Chapter 22 Chapter VII Minority Medicine

my country has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and the cultural exchanges between various ethnic groups have also added rich content to the treasure house of Chinese medicine.According to the test, there are dozens of medicines in minority areas. For example, Tao Hongjing's annotation clearly pointed out that there are nearly 20 kinds of medicines from the Di and Qiang areas in Northwest China.After the Han Dynasty, the medicines from minority areas were continuously added to the cursive scripts. We can appreciate the existence of this phenomenon from the names of some medicines.Such as Rong salt, coriander, saffron, Tibetan incense, Rong, Hu, Fan, etc. are all the appellations of remote ethnic minorities in ancient times.Another example is Helile, Cucumber, Pibo, Pepper, etc., which originated in the South China Sea or Central Asian countries, but at the latest in the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were Zhuang, Dong, Li, Miao and other multi-ethnic settlements in Guangdong and Guangxi. produce.It shows that some imported medicines are also firstly used in minority areas due to the relationship between geography or climate.

Some ethnic groups, such as Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Korean, Zhuang, Yi, Dai, etc., have a set of disease prevention and treatment methods that are in line with the characteristics of the place of residence and the living habits of the ethnic group.Some have ancient origins, and some have relatively complete theoretical guidance, so they have strong vitality.Until today, they still play a certain role in the medical and health work in remote areas of our country. Among ethnic medicines, the most influential one is Tibetan medicine.According to historical records, in several centuries BC, Tibetans have realized that certain animals, plants, and minerals can relieve the pain of the human body. Later, they also mastered the knowledge of butter to stop bleeding and highland barley wine to treat trauma.In the fifteenth year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 641), Princess Wencheng married Tupan (Tibet) King Songtsan Gampo as his wife.Princess Wencheng brought a large number of living and cultural items and accompanying personnel, including various medical books, medical equipment and accompanying doctors. This was the first large-scale cultural exchange between Han and Tibet.Later, these medical books were translated into Tibetan and named "Menjie Qinmu" ("Compendium of Medicine"), which is the earliest document of Tibetan medicine.Songtsan Gampo also hired inland, Indian, and Arab doctors to jointly compile a comprehensive medical book "Minji Village Card" ("Fearless Weapon"), and ordered doctors from all over Tibet to pass on these two books. All books are lost.In the fourth year of Jinglong, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty (710 AD), Princess Jincheng married the fifth grandson of Songtsan Gampo Chidai Zhudan, and brought doctors and a large number of medical books again.Based on these medical books, Han and Tibetan doctors compiled Menje Daiweigabu ("Yuewang Medicine Diagnosis"), which became the earliest extant document in Tibetan medicine.Among them, there are expositions on snow blindness, smallpox, anthrax, heart tremor, and abnormal heart position, which obviously absorb the ideas of Yin and Yang, five elements and other theories of traditional Chinese medicine in theory, and the pulse diagnosis method is basically the same as that of traditional Chinese medicine.The book also introduces techniques such as catheterization, enema, ascites, needle removal of cataracts, splint fixation and reduction for fractures.There are more than 300 kinds of medicines contained in it. In addition to the same herbal medicines in the mainland, there are also special products of the Tibetan Plateau.

In the 8th century A.D., the huge Tibetan medicine book "Ju Xi" ("Four Medical Codes", also translated as "Four Tantras of Medical Prescriptions") came out.It was compiled by Yutuo Yuandan Gonpo, so he is honored as "King of Medicine" and "Sage of Medicine" by Tibetans.He has traveled to Mount Wutai, southern Tibet, Shigatse, Kangding, India, Nepal, Pakistan and other places to practice medicine while absorbing medical theories and methods from all sides.After more than 20 years of unremitting efforts, the Tibetan medical scientists headed by him completed the immortal medical work "Ju Xi" in 753 AD. "Ju Xi" is written in the style of poetry, in the form of answering questions from the king of medicine.The book is divided into four parts, 156 chapters, and 79 color pictures.This is a systematic summary of ancient Tibetan medical theory and practice.The book reflects the close relationship between Tibetan medicine and Chinese medicine, and also absorbs some Indian medical content.

Tibetan medicine uses the three elements of "dragon", "chiba" and "bacon" to explain the physiological functions and pathological changes of the human body. "Dragon" is equivalent to "qi" in Chinese, and its functions are to control breathing, body movement, blood circulation, five sense organs, food decomposition, and excretion. "Chiba" is equivalent to "fire", which enables the human body to generate heat, maintain body temperature, enhance the digestive power of the stomach, make people feel hungry and thirsty, and improve complexion. "Bacon" is equivalent to "soil" and "water". Its function is to increase gastric juice, grind food, be in charge of taste, transport body fluid and nutrition, moisturize skin, regulate fat and thin, and regulate sleep.Dragon, Chiba, and Bacon coordinate with each other and act in unison.In addition to the three major elements, the human body also has seven substances and three excretions. The seven substances are blood, meat, fat, bone, bone marrow, essence, and dietary essence; the three excretions are feces, urine, and sweat.Under normal circumstances, the human body maintains a relative balance between the three major elements, seven substances and three excretions.Tibetan medical treatment mainly includes four methods of diet, daily life, medicine, and external treatment.The first two methods are used for mild diseases, and the medicines are the same as traditional Chinese medicine, using animal, plant, and mineral medicines. There are single prescriptions and compound prescriptions, and the compound prescriptions sometimes have dozens of flavors.External treatment methods include ear rubbing with liquid medicine, massage, cupping, acupuncture, external application, drug fumigation, puncture, bloodletting, etc.

Tibetan medicine has one of the most important medicinal works "Xieyi" ("Jingzhu Materia Medica").Compiled by Dima Tenzin Phuntsok in 1840, it contains more than 1,400 kinds of medicines with detailed properties, tastes and functions, reflecting the achievements of modern Tibetan medicine herbalism. Tibetan medicine also has a certain influence abroad. Around the 16th century, the "Four Medical Codes" were translated into Mongolian characters.Excerpts or excerpts of Russian, English, German, Japanese and other languages ​​are available abroad.Up to now, in Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Yunnan, Sichuan and other parts of China, Tibetan medicine still plays an active role in medical and health care.

There are many situations in which various ethnic groups live together in our country, so the medicines of various ethnic groups also penetrate each other. Mongolian medicine is also deeply influenced by traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine.During the Yuan Dynasty, because the Mongolian rulers felt that their own culture was not compatible with the politics of a vast empire with a large population and complex ethnic groups, they attached great importance to absorbing foreign cultures.In terms of medicine, they paid more attention to Han Chinese medicine and health preservation methods, as well as Arabic medicine. They hired famous Arab doctors as imperial doctors to take charge of Shangdu Medical College, set up "Huihui Medicine College" in Dadu, and translated Arabic medical works "Huihui Prescriptions", etc. ."Yinshan Zhengyao" written by Hu Sihui, an imperial physician in the Yuan Dynasty, is a valuable work on dietary therapy, and its content is obviously influenced by Han dietary culture and traditional Chinese medicine.Even the post of Imperial Physician of Drinking Food comes from the "Food Doctor" in "Zhou Li".The Mongolian people are nomadic, good at riding and shooting, and have rich experience in bone injuries. "Secret History of Mongolia" and other documents contain the use of red-hot iron irons to treat bleeding wounds; the method of invigorating blood with steam hot pot [yan mask] to treat internal injuries; the method of soaking in the hot blood of livestock to treat arrow wounds, etc. According to "Yuan History", once the famous general Bu Zhier was hit by several arrows, and Genghis Khan ordered people to pull out the arrows. At that time, Bu Zhier's wound was bleeding profusely, and he passed out. The abdomen was cut open, and Buzhier was put into the belly of the cow, soaked in the hot blood, and Buzhier came to life after a while.Both "Yong Lei Qian Fang" and "Shi Yi De Xiao Fang" in the Yuan Dynasty made important contributions to orthopedics. "There are special chapters on osteopathy and the treatment of golden arrowhead injuries. Both books contain rich experience in orthopedics and traumatology.For example, the reduction of dislocated joints and the restoration of fractures are basically the same as those used today.The splint fixation treatment of fractures has also developed on the basis of the previous generation, especially the suspension reduction (ie today's traction reduction) is a pioneering work in the history of traumatology in the world.In short, in the dynasty when the Mongols were galloping in the Central Plains, the achievements of orthopedics and traumatology were very outstanding, ranking first in the world in terms of anesthesia, sutures, instruments, etc., which is not accidental.Therefore, the rich practical experience of the Mongolian people in the treatment of orthopedic diseases and the mutual enrichment with the orthopedics department of traditional Chinese medicine cannot be ignored.

Historically, the relationship between the Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups has been harmonious. The Tibetan Red Sect and the Yellow Sect have been worshiped by the Mongolian people, and many temples have been established in the Mongolian areas.The dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine in religious activities is also an important content. Therefore, Tibetan medicine can be introduced to Mongolia, which has played a very important role in the development of Mongolian medical theory.The basic theory of Mongolian medicine is similar to that of Tibetan medicine. The "three elements" and "seven substances" mentioned in Tibetan medicine are called "three elements" and "seven constants" in Mongolian medicine.Mongolian medical works include "Mongolia Materia Medica Congxin", "Puji Miscellaneous Prescriptions", "Mongolian Medicine Canon", "Coral Prescriptions" and so on.In the Qing Dynasty, the generals of the Manchu nationality appreciated the treatment of bone injuries by Mongolian doctors in the army, and even clearly stipulated that "soldiers of the upper three banners with clear bones" should be selected to serve the officials in the army, and they were called "Mongolian doctors". . The relevant materials in the "Drafts of Qing History" reflect that the treatment techniques for bone injuries of the Mongolian people were outstanding among doctors of all ethnic groups in the Qing Dynasty.

In the middle of the 19th century, North Korea suffered successive years of disasters. A large number of victims entered Yanbian and settled down with the approval of the Qing government, becoming the Korean nation of our country.At the same time, Korean Eastern Medicine was also introduced to the local area, and has been continuously improved and developed, forming the following schools: the classic school, which is based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine in our country; ; The School of Integration of Eastern and Western Medicine, which advocates "diagnosing the West and treating the East"; the School of Four Elephants Medicine, which has the greatest influence on the Korean medical field.Sixiang medicine was proposed by Li Jima, a Korean oriental physician, based on the "five states of man" in "Lingshu·Tongtianpian", and his academic views are mainly reflected in his book "Shoushiboyuan of Dongyi".

Minority medicine is also an important part of Chinese medicine. Due to the different regions, histories, cultures, and living habits of various ethnic minorities, they have formed different ethnic medicines with their own characteristics. It has made a contribution to the cause of the people's health of the nation.