Chapter 11 Chapter Eleven Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleum

In 960 A.D., Zhao Kuangyin (Song Taizu) proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Hou Zhou, the country was named Song, and the capital was Kaifeng.In 1126 AD, Jin soldiers invaded Kaifeng, and the Northern Song Dynasty fell.In the following year, Zhao Gou (Song Gaozong) proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan), and later moved his capital to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history. There were nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty. Huizong and Qinzong died in Mobei because they were captured by the Jin people. The hilly area between the Luohe River is known as the Seven Emperors and Eight Tombs in the world.Next to the mausoleum, there are 21 empress mausoleums buried in Fu Fu, and hundreds of descendants of the clan and famous generals are buried with them, forming a huge group of mausoleums.The area of ​​the mausoleum is about 10 kilometers from east to west and 15 kilometers from north to south.

The Song Mausoleum in Gong County can be divided into four mausoleum areas: the first area is located in the north of Xicun Township, including Xuanzu Yong'an Mausoleum, Taizu Yongchang Tomb, and Taizong Yongxi Mausoleum; the second area is located in the north of Caizhuang Village, with Zhenzong Yongding Mausoleum; The third district is located in the south of Gong County, with Renzong Yongzhao Mausoleum and Yingzong Yonghou Mausoleum; the fourth district is located in the south of Baling Village, with Shenzong Yongyu Mausoleum and Zhezong Yongtai Mausoleum.During the Jingkang and Jianyan years of the Song Dynasty, the tomb was destroyed by Jin soldiers, and all the ground buildings were destroyed in the Yuan Dynasty (Figure 10).

The mausoleum area is facing Songshan Shaoshi in the south, the Yellow River in the north, the mountains in the east, and the Yiluo Plain in the west. The water is deep and the soil is thick.However, the site selection of the Song Mausoleum is different from the system of the imperial mausoleums of the past dynasties in terms of landform utilization, which are condescending, leaning against the mountain and facing the river, and placing the mausoleum in Gaofu. Instead, the mausoleum is placed at the lowest point of the terrain, facing the mountain>backing the water, and the directions of the mausoleums are evenly facing each other. Facing Shaoshi, the main peak of Songshan Mountain.These are obviously influenced by Fengshui geomancy theory and topography at that time.

The layout of the eight imperial mausoleums is basically the same. The mausoleum area of ​​each mausoleum is called Zhaoyu, and thorns and trifoliate trees are planted around it as marks.In addition to the imperial mausoleum, there are also the mausoleum of the empress, the tomb of the clan and important ministers, and the "lower palace" building in Zhaoyu.The imperial mausoleums face south, each covering an area of ​​about 100,000 square meters, much smaller than the Han and Tang cemeteries.Inheriting the system of accumulating soil as mausoleums in the Han and Tang Dynasties, the mausoleum platform is also in the shape of an overturned bucket, but the scale is smaller. The bottom is 50-60 meters long on each side. Except for Yonghou Mausoleum, the height is less than 15 meters.Under the mausoleum is Xuangong, also known as Huangtang.In front of the mausoleum is a pair of carved stone palace figures, and in front of it is the dedicated hall, surrounded by rammed earth walls, known as the upper palace.The upper palace is square in plane, about 230 meters long on each side, with the Pishen Gate in the middle of the four sides, and corners built on the four corners.In front of the upper palace is Shinto, with stone carvings on both sides, milk platforms on both sides of the south end of the Shinto, and a pair of magpie platforms to the south.The lower part of Shenmen, Jiaoque, Rutai and Quetai are rammed earth platforms, the exterior is made of bricks, and the upper part is a building.

The concubine of the Song Dynasty restored the system of the Han Dynasty and built a mausoleum independently.However, unlike the Hou Mausoleum in the Han Dynasty, which is on the front side of the Emperor Mausoleum, the Hou Mausoleum is located in the northwest of the Emperor Mausoleum, and its status has obviously declined.The layout and architecture of the cemetery are similar to those of the imperial mausoleums, but the shape is smaller and there are fewer stone carvings. According to literature records, the lower palace was built in the northwest of the emperor's mausoleum.Now there are only a pair of stone lions outside the south gate of the Ding, Zhao, Hou, Yu and Tai mausoleums. "Song Huiyao Collection" records the three-year imperial edict of Taizong Zhidao: "In the lower palace of Yongxi Mausoleum, Taizong's holy face was placed in a hall, and 500 guards were placed to guard it. According to Li You's "Song Dynasty Facts", the lower palace has the main hall where the throne and guards of honor are placed, the shadow hall where the emperor's portrait and clothes are placed, and the ancillary buildings include Huanzhuoyuan, Nanchu, palace people, mausoleum envoys, and deputy envoys. The house where you live [xiexie], etc.It can be seen that the lower palace is a place for daily offerings and is inhabited by palace officials, mausoleum envoys, and guards. Its nature is similar to that of the sleeping garden in the Han Dynasty.

The Mausoleum of Li Hou, where the Yongxi Mausoleum was buried, was stolen in the early years and has been excavated in recent years.In front of the Xuan Palace, there is a slope-shaped tomb passage, single room, brick, and polygonal plane.Brick shadows are used on the four walls to make corner columns, bucket arches, angs, play heads, Fangs, rafters, watchboards, eaves tiles, etc.There is a statue of Kalavinka with human head and bird body carved on the head and palms together, and the pattern of potted flowers is outlined with ink lines on the arched eye wall.The surrounding walls are also painted with colored paintings such as pavilions and clouds.The ceiling of the tomb is dome-shaped, with a dark blue-gray surface, and the stars and the Milky Way are painted with white powder to symbolize the sky.

There are many stone carvings in the mausoleum area, with a total of more than a thousand pieces.The theme, quantity and arrangement of the stone carvings in each mausoleum are customized.On both sides of the imperial mausoleum, from south to north, there are a pair of watchtowers, a pair of elephants and elephant trainers, a pair of auspicious birds, a pair of horns, two pairs of horses and horse controllers, two pairs of tigers, and two pairs of sheep. , three pairs of "fan envoys", two pairs of military officials, two pairs of civil servants, a pair of stone lions and warriors outside the south gate, and a pair of palace people inside the south gate.In addition, a pair of stone lions are placed outside the east, west and north gates.Each pair of stone statues is arranged opposite to each other, the distance between the lion, palace man and warrior is about 20 meters, and the distance between the others is about 40 meters.Most of these stone carvings are carved from a huge stone, including line carvings, reliefs and round carvings.The early stone carvings were relatively simple and vigorous in shape, with the legacy of the late Tang Dynasty. After the middle period, the figures gradually became slender and realistic, and the techniques gradually became exquisite and delicate.

Among the stone carvings, the three tombs of Yongxi, Yongding and Yongyu are the most exquisite, and there are many successful works.The mahouts have shoulder-length curly hair, tied with belts, jewels on their foreheads, big earrings, bracelets on their arms, and bracelets on their wrists. This attire shows that they and the elephants come from a distant foreign country.The Tibetan envoys have different faces and clothing, and they hold vases, corals, lotus dishes, rhino horns, jade letters and other square objects, indicating that they came from different countries and regions.The palace servants of Yongxi Mausoleum are lifelike, with plump cheeks and broad cheekbones, holding whisks in their hands, respectful, and seem to be carefully waiting for the emperor's call.A pair of stone lions at the south gate of Yongyu Mausoleum, a female (pinpin) and a male stand facing each other.The surface of the watch column is decorated with various decorative patterns. The lower part is a square-based lotus seat, the middle is a hexagonal or octagonal column body, and the upper part is topped with a lotus flower.The body of the column is carved with patterns such as winding cloud dragons or flying phoenixes and entwined peonies using subtractive ground flat 钑 (sa 30) and line engraving techniques. Each facet decoration composition forms its own unit, with smooth lines and rigorous structure.

There are many tombs of ministers and clan children near the tombs.According to records, there are Bao Zheng, Kou Zhun, Gao Huaide, Cai Qi and others. Among them, the tomb of Wei Wang Zhao Kai (yun halo), the fourth son of Yingzong, has been excavated.Most of the accompanying tombs are located in the north or northwest of the imperial mausoleum. The Song Dynasty stipulated that the emperor did not build the Shouling Mausoleum during his lifetime, and the construction of the mausoleum and the burial ceremony must be completed within seven months after his death.Due to the tight schedule, it is bound to consume more manpower and capital because of the quick success.The existing "Yongtai Mausoleum Quarrying Records" stele records: more than 10,000 people were employed in the construction of the mausoleum just for quarrying stones, and more than 300 people died of illness.The cost of the whole project should be even more astonishing.