Chapter 17 Section 6 The Four Masters of Gold and Yuan

The development of Chinese medicine in the Song Dynasty had a good foundation. The ancient medical books were sorted out on a large scale and a large number of new medical books came out.In the Jin and Yuan dynasties, with the needs of the society, medical schools gradually formed, and some famous physicians with outstanding achievements emerged, whose representatives were the so-called "Four Masters of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties"-Liu Wansu, Zhang Congzheng, Li Gao, and Zhu Zhenheng . Liu Wansu (about 1120-1200 A.D.), courtesy name Shouzhen, nicknamed Tongxuan Chushi, was born in Hejian (now Hejian County, Hebei), known as Liu Hejian.Liu Wansu was born in a poor family and suffered from displacement. After his mother died of illness, he decided to study medicine.At that time, natural disasters and military disasters continued to occur, and epidemic diseases were prevalent. Among the epidemic diseases, the so-called "epidemic lumps" and "big head Tianxing" were the most harmful at that time. Because they were not described in ancient books, they were called "new diseases" at that time.According to its clinical symptoms, it is likely to be what is called the plague in modern times.Liu Wansu witnessed the rampant epidemic, knew the suffering of the people, and became more determined to practice medicine.He traveled around all his life, helping the world and helping the weak. Because of his superb medical skills, he was deeply loved by the people, and the world called him a "miracle doctor".His writings are elegant and readable, so some people praised his books: "Farmers, laborers, black clothes, yellow crowns, Confucianism, everyone can buy a copy." Liu Wansu has a national integrity. When he entered the Central Plains, because his medical name was favored by the court and the public, Jin Zhangzong had ordered him three times, but he did not bow to him.Zhang Zong had no choice but to grant "Mr. Noble" to give up.Liu Wansu studied hard. When he saw the "Huangdi Neijing" at the age of 25, he couldn't put it down, pondered it day and night, and studied it for 35 years.Reading "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" is also an oral recitation, forgetting to eat and sleep.He studied classics, not from theory to theory, but closely linked with medical practice for exploration.He said: "If you stick to the old books and think that the books of the ancient sages and sages cannot be changed, you will believe in them, and you will not be exempt from them." Because of his academic attitude, he often has unique insights into the content of the scriptures, and these new insights are also the theoretical basis for his innovation in clinical treatment.He believes that heat is the main pathogenesis of many complex diseases, so he makes good use of cold and cool medicines in the treatment of diseases.For example, for exogenous diseases, such as fever, aversion to cold, headache, body pain, etc., "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" believes that cold evils bind the surface and uses pungent and warm methods to relieve the surface, while he believes that heat pathogens are on the surface and advocates pungent coolness to relieve the surface. Development stagnation.This breaks the previous rule that warming medicine must be used to relieve the exterior.As for the stage when the external evils are not resolved and the internal heat is already in full swing, he created a method of solving both the external and the internal, sweating and taking care of both the internal and external, and also broke through some taboos of "never mind the lateness".He also believes that the climate and environment are different from ancient to modern, and the state of the world and dwellings have changed, so there must be corresponding changes in the methods of curing diseases in ancient and modern times.Because of his courage to advocate new theories, he became the first person to promote the academic controversy of Jin and Yuan.Later, the School of Attacking Evil, the School of Nourishing Yin, and the School of Febrile Diseases in the Ming and Qing Dynasties all inherited Yu Yin, and their contributions can be seen from this.There are more than 10 works by him, the representative ones are "Suwen Xuanji Yuanbing Shishi", "Huangdi Suwen Xuanming Lunfang", "Shanghan Zhige" and so on.People call the school he created "Hejian School", and because of its academic characteristics, it is also called "Hanliang School" or "Zhuhuo School".

After his death, people erected monuments and built temples for him, and some remains of the "Shouzhen Temple" have survived to this day. "Hejian Fuzhi" even compared him with Bian Que. Zhang Congzheng (1156-1228 A.D.), styled Zihe, was born in Kaocheng (now Lankao County, Henan Province) in Suizhou in the Jin Dynasty. Kaocheng was the ancient state of Dai, so he called himself Dairen.He has a bold personality and likes to be close to the working people. Because of his remarkable curative effect, he is well-known in the medical field, so in the Xingding period (1217-1222 A.D.), he was appointed as an imperial physician by the imperial court.But he was ashamed of "singing promises (bowing) before welcoming and seeing off the chief official", so he resigned and returned to his hometown soon after.After that, he discussed medicine with Ma Jiuchou, Chang Hui and others, and wrote "Confucianism and Relationship", which concentratedly reflected his academic thoughts and medical experience.Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the medical profession has been addicted to tonics, which has hindered the development of medicine and actually delayed many patients.Zhang Congzheng witnessed the disadvantages of the times, and pointed out the mistake of excessive application of tonics in previous prescriptions, and believed that "ancient prescriptions cannot completely cure current diseases."He inherited Liu Wansu's academic thinking and developed it.Emphasize that no matter where the pathogens come from, they are not inherent in the human body. Once the disease is caused, it must be treated.If it is treated with tonifying methods, it is like "Gun submerging the flood", which actually surrounds the disease, and once it collapses, disasters will never follow.Zhang Congzheng is best at treating diseases with the three methods of sweating, vomiting, and vomiting. He once said that "the three methods of sweating and vomiting should be cured."But his three methods of attacking evil are not limited to sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting. He said: "Such as drooling, sneezing, and chasing tears, those who go up and down all spit out methods; Xie shavings], washing, ironing, acupuncture, Bianstone shooting, guiding, massage, all those who relieve the appearance are perspiration methods; It can be seen that his methods of treating diseases are diverse, and he has made contributions to the development of therapeutics.The reason why Zhang Congzheng emphasizes attacking evil is because the purpose of attacking evil is to restore vitality, the so-called "there is no real supplement in the non-replenishment".His opinion on the use of tonics is not to abuse tonics if there is no disease; if the evil accumulation is not exhausted, first attack the evil and then discuss tonic;It further emphasizes that food tonic is more important, and believes that the pure rice porridge can also help righteousness and make evil spirits retreat.According to his academic ideas, people call the academic school he founded "the attacking evil school".Wang Shixiong, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, praised him: "Since ancient times, there is no one who is good at curing diseases like Dai Ren. He is not only good at the three methods of sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea."

Li Gao (1180-1251 AD), courtesy name Mingzhi.A native of Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei).In the pre-Qin Dynasty, it was really called Dongyuan, and Li Gao lived here for generations, so he called himself Dongyuan Old Man in his later years, and later generations often called him Li Dongyuan.He was born in the Jin Dynasty and died in the Yuan Dynasty.Although Li Gao was born in a wealthy family, he has a good reputation for being honest, loyal and trustworthy, and living a rigorous life.Li Gao's mother was seriously ill, and ordered several doctors in the village to treat her, but all the doctors insisted on warming cold and hot, and each insisted on their own words. They tried all the medicines, but they still died.Until his death, he didn't even know what disease he was suffering from.Li Gao regretted his mother's death due to his ignorance of medical principles, and decided to study medicine to make up for his mistakes.So he prepared a lot of belongings, and went to the door to learn from the old man Zhang Yuanyuan in Yishui.Zhang Element, whose character is Jiegu.Contemporaneous with Liu Wansu but slightly younger, the doctor's name was written at the same time as Liu Wansu.Zhang seldom uses ancient prescriptions to treat diseases, and he is his own family law.Emphasis on internal injuries, emphasizing strengthening the body, once said that "cultivating the body and accumulating self-elimination is like a gentleman full of seats, even if there is a small person, he will come out of nowhere."He wrote "Medical Qiyuan", "Jie Gu Jiazhen", "Pearl Sac", etc., and founded the Yishui School. His disciple Li Gao's "Bulking Soil School", and the Ming Dynasty Wenbu School are actually the development of the Yishui School.Therefore, later generations praised Liu Wansu and Zhang Yuansu: "Since Liu and Zhang came out, the method of Xuan Qi will be corrected." Li Gao studied medicine with Zhang Yuansu for several years, and returned with all his teachings.Afterwards, the plague was prevalent, and there was an infectious disease commonly known as "Big Head Skyline", which killed the most people.Li Gao searched for the source of the scriptures and formulated a prescription, which proved to be very effective after treating many people, so he printed and posted the prescription or distributed it to various places, and it was very effective after people used it.At that time, people thought that it must be passed on by immortals, so they engraved a stele and it will last forever. This is the famous prescription "Puji Xiaoxiaoyin" that is still in clinical use today.The Southern Song Dynasty, when Li Gao lived, coincided with the chaotic war between the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Military disasters, natural disasters, and diseases made people's lives extremely unstable.Hunger, toil, and a turbulent social environment became the objective conditions for Li Gao's "spleen and stomach internal injury theory".He believes that people are based on the spleen and stomach, and if the spleen and stomach are injured, the vitality will not be sufficient, and all diseases will arise from this.The causes of damage to the spleen and stomach are mainly injury from eating and drinking, overwork and epidemics, and injuries from the seven emotions.When treating diseases, he is good at supplementing the vitality of the upper, middle and lower triple energizers on the basis of nourishing the spleen and stomach.Therefore, he is known as the master of the "Bu Tu School".The famous doctor Wang Haoguyuan studied under Zhang Yuanyuan at the same time as him, and later studied medicine from him, which shows that the theory of spleen and stomach was very popular among doctors at that time, and famous doctors in later generations also gave his theory a high evaluation. Externally, Zong Zhongjing, internally hurt Zong Dongyuan".Li Gao's handed down works include Distinguishing Puzzles from Internal and External Injuries, Treatise on Spleen and Stomach, Secret Collection of Orchid Chamber, and Medical Inventions, etc. Some prescriptions created by him are still widely used today.

Zhu Zhenheng (1281-1358 A.D.), styled Yanxiu, was born in Yiwu (now Yiwu County, Zhejiang Province) in the Yuan Dynasty.Because Danxi flows through his residence, people respectfully called him "Danxi Weng" in his later years, and later generations called him Zhu Danxi.Zhu was a Confucian for generations. He was talented and intelligent. He could compose poems and Fu at the age of six. People at that time regarded him as a "child prodigy".In his early years, he managed his son's business. At the age of 30, all doctors were helpless because of his mother's illness, so he aspired to be a doctor.Self-study "Su Wen" for three years, and I learned something, so I personally treated my mother for two years, and my mother's illness gradually recovered.Therefore, recalling that my father, uncle, uncle, and wife were all accidents due to mistreatment by local doctors, my heart was very heavy, and my ambition to study medicine was strengthened.He once traveled to find famous teachers, which lasted for five years.Later, he heard that Luo Zhiti was very knowledgeable, so he sincerely came to ask for advice, but was turned away.Luo Zhiti, styled Zijing, named Taiyuan.Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people.I got the biography of Jingshan Futu, a disciple of Liu Wansu, and bypassed the theory of Zhang Congzheng and Li Gao.However, he is tired of things, has a narrow temperament (bian flat), and is difficult to get along with.But Zhu Cheng was still sincere, and he stood outside the door for three months, and was scolded five or seven times, even in thunderstorms, he did not waver.Luo was deeply moved, and knew that he already had a medical name. After welcoming him in, he saw that he was indeed a man of extraordinary demeanor and conversation, so he accepted him as his disciple.Luo Zhiti taught Zhenheng the theories of Liu, Zhang, and Li, and analyzed the academic gist of each school to Zhu Zhenheng, using the theory of "Nei Jing" as the criterion for judging right from wrong.Zhu Zhenheng learned all he had learned and returned. After years of hard research and diligent practice, he created the theory of "Xianghuo" and "Yang is always surplus, and Yin is often insufficient". It is the pioneer of "Yin Nourishing School".Zhu Zhenheng once studied under Xu Qian, a famous Confucianist in the Yuan Dynasty, and specialized in the study of Zhu Zi (Zhu Xi, a great Confucian in the Song Dynasty), so his Confucianism literacy is very deep.Neo Confucianism is a school of philosophy that "explains meaning and reason while talking about life".Zhu Zhenheng was the first person to combine Neo-Confucianism with medical theory, which is reflected in his medical works.Later Neo Confucianism played a certain role in promoting the development of medical theory, and it was most prominent in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.His theory of nourishing yin believes that human yin essence is the material basis of life activities, which is difficult to form, and because of the limitless lust, the human body often presents a situation of excess yang and insufficient yin.Yin does not control yang, which makes the relative fire easy to act rashly and consumes yin essence. Therefore, it is advocated abstinence in life, and attention should be paid to nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment.After this theory came out, it has been paid attention to by doctors of all ages.There is still Danxi Academy in Japan. It can be seen that Zhu Zhenheng's theory has had a profound influence on Japanese Han medicine for more than 600 years.There are many works by him, and there are more than 30 kinds signed by Zhu Zhenheng, including those compiled by his disciples, and there are also individual works that were entrusted by later generations.Among his works, "Ge Zhi Yu Lun" and "The Play of Bureau Fang" are the most influential.Zhu Zhenheng has many disciples, the most accomplished one is Wang Lu (word An Dao), author of "Medicine Classics Su Hui Ji", etc., Dai Sigong (character Yuan Li), author of "Syndrome and Treatment Essentials", "Tui Qiu Shi Yi" and so on. Both of them were promoted to the early Ming Dynasty with their medical skills.