Chapter 18 Section 2 Liao Dynasty Official System

The official system in the early days of the Liao Dynasty was relatively simple, but with the expansion of the jurisdiction area, a dual-track official system was gradually formed.The so-called dual-track official system means that under the emperor, there are two systems of Liao officials and Han officials.Liao officials were called north officials, which was an independent system of Khitan; Han officials were called south officials, which were set up after the Tang and Song systems were established after they settled in Han.The official offices of Liao officials and Han officials are located in the north and south of the emperor's tooth tent.This dual-track official system is not only different from the official system of the Han dynasty in Chinese history, but also different from the official system of the dynasties established by the Jin, Yuan, and Qing minorities in the future. It is particularly distinctive in the history of Chinese official system.

Northern officials can be roughly divided into four categories: The first category is the institutions that manage the affairs of the Khitan tribe.Before the founding of the Khitan state, it was divided into eight parts.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the eight parts were compiled into Beifu and Nanfu.The Nanfu mentioned here does not belong to Nanmianguan.The prime ministers of Beifu and Nanfu are in charge of Beifu and Nanfu.The prime minister of the northern government is usually a member of the royal family, and the prime minister of the southern government is a member of the descendant family.The royal family of the Liao Dynasty was the Yelu family, and the descendant family was the Xiao family.The emperor is called the emperor of heaven, and the queen is called the queen of earth.The queen of the land has great power and can participate in the military and state affairs.Xiao Chuo, Empress Chengtian, mother of Shengzong of the Liao Dynasty, has "judged state affairs" for 40 years and is a very influential empress in Chinese history.The Yelu family originally belonged to the Diela tribe, and its military chief was Yili Jin [jinjin]. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were two separate kings of the North Court and the King of the South Court, and their positions were second only to the prime ministers of the two prefectures.The kings of the two houses usually live in the court and participate in politics, and there are other officials who know the affairs of the kings of the two houses to manage the military and civilian affairs of the tribe.

The second category is the institutions that manage the affairs of the royal family and descendants.Da Tiyin Division, set up Tiyin, Zhi Tiyin Supervisor, and Tiyin Capital Superintendent, who are in charge of the politics and education of the royal family.The uncle of the great country has Chang Gun (gun gun), Taishi, Taibao, Taiwei, Situ, Sikong and other officials who are in charge of the affairs of the queen family.There are also the North and South Xuanhui Courts. The North Court has the Xuanhui Envoy who knows the North Court, the Xuanhui Affairs of the North Court, the Xuanhui Deputy Envoy of the North Court, and the Xuanhui Affairs of the North Court. The South Court is the same.In charge of the affairs of the imperial front of the North and South Second Courts.

The third category is government agencies.Among the officials in the north, the North Privy Council has the highest status and the greatest power.There are Privy Envoys of the North Court, Privy Envoys of the North Court, Affairs of the Privy Council of the North Court, Deputy Privy Envoys of the North Court, Deputy Privy Envoys of the North Court, Privy Envoys of the Tongzhi North Court, and affairs of the Privy Council of the Signature.The North Privy Council was originally a military and political institution, which held military power. Later, it developed to unify the judiciary, prisons, taxes, and officials, and became the actual ministerial institution.The emperor's decree was conveyed to the prime ministers of the two governments through the North Privy Council, and to the various tribes.Yili Biyuan is an institution in charge of criminal justice.Let the barbarians be separated, the left and right barbarians be separated, and the left and right barbarians be known.Dalin Yayuan is the institution in charge of drafting documents and edicts.It is the same as the Hanlin Academy in Guanzhong in the south.Set up Lin Ya, Lin Ya Chengzhi, Lin Ya and other officials.Dirematoshi is the institution responsible for etiquette.Set up officials such as the capital of enemy Liema, the chief clerk of court etiquette, and the general etiquette affairs.In addition, there is also the honorary title of the elder who is bigger than Yue, who is high in position and does not do anything, and has made great achievements.In the end of the Liao Dynasty, only very few people were honored with this title.

The fourth category is military institutions.The military officers in the north are divided into troops according to the palace accounts, tribes, and vassal states.The Grand Marshal and Deputy Marshal of the Army and Horses of the World are set up to be held by the Prince and the Prince.Each army set up a general's mansion to divide and govern the government orders of the armies it governs.Generalissimo, not permanent in the later stage.The emperor had a bodyguard and a personal army, and set up officials such as Taishi, Taibao, Situ, and Sikong.There is also the Suwei Division, which has the General Suwei and the Chief Zhisu.Su Zhisi, set up Xiangwen, Dujian, General and so on.

When the Liao Dynasty was first established, there were political decrees, left and right ministers, and Han Ersi among the court officials.The political decree is equivalent to the prime minister of the Central Plains Dynasty, the left and right ministers are equivalent to the deputy prime minister, and the Han Ersi is in charge of Han affairs.During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty, the Southern Privy Council was set up on the basis of the Han Ersi. After acquiring the Sixteen States of Yanyun, three provinces, six ministries, Yushitai, various temples, various courtyards, and various guards were established. Most of them followed the Tang system and adopted the Song Dynasty. system, thus forming the southern official system.The same as the northern officials, the most important of the southern officials is the South Privy Council.The officials in the South Privy Council are the same as those in the North Privy Council. They are in charge of the military affairs of the Han army, and there are institutions such as officials' rooms, soldiers' punishment rooms, household rooms, and hall rooms.Shangshu Province was originally held concurrently by the Southern Privy Council, and later became independent, with Shangshuling, Zuopushe, Zuocheng, and six departments of officials, households, rites, soldiers, punishments, and workers.Zhongshu Province was originally named Zhengshisheng, Zhongshuling was called Zhengshiling, Zhongshusheren was called Zhengshisheren, and it was officially renamed Zhongshusheng during Xingzong.The governor of the province under the door is a servant, and he is in charge of etiquette.The power of the three provinces is far inferior to that of the Tang Dynasty.Among the officials in the south, the Hanlin Academy is more important.The Hanlin Academy is the institution in charge of drafting Chinese characters documents and edicts.There are general magistrates of the Hanlin Academy, Hanlin bachelors, Hanlin bachelors, Hanlin Yingfeng, and Hanlin waiting for edicts.The Khitan people who served as Hanlin were called Nanmian Linya.The officials in the south are not all Han Chinese, there are also Khitan people.

There were five capitals in the Liao Dynasty, namely Linhuang Mansion in Shangjing (now Bahrain Left Banner, Inner Mongolia), Dading Mansion in Zhongjing (now Daming City, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia), Liaoyang Mansion in Tokyo (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning), and Xijin Mansion in Nanjing (now Beijing), Xijing Datong Mansion (now Datong, Shanxi).The five capitals of the Liao Dynasty were not the political center of the dynasty.Shangjing, the imperial capital in the early Liao Dynasty, and Zhongjing, which was called the capital after Shengzong, were both capitals in name.This is because the political center of the Liao Dynasty was in Nabo.Nabo refers to the account set up by the Liao emperor when he went out fishing and hunting at four o'clock.According to the records of the Song Dynasty, it was translated as "walking in".After Shengzong, a custom was formed: the spring Nabo is in Yu'erbo, Changchun Prefecture, the summer Nabo is in Yong'an Mountain or Tanshan, the autumn Nabo is in Fuhulin, Gyeongju, and the winter Nabo is in Guangpingdian, Yongzhou.The emperor of the Liao Dynasty went back and forth to Nabo in four seasons throughout the year, and the main members of the government agencies in the north and south all accompanied the emperor in Nabo.In winter and summer, Emperor Liao also convened a meeting of ministers and bureaucrats from the north and the south in Nabo for state affairs.So the five capitals are actually the administrative centers of their respective regions.In Zhongjing after Shengzong, only some officials stayed behind to deal with general affairs.The East, Central and South capitals each set up a prime minister's mansion, with left and right ministers and left and right Pingzhang political affairs.There are left-behind divisions in all five capitals, which are officials in the south.The Wujing district is praised, including Shangjing Road, Zhongjing Road, Tokyo Road, Nanjing Road and Xijing Road.The Khitan people are mainly distributed in Shangjing Road and Zhongjing Road. They are managed according to tribes, and the leader is called Lingwen.During the time of Shengzong, there were fifty-one, and the leader was renamed Jiedushi.In addition, there is a special kind of construction, called the head down (or drop) military state.This is a form in which the kings, relatives, ministers and ministries of the Liao Dynasty will use the captured population to establish prefectures and counties for centralized slavery.The Jiedu envoy and governor of Toxia Junzhou are appointed by the central government, while other officials are appointed by the caster himself.The provinces of Tokyo, Xijing, and Nanjing follow the system of the Tang Dynasty and set up prefectures and counties.

After the fall of the Liao Dynasty, the Khitan clan Yelu Dashi proclaimed himself emperor in Balasagon in Central Asia, and local dynasties of all sizes joined them one after another, and it was called Xiliao in history.The emperor of Xiliao called himself "Ge'erhan", which means "Khan of Khan", and his residence was called "Husi Ordu", which was the camp of the Khitan emperor.The Western Liao Dynasty managed the localities through the Khan of the Khanate and the leaders of various tribes, and at the same time sent Shahena (young supervisor) to supervise the localities.