongzheng, and assisted by a civil servant, called the Assistant Manager of the Jingying Rongzheng.There are deputy generals, participating generals, guerrilla fighters, assistant fighters, sitting battalion, number one, Chinese army, thousand generals, general generals, etc.The five governments and the military are divided into powers.The Ministry of War is in charge of military administration, and participates in deployment, but does not specifically manage troops; the Governor's Office of the Five Armies manages military registration, but is not allowed to mobilize troops.Taipu Temple is an institution in charge of horse affairs, with official officials such as Qing, Shaoqing, and Si Cheng.

Institutions related to the Ministry of Punishment include the Dali Temple and the Metropolitan Procuratorate, collectively known as the "Three Legal Departments."Dali Temple is the institution responsible for reviewing and rehabilitating criminals and prisons.That is to say, the cases tried by the Ministry of Criminal Justice must be reviewed by Dali Temple.The official officials of Dali Temple are Qing, Shaoqing and Si Cheng.There are two left and right temples in the lower part, each with temple principals, temple deputy officials, and judges.Zuo Si was in charge of the criminal cases of the yamen of the five prefectures, six ministries, and Jingwei in the two capitals.The Metropolitan Procuratorate also has the power to supervise the judiciary, and major punishments and prisons are often tried jointly by the three judicial departments.

The predecessor of the Metropolitan Procuratorate was Yushitai, which was also abolished after the prime minister was abolished.In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382), the Metropolitan Procuratorate was established.The Metropolitan Procuratorate is the highest supervisory agency.There are censors of the left and right capitals, the censors of the left and right deputy capitals, the censors of the left and right capitals, and thirteen supervisory censors (referred to as censors) divided by provinces.The Metropolitan Procuratorate is called the Fengxian Yamen, and its job is to suppress the government and order the law.Du Yushi has the same status as the six ministers, and they are collectively called "Qiqing".The rank of the censor is not high, but he is very authoritative. He can monitor the central government offices and correct the misgovernment among the officials of the hundred divisions; the place where he is sent as an envoy is patrolling, the Qing army, the admiral's school, patrolling salt, tea horse, etc. Duties such as patrolling the water, supervising the army, and garrisoning the fields.Among them, the inspector censor is to inspect the place on behalf of the emperor, and has the power to investigate and impeach local officials at all levels. Important situations are asked to be judged by the emperor, and general matters can be handled by themselves.There are often such records in Ming Dynasty novels: a scholar is engaged to the daughter of a rich family.Later, the scholar's family was poor, and the rich family repented of their marriage. They made things difficult for the scholar, and even colluded with the government to persecute him.And the rich girl secretly donated money to the scholar.Scholars study hard, later pass the Jinshi examination, serve as a patrol censor and return to their hometown, rich families admit their mistakes, corrupt officials are punished, and lovers finally get married.These stories all show that the post of inspector is very honorable, and the senior officials in the local area are also afraid of them.

In addition, there is the General Secretary.This is an institution created by the Ming Dynasty.He is in charge of the cashier's orders and accepts internal and external regulations. He is known as the "Mouthpiece Secretary" of the emperor.There are official officials such as Tongzheng Envoy, Left and Right Tongzheng, and Left and Right Counselors.The Qiqing, together with the Dali Temple Minister and the Tongzheng Envoy, are collectively called the "Nine Qings". The second feature is the establishment of the cabinet system.After Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty abolished the prime minister, he directly commanded six departments and a hundred divisions, and made decisions by himself, which is actually very difficult to do.Therefore, a "secretariat" must be set up to help him handle political affairs.In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382), Ming Taizu imitated the system of the Song Dynasty and set up Huagai Hall, Wuying Hall, Wenhua Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion, and Dongge University Scholars, collectively referred to as Diange University Scholars.Later, Emperor Renzong of Ming Dynasty added the Grand Master of Jinshen Hall.During the reign of King Sejong, Huagai Hall was changed to Zhongji Hall, and Jinshen Hall was changed to Jianji Hall, with a total of four halls and two pavilions.However, during the Hongwu period, the Grand Scholars of the palace only prepared advisers and did not participate in political affairs.After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, the cabinet was formally established between the emperor and the six ministries.The Pavilion refers to the Wenyuan Pavilion, which is located in the Meridian Gate, south of the Wenhua Hall. Because it is located in the palace, and the cabinet ministers often serve the emperor under the palace pavilion, avoiding the name of the prime minister, it is called the cabinet.At the beginning, Hanlin officials were selected to join the cabinet, and gradually promoted to bachelor and bachelor, usually five to seven people.Later, he was awarded the Diange University Bachelor by Shangshu and Shilang, and entered Wenyuan Pavilion to work, and his status was elevated.After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the academician in charge of the cabinet affairs was called the first assistant, and the rest were called the second assistant and the group assistant.The duty of the cabinet is "whether it is possible to offer a replacement, follow the rules and regulations, check the inscriptions, and plan to approve the answers" ("History of the Ming Dynasty Zhiguan Zhi").Whether or not to offer a replacement is to be a consultant.According to Chen's regulations, it is the virtue of assisting the prime minister.Title play refers to the title book and the play book.In the Ming Dynasty, the chapter presented to the emperor for official affairs was called title book, and the chapter presented to the emperor for other affairs was called memorial book.Bill draft, also known as ticket decree, article decree, and transfer post, refers to the drafting of approval documents by the cabinet according to the emperor's instructions after the inscriptions of the six departments are submitted.Because the draft is written on the small ticket with ink pen, it is called ticket draft.Some people think that joining the cabinet means being a prime minister, but it is not.First, the cabinet scholars do not govern, but the six ministers; second, the cabinet scholars divide their powers; third, the most important job of the cabinet is drafting, but the drafting must be done strictly according to the emperor's will , and can only be issued after being approved by the emperor.Therefore, Ye Xianggao, a cabinet scholar in the Ming Dynasty, concluded: "The ancestors set up cabinet ministers, but they were only literary attendants, and their importance was limited to drafting drafts. Their power of appointment was completely different from that of the previous prime ministers." (Vol. May 11)

There are two types of institutions closely related to the cabinet.One category is Zhongshu Division, Shangbao Division, and Six Divisions.These three institutions, like the cabinet, are all located in the imperial city, and are called prohibition institutions.Forbidden to be straight means entering the palace.Zhongshu Section, set up Zhongshu Sheren, undertakes writing affairs.It cannot be compared with the status of Zhongshu Sheren under the Zhongshu Province in the Tang Dynasty.Shangbao Division, set up Qing, Shaoqing, and Si Cheng, in charge of seal tokens.Liuke is the abbreviation of the six subjects of official, household, ritual, military, punishment and engineering.Each subject is assigned to Shizhong, left and right to Shizhong, and Shizhong.He is also a small official in charge of affairs, in charge of attendants, admonitions, repairs, collections, and inspections of six departments and one hundred divisions, and has the right to seal and refute the emperor's orders and ministers' chapters.He and Yushi were collectively called Kedao Guan, Tai Provincial Official, Speech Officer, and Tai Suo Qingban. He was quite able to influence the government and was a very active force on the political stage of the Ming Dynasty.

Another type of institution is the Hanlin Academy and Zhan Shifu.The Hanlin Academy is an institution of the imperial court that specializes in writing and writing, and is responsible for making edicts, compiling history, and writing and writing.There are bachelors, bachelors who read, bachelors who teach, students who read, lectures, doctors of the Five Classics, classics, books, and edicts.There are also historians who edit, edit, review, and Shu Jishi.The rank of Hanlin officials was not high in the Ming Dynasty, but their status was not low.Cabinet members are generally Hanlin origin.Shujishi is a Jinshi who has studied in the Imperial Academy, and may enter the cabinet in the future. He was regarded as a "prime minister" at that time.Zhan Shi's Mansion is an institution that counsels the crown prince. It has official officials such as Zhan Shi, Shao Zhan Shi, Fu Cheng, etc., and Zuo Chunfang and Sijing Bureau under it.The officials of Chunfang have a great scholar, Zuo Shuzi, Zuo Yude, Zuo Zhongyun, Zuo Zanshan, Zuo Sizhilang, and Zuo Qingjilang, who are in charge of various affairs related to the prince.The Bureau of Economics and Economics has officials such as washing horses, correcting books, and correcting characters, who are responsible for the compilation of books.The officials of the Hanlin Academy and the Zhan Shifu are often not fully established, and they are often combined with each other, and they are all promoted by the cabinet.

The third feature is that the eunuch's office is above the government agencies.The eunuch organization in the Ming Dynasty was called the Twenty-Four Yamen, which consisted of twelve supervisors, four divisions and eight bureaus.The twelve supervisors are Lijian, Neiguan, Yuyong, Sishi, Yuma, Shangshan, Shangbao, Yinshou, Zhidian, Shangyi, Duzhi, and Jingong.The four divisions are Xixin Division, Bell and Drum Division, Baochao Division, and Huntang Division.The eight bureaus are Bingzhan Bureau, Silver Work Bureau, Scarf and Hat Bureau, Needlework Bureau, Neiwei Dye Bureau, Wine and Vinegar Noodle Bureau, Siyuan Bureau, and Huanyi Bureau.At first, each supervisor had eunuchs, young supervisors, Dianbo, Changsui, Fengyu, etc.; each department had a chief and a deputy; each bureau had an ambassador and a deputy.From then on, all twenty-four yamen will set up eunuchs with palm seals.The word eunuch refers to the highest eunuch in the Ming Dynasty, and there are Shaojian, Jiancheng, Fengyu and so on below.The palm seal is a job, and other job titles include Admiral, Bingbi, Suitang, Management, Director, Writing, Shushu, Supervisor, etc.Both are eunuchs, they can be palm prints, or admirals, pen holders, attendants, managers, and bookkeepers.For example, there are eunuchs in charge of ceremonies, in addition to eunuchs with palm seals, there are also eunuchs who supervise, eunuchs who hold pens, and eunuchs who follow the hall.Twenty-four yamen were basically formed in the last years of Hongwu, and eunuchs were used to spy on military and civilian secrets in Yongle.After Xuande, in order to restrict the cabinet's proposals, the status of the ceremonial supervisor was raised, and he became the head of the twenty-four yamen.Instead of the emperor using a red pen to instruct the cabinet, the secretary of ceremonies is called "Pihong", and the order passed down from generation to generation is called "Zhongzhi".The Supervisor of Rites also controls Dongchang and Jinyiwei.Dongchang is a spy agency in charge of investigation and arrest, which was first established in the eighteenth year of Yongle (AD 1420).There is a member of the imperial envoy Governor Dongchang official school, referred to as Governor Dongchang or Admiral Dongchang, who is concurrently held by the emperor's most trusted eunuch Bingbi (and also palm print eunuch).Under the admiral Dongchang, there are thousands of households in charge of punishment, hundreds of households in charge of punishment, foremen, foremen, and housekeepers, etc., and more than a hundred people in charge of the stalls, and more than a thousand people in the field, all dispatched by Jinyiwei.The stalls and fan servants are investigating and arresting outside, from the government to the people, there are traces of them.In the future, there will be the establishment of the West Factory and the Expert Factory, but they will not last as long as the East Factory.Jinyiwei was established in the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382). It is a military guard in the Jingwei.Jin Yiwei also set up the North Town Fusi, which specializes in imperial edicts.Prison by edict refers to a major punishment prison handled by the emperor himself, which is not controlled by the three courts. People in the Ming Dynasty called it "lynching by the owner".After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Jin Yiwei was often served by private supervisors, so the combination of factory guards and guards constituted an independent and complete judicial supervision system.In Chinese history, the eunuch organization in the Ming Dynasty was so large and complete that it was unprecedented and comparable to the bureaucracy.In the case of the emperor doing something, the two systems have a check and balance effect on each other, thus strengthening the imperial power.Conversely, when the emperor neglected or abused his power, the two systems ebbed and flowed.Since the eunuchs are the emperor's domestic slaves and are closer to the emperor, even if the powerful officials control the court, the power of the eunuchs will stay together and stay hidden.

The fourth feature is that Beijing and Nanjing each set up a set of central institutions.Most of the dynasties in China practiced the system of two capitals or multiple capitals.The Ming Dynasty also implemented the two-capital system. Ming Chengzu moved his capital to Beijing, and Nanjing was called Liudu.Unlike the previous generations, Nanjing retained a complete set of central institutions.The institutions of the two capitals have similarities. For example, apart from the absence of a cabinet, Nanjing also has institutions such as the Five Governments, Six Ministries, Metropolitan Procuratorate, Dali Temple, and Tongzheng Commissioner, and the ranks of officials are exactly the same.The difference is that the number of staff in various institutions in Nanjing is less than that in Beijing, and the official officials generally do not have left positions.The subordinate officials not only have a small number of staff, but are often not fully established, and their responsibilities and powers are also smaller than those of Beijing.Some are framework institutions, such as Nanjing Zhanshifu, Zongrenfu, etc. Even if they are not framework institutions, their duties are relatively leisurely.Therefore, the officials of the Ming Dynasty regarded Nanjing officials as idle positions, and the transfer from Beijing to Nanjing was regarded as a left move.The core of Nanjing officials is composed of officials such as Nanjing garrison, coordinated garrison, garrison eunuch, and counselor.The office is located in the Nanjing Chinese Army Governor's Mansion, which is called the Garrison Office.The garrison of Nanjing was selected by Gong, Hou, and Bo, the coordinated garrison was served by Hou, Bo, and the governor, and the counselor and mechanical affairs were concurrently served by the Minister of the Ministry of War of Nanjing.Since the Shangshu of the Ministry of War in Nanjing entered the core, "therefore it regards the five volumes as particularly heavy clouds" (Volume 158 of "Wanli Huidian").The Nanjing garrison eunuch is a foreign mission of the ceremonial supervisor. He called the emperor "a relative minister three thousand miles away", and his task was to supervise the officials in Nanjing.When the garrison hall meets, the eunuch usually "accords to the chief" (Volume 1 of "Fengzhou Miscellaneous").The first Nanjing garrison eunuch in the Ming Dynasty was Zheng He who made seven voyages to the West and made great contributions to the history of world navigation. In the Ming Dynasty, local provincial organizations set up the third division of Dubuyan.Cloth, refers to Cheng Xuanzheng Envoy Secretary, referred to as Chief Secretary.In the early Ming Dynasty, along the Yuan system, local provinces were set up.In the ninth year of Hongwu (AD 1376), the province was abolished and the Chief Secretary was relocated.In the third year of Xuande (AD 1428), it was officially designated as the thirteen Chief Secretary of Zhejiang Province.The chief secretary is in charge of the civil affairs and finance of a province, and has officials such as the left and right chief envoys, left and right counselors, and left and right political participants.According to, refers to the division of the procuratorate, referred to as the procuratorate.The Procuratorate is in charge of the judicial and supervision of a province.Set up official officials such as inspectors, deputy envoys, and Qianshi.Du refers to the commander of the capital, referred to as the capital.The capital is in charge of the guard.The guards are a military organization, roughly 5,600 people for one guard, 1,120 people for one thousand households, 112 people for one hundred households, each with guard command envoys, thousand households, and hundreds of households and other officials.In the Ming Dynasty, Dubu divided local military and political affairs into three divisions. The significance is that they are responsible for the central government, rather than decentralizing power to the localities.The three divisions are not subordinate to each other. The Chief Secretary is mostly assigned to the Ministry of Officials and the Ministry of Households. According to the inspection department, most of them are assigned to the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the Ministry of Punishment.However, the capital guards in the border areas are different from those in the interior. They are not entirely military organizations, but mainly administrative units.The Southwest and other places continued to use the Yuan system, and still set up chieftain institutions such as the Xuanwei Envoy, the Xuanfu Envoy, and the Military and Civilian Wanhufu.In the western region, namely today’s Tibet, Qamdo, Qinghai, Yunnan, Gansu, Sichuan and other Tibetan residential areas, there are not only capital divisions, such as Duogan and Wusi Zangdu commanding divisions, but also comfort divisions, recruiting divisions, etc. The settings of Discuss Division and Wanhufu. Below the provincial level, there are government, prefecture, and county levels, which are both administrative regions and official signatures.Among them, there are scattered states (also known as subordinate states) and Zhili states. "It belongs to the state as a county, and the Zhili state as a government, but the rank is the same" ("Ming History · Official Records IV").Prefectures, prefectures, and counties each have prefects, prefects, and counties as their chiefs.The location of Beijing is called Shuntianfu, the location of Nanjing is called Yingtianfu, and the chief is called Yin.The officials of the two capitals of the Ming Dynasty were included in the central system.Governments, states, and counties also have assistant officials and officials in charge of specific affairs.The prefect's assistant officials include Tongzhi, Tongju, and Tuiguan.The adjutant officials who know the state include fellow prefects and judges.The assistant officials of the county magistrate include the county magistrate and the master book.For Confucianism, the government has professors and disciplines, the prefecture has education and disciplines, and counties has teachings and disciplines, and is in charge of teaching students (students).The inspection department is located in the key points of Guanjin, with inspections and deputy inspections, responsible for arresting thieves and interrogating traitors and forgers.Post, set up Post Cheng, responsible for postal delivery.The tax department (bureau), with ambassadors and deputy envoys, is in charge of taxation.In addition, there are also various officials such as medicine, yin and yang, monks, warehouses, and rivers, and the division of labor is more detailed than that of the previous dynasty. The Ming Dynasty strengthened its control over the local area through governors.Fu, referring to the governor, its name originated from Ming Taizu Paiyi (yiyi) Prince Wen to inspect Shaanxi.Yongle sent courtiers to patrol places, so the governor system came into being.During the time of Xuande, the permanent governors of each province gradually became a custom.Governor means "to patrol the world, to govern the army and the people".The governor refers to the governor, or the general system and the prime minister, which are divided into two types: special affairs and local affairs.The special governor began in the Xuande period. He had the titles of governor of grain storage, governor of rivers, and governor of water transportation. He was in office and military affairs.Local governors were first established in the Zhengtong period, first in the border areas, and later in the coastal and inland areas, focusing on military affairs, such as the governor of Jiliao, the governor of Shanxi, the governor of Shanxi, and the governor of Xuanda, etc.There are also governors in one body, such as the governor of grain storage and the governor of Yingtian.The establishment of a governor is also a feature of the official system of the Ming Dynasty.The governor is a member of the central government, all of whom have the official title of the Metropolitan Procuratorate.The purpose is to control the military officials by civil servants, coordinate the relationship between the provinces, each (military) town and the three divisions in the province, unify the powers of affairs, and prevent them from not belonging to each other and malfunctioning. There were also various special agencies in the Ming Dynasty.They were all transferred to the Salt Envoy Division and the Salt Education Division to take charge of the salt administration.The Department of Transshipment Salt Envoys was established, and the chief officials were set up as Dutransportation Envoys, Tongzhi, Deputy Envoys, Judges, etc.Under the jurisdiction of each salt field salt department, each salt warehouse, and each inspection office, there are ambassadors and deputy envoys.The Department of Promotion of Salt Class has official promotion, joint promotion, deputy promotion and so on.Xingtaipu Temple and Yuanma Temple are institutions that manage horse affairs. They have no affiliation with Taipu Temple and obey orders from the Ministry of War.The establishment of officials is the same as that of Taipu Temple.Taipu Temple and Nanjing Taipu Temple are mainly responsible for the administration of horses in the two capitals, the north and south Zhili, Henan and Shandong, for the purpose of Beijing camp.Xingtaipu Temple and Yuanma Temple are responsible for horse administration in other areas, in preparation for the recruitment of various towns.The Shibo Lifting Department, referred to as Shibosi, is located in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other provinces, and is an institution in charge of the tribute and tribute exchanges of overseas countries.There are official promotions and deputy promotions.Tea Horse Department, located in Shaanxi, Sichuan and other places, specializes in tea horse trade.There are ambassadors and deputy envoys. Civil officials in the Ming Dynasty were divided into nine grades and ten grades.The military officer is divided into six grades and twelve grades.Grade matters.First, the status of officials in the Ming Dynasty was determined by rank.For example, the Shangshu and Du Yushi are the second rank, and the assistant minister and deputy Du Yushi are the third rank.The highest level of civil servants is the second rank, and further up is the addition and gift of officials.There are Sangongs (Taishi, Taifu, Taibao), Sangu (Shaoshi, Shaofu, Shaobao), three masters (Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu, Prince Taibao), and Sanshao (Prince Taishi). Shaoshi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao).The three justices are the first rank, the three Gus and the princes are the first ranks, and the three princes are the second ranks.Second, rank is related to salary, high rank means high salary.Third, the awarding of honorary titles such as Sanguan and Honored Officers are all related to rank.Officials with a rank are called inflows, and officials without a rank are called non-inflows. Sanguan can be divided into Wen San and Wu San.There are 42 ranks in the essays, from the beginning of the first rank of the first rank to the special promotion of Ronglu doctor, the promotion to the special promotion of Guanglu doctor, to the appointment of general official Zuo Lang at the beginning of the ninth rank, and to the promotion of Deng Shi Zuo Lang.From the second grade to the fourth grade, in addition to the initial grant and the promotion grant, there are also additional grants.Officials who start their official career are generally awarded the first Sanji, after passing the three-year performance examination, they will be promoted to the Sanji, and after six years of re-examination, they will be awarded the Sanji.From the beginning of the first rank, Wu San was awarded the Special Jin Ronglu Doctor, promoted to the Special Jin Guanglu Doctor, from the beginning of the sixth rank to the Zhongxian Xiaowei, and was promoted to the Zhongwu Xiaowei, a total of 30 ranks. Honorary officials are divided into Wenxun and Wuxun.Wen Xun is awarded to civil servants who have passed the five-rank and above six-year performance appraisal, from the first rank Zuo and You Zhuguo to the fifth rank association Zheng Shu Yin, a total of ten ranks.Wu Xun is awarded to military officers, from the first-rank left and right Zhuguo to the sixth-rank Wuqiwei, a total of twelve ranks. There are princes, county kings, generals of Zhenguo, generals of Fuguo, generals of Fengguo, lieutenants of Zhenguo, lieutenants of Fuguo, lieutenants of Fengguo and so on.There are officials in the Prince's Mansion, including the Chief History Division (civilian), the Guard Commander (military), the Yiwei Division (guards of honor), and the Chengfeng Division (eunuch).The chief of the Changshi Department is the left and right Changshi, and there are officials such as trial, Dianshan, Fengci, Dianle, Dianbao, Jishan, good doctor, Dianyi, Gongzheng, companion reading, and professor.Those who honor the princess are called captains-in-law.The princess's mansion set up a central envoy, with eunuchs acting as eunuchs. Meritorious officials and relatives can be enshrined as Duke, Marquis, and Bo.The title of meritorious officials can be hereditary, but the title of foreign relatives is generally not hereditary.There are four grades of meritorious titles. The founding hero is called the founding of the country and the auxiliary movement, and the soldiers who follow Chengzu are called Fengtianjing and Tuicheng. Others are called Fengtian Yiyun Tuicheng and Fengtian Yiwei Tuicheng.Military ministers add Xuanli military officials under their titles, and civil servants add Shouzheng Wenchen under their titles. The salaries of the clan and hundreds of officials are calculated in stone.At first, the clan gave Lumi, and later they gave cash.Hundred officials' salaries and rice banknotes are also supported.Officials work part-time, and their salaries increase accordingly.However, most of the part-time officials are high-ranking officials, and middle- and lower-level officials often lose money because of their salaries, and the value of banknotes drops day by day, reducing their real income.Generally speaking, the treatment of officials in the Ming Dynasty was the lowest in all dynasties.