Chapter 7 Section 1 Chinese Medicine

Medicine and medicine are inseparable. The formation and development of Chinese materia medica are not only closely related to social production practices, but also closely related to medical activities in the past dynasties.Here we focus on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the main works of herbal medicine in ancient times. "Book of Commerce Shuo Ming" says: "If the medicine can't stop the dizziness, the sickness can't be cured." It means that if there is no abnormal reaction after taking the medicine, then the disease cannot be cured.It shows that people have realized that the bias of drugs must be used to treat diseases.Later, the various biases of medicines were summarized and raised into a theory, which was called "four qi" and "five flavors".

The theory of four qi and five flavors originated from the "Huangdi Neijing".The four qi, also known as the four natures, are the four medicinal properties of cold, heat, warm and cool.It corresponds to the cold and heat of the disease syndrome.Cold or cool medicines can treat heat syndrome, such as gypsum, coptis, skullcap, etc.; hot or warm medicines can treat cold syndrome, such as aconite, dried ginger, evodia [zhuyu Zhu Yu], etc.Cold and cool medicines have the functions of clearing away heat, purging fire, and detoxification;Hot and warm, cold and cool are only differences of degree.

The five flavors are the pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty tastes of medicines, and the light flavor is attached to the sweet.The five flavors are divided into yin and yang, and have different functions. "Suwen Zhizhenyao Dalun" said: "Sweet and sweet diverge as yang, sour and bitter as yin, salty as yin, and bland as yang." Combined with the experience of doctors in the past dynasties, it is generally believed that The pungent medicine can disperse and act, and is often used for exterior syndrome or Qi and blood stagnation syndrome.Such as ephedra to relieve the exterior and dissipate cold;Sweet medicines can nourish, harmonize, and relieve pain. They are often used for deficiency syndrome or acute pain, such as ginseng and astragalus tonify qi;Mild medicines can permeate dampness and diuresis, and are often used for water-dampness internal stop syndrome, such as coix seed and talc.Medicines with a sour taste can be absorbed and astringent, and are often used for sweating and diarrhea syndromes, such as Schisandra chinensis for sweating;Bitter medicine clears diarrhea and dries dampness, and is often used for heat syndrome or dampness syndrome, such as Coptis chinensis for purging fire, Cangzhu for drying dampness, etc.Salty medicine can soften firmness, and is often used for constipation and lumps, such as mirabilite for softening firmness and purging; oysters for softening firmness and dispelling stagnation, etc.Generally speaking, each medicine not only has one flavor, but also has many flavors. Therefore, the functions of each medicine are also multi-faceted.

Zhang Yuanyuan, a famous medical scientist in the Jin Dynasty, based on the "Internal Classics", elaborated on the smell of medicines, Yin and Yang, and established the theory of medicine's ups and downs.He believes that the rising, falling, sinking, and floating of medicines are related to the thickness and thinness of the smell, yin and yang, different parts of the medicine, and different processing and compatibility.Generally speaking, any medicine that tastes pungent and sweet, warm and hot in nature, and light in texture, such as flowers, stems, and leaves, is yang in nature, and most of them can rise and float, and have the functions of raising yang, releasing, and dispelling cold. leaves, cassia twigs and the like.Relatively bitter, sour, salty, cold, cool in nature, and heavy in texture, such as seeds, fruits, roots, and mineral medicines, etc., are Yin in nature, and most of them can settle, descending and inward, and have the functions of clearing away heat, purging, and expelling dampness. , reducing adverse effects, suppressing yang, astringent, etc., such as rhubarb, oyster, peony, magnet and the like.In addition, when the drug is fried with wine, it will rise; if it is fried with ginger juice, it will loosen;The ups and downs of drugs is one of the principles of clinical medication, and it is essential to know.

The meridian tropism theory of medicine refers to the theory of the role location of medicine.Although it comes from the "Nei Jing", it does not explain the specific medicine.There are also records that are close to returning to the scriptures.It was still Zhang Yuanyuan, a famous doctor in the Jin Dynasty, who clearly put forward the theory of returning to the scriptures. He noted the returning to the classics of each medicine in the books "Pearl Sac" and "Medical Origin · Medication Preparation".He believes that if the medicine belongs to its meridian, then the power is dedicated to the macro, and the curative effect is remarkable.For example, Coptis chinensis relieves heart fire; Scutellaria baicalensis clears lung heat;The above-mentioned medicines are all cold in nature, and they all have the effect of clearing away heat and purging fire, but they act on different parts of the body, and the scope of application is naturally different.In clinical practice, we must pay attention to the coincidence of the meridian distribution of the medicine with the location of the disease, so as to exert the effect of the medicine on curing the disease.

The theory of the harmony of the seven emotions refers to the theory of the compatibility of drugs, which originated from the earliest pharmacy monograph in my country during the Qin and Han Dynasties.The so-called seven emotions refer to the compatibility relationship between the six medicines of "Xiangxu", "Xiangshi", "Contrary", "Mutual killing", "Helping each other", and "Fearing each other". After compatibility, single use of a single medicine, collectively known as seven emotions.Compatibility means that the two drugs have similar functions, and their effects can be significantly enhanced when they are used together; mutual interaction means that one drug is the main drug, and the other drugs are supplemented, and the effect of the main drug can be improved when used together; on the contrary, when the drugs are used together, they will produce toxicity; if one drug If the toxicity of another medicine is restricted, then the former is a relationship of killing the latter, and the latter is a relationship of fear if the latter is restricted by the former; if one medicine reduces or loses the original effect of the other medicine, it is a mutual hatred.When using clinical medicine, it is better to choose the phase muster and the phase messenger, and do not use the opposite medicine.If it is poisonous, it should be restricted, and the compatibility rules of killing each other and fearing each other can be used.

According to content analysis, even if there was a "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" from the "Three Generations", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" are not a book. "Emperor Century" says: "Yan Emperor Shennong, who was longer than Jiangshui, began to teach the world to cultivate five grains and eat them, so as to save life, taste grass and trees, spread medicine to cure diseases, save the sky and hurt people's lives, and the people use it every day without knowing it. Four volumes of Materia Medica." According to this ancient legend, Materia Medica was written under the name Shennong.It is the earliest surviving monograph on pharmacology in my country.The original book has long been lost.The version that is circulating now is compiled from later generations of herbal works.It was not written by one person at a time, but it was written in the Qin and Han Dynasties.Although it was written under the name "Shen Nong", it actually summarizes the knowledge of pharmacology accumulated in the Han Dynasty.A total of 365 kinds of medicines are recorded, and the classification method of upper, middle and lower grades of medicines is established, and the pharmacological theories such as four qi and five flavors and the harmony of seven emotions are systematically expounded, which is the foundation of ancient pharmacology.

Wu Pu, a disciple of Hua Tuo during the Han and Wei dynasties, wrote "Wu Pu Materia Medica", which is based on the book and contains 441 kinds of medicines.The book cites a large number of ancient documents, reflecting that various herbal works or documents written by the names of Shennong, Huangdi, Qi Bo, Lei Gong, Tong Jun, Bian Que, Yihe, etc. can still be seen in the late Han and early Wei dynasties.His book had a great influence on the later works of Materia Medica, and it was lost in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there were copies of "Wu Pu Materia Medica" recorded in "Lei Zheng Materia Medica", "Taiping Yulan", and other books. survived to this day.

Tao Hongjing of the Liang Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, in view of the mistakes in the copying of the scriptures, "the three grades are mixed, the cold and hot are wrong [chuan Chuan], the grass and rocks are not distinguished, the insects and animals are not distinguished, and the indications have gains and losses for each other." A summary was made and compiled into "The Collection of Notes on Materia Medica".Tao Hongjing, courtesy name Tongming, was born in Moling, Danyang (now Jurong, Jiangsu).Erudite and talented, he followed Buddhism and Taoism, lived in seclusion in Juqu Mountain, and called himself Huayang Tao, but cared about government affairs, and often consulted him when the court had something to do, so he was called "Prime Minister in the Mountain".He has written a lot and has a wide range.In terms of medicine, he has made great contributions to herbal medicine, prescriptions, and health preservation. "Compendium of Materia Medica" contains 730 kinds of medicines, so that the contents of "Bielu of Famous Doctors" can be preserved in later generations. "Bielu of Famous Doctors" is supplemented by physicians since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, such as Li Dangzhi (author of "Li Dangzhi Yaolu"), Wu Pu, etc. "Compendium of Materia Medica" improved the method of drug classification, basically according to the natural properties of drugs into seven categories: jade, vegetation, insects, fruits, vegetables, rice, famous and unused.All the original texts are written with ink pens; the supplementary content is written with ink pens to preserve the original appearance.This book occupies an important position in the history of the development of Materia Medica.

In the Tang Dynasty, my country appeared the first pharmacopoeia promulgated by the state in the world, more than 800 years earlier than the famous "Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia" in Europe. This is "Xinxiu Materia Medica", referred to as "Tang Materia Medica". "Xinxiu Materia Medica" contains 850 kinds of medicines, with rich pictures and texts, and is divided into three parts: text, pictures and picture classics.The text describes the properties, flavors, indications, and usage of each medicine; the pictures are the shape pictures and text descriptions of medicines collected from all over the country when editing the book; the contents of the pictures are the forms, collection and firing methods of medicines.After the Tang Dynasty, the main texts were all collected in books such as "Zheng Lei Materia Medica", while the pictures and pictures were lost long ago. After the publication of "Xinxiu Materia Medica", it was quickly introduced to North Korea, Japan and other countries, which shows its great influence at home and abroad.It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the fragments of the manuscripts copied from the 13th and 14th centuries were discovered from Ninnaji Temple in Japan, and it was only because of the rough appearance of "Xinxiu Materia Medica" that it was rediscovered.

After "Xinxiu Materia Medica", Chen Zangqi's "Materia Medica Supplements" and Li Xun's "Haiyao Materia Medica" were the most influential folk herbal works.Li Xun, courtesy name Derun.A native of Zizhou (now Santai, Sichuan), his ancestral home is Persia.The Li family is engaged in the operation of fragrant medicines. "Haiyao Materia Medica" is a herbal book mainly focusing on imported medicines from overseas.Both books were lost, and most of the contents were quoted by other cursive scripts and survived. The court of the Song Dynasty organized scholars to revise the Materia Medica twice, namely "Kaibao Materia Medica", which contains 983 kinds of medicines; "Jiayou Materia Medica", which contains 1082 kinds of medicines. During the editing process of "Jiayou Materia Medica", the imperial court ordered the whole country to collect drug specimens and graphics produced in more than 150 states and counties. Su Song edited and completed the first drug map drawn and engraved by the government in China—— "Ben Cao Tu Jing".The book is very practical, but it is a pity that it was lost early, and its main content is preserved in "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" and "Zheng Lei Materia Medica". Tang Shenwei's "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" was the most successful among the cursive scripts compiled by personal efforts during this period.Tang Shenwei, whose style name is Shenyuan, was born in a world-class doctor and devoted himself to medicine rather than being an official.No matter rich or poor, high or low, he sees a doctor, and he will go there when he is invited, and he will not get paid for the treatment. He only asks for the secret records of famous prescriptions. Any scholar who finds records about medicine from the classics and history books is willing to give him the records.Therefore, on the basis of extensive collection, he finally compiled "Jingshi Zhenglei Beiji Materia Medica", referred to as "Zhenglei Materia Medica". "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" contains 1746 kinds of medicines, "from the classics and history, to the immortal scriptures and Taoist books, to catch the theory of hundreds of schools, and to collect and record."The collection of traditional Chinese medicine before the Song Dynasty, its scale and academic value surpassed any pharmacopoeia organized and edited by the Tang and Song dynasties.Li Shizhen once thought: "It is all the merits of the herbal medicines and the single prescriptions of various medicines that have survived through the ages." It can be seen that Tang Shenwei has made a very important contribution to the development of Chinese medicine. After "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" was published, it was revised several times by the court and promulgated throughout the country, such as "Daguan Materia Medica", "Zhenghe Materia Medica", "Shaoxing Materia Medica" and so on. "Materia Medica Yanyi" is another very influential book on Materia Medica in Song Dynasty.Compiled by Kou Zongshi [shi is].Kou Ben was a county magistrate in Lizhou (now Lixian County, Hunan Province), and he attached great importance to pharmacological research.The book contains 460 commonly used drugs, and discusses in detail the properties, flavors, effects, authenticity, and identification of drugs, and many inventions. Later generations of clinicians attach great importance to this book. The characteristic of herbal works in the Jin and Yuan dynasties is to discuss commonly used drugs in combination with clinical practice.The scale is small, but its academic value cannot be underestimated.For example, Zhang Yuanyuan's "Pearl Sac" established the theory of ups and downs, ups and downs and the meridians of medicines; Precautions and taboos for medication according to location, condition, and prescription characteristics.Zhu Zhenheng's "Materia Medica Yanyi Supplement" and Wang Haogu's "Soup Liquid Materia Medica" are also influential. In the Ming Dynasty, there were the most herbal scripts compiled by individuals, such as Wang Jiezhai's "Materia Medica Collection", Chen Tingcai's "Materia Medica Mengqi", Ni Chunyu's "Materia Medica Huiyan", Zhu Wei's "Materia Medica for Rescuing Famines", and Lan Tingxiu's "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica" , Miao Zhongchun's "Materia Medica" and so on have their own characteristics.But the most eye-catching one is Li Shizhen's. The scale, academic achievements and domestic and international influence of this pharmacological masterpiece can be called unprecedented.It contains 1,892 kinds of medicines, with more than 1,000 medicine pictures and more than 11,000 prescriptions.This book corrected some errors in previous cursive books, systematically described the knowledge of various medicines, and proposed the most advanced drug classification method at that time, such as gold, jade, stone, and brine for gold and stone; , Fangcao, Xixi (xixi)grass, poisonous weed, vine grass, aquatic grass, stone grass, moss, weeds and famous unused, etc.;The classification criteria are based on the natural properties and ecological conditions of the drug.His book synthesizes the knowledge of botany, zoology, mineralogy, metallurgy and other disciplines before the 16th century in our country. "Summary of Siku Quanshu" praised: ""History of Ming Dynasty Fang Ji Zhuan" is extremely well-known, and there is no one who has collected the great achievements of herbal medicine." After publication, it quickly spread abroad and was translated into many languages. big impact. The most important herbal works in the Qing Dynasty belonged to Zhao Xuemin's "Compendium of Materia Medica Supplements" and Wu Qijun's "Plant Names and Facts".Zhao Xuemin, courtesy name Shuxuan, nicknamed Yiji.Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people.His father originally hoped that he would practice his son's career, but he was very good at reading, and he dabbled in all kinds of science, such as ephemeris, medicine, divination, and alchemy, and he was especially fond of medicine.He often and his younger brother silently draw bronze figures (acupuncture points) as plays.Seeing this, his father put his family's Tibetan medical books in a separate hospital - "Yangsu Garden", and set aside a piece of land as a medicine garden, and ordered the two brothers to live alone in the garden to study medicine.After becoming an adult, his younger brother Xuekai wrote "Baicao Mirror" and "Saving the Sea of ​​Suffering", while Xuemin wrote more abundantly, including "Twelve Kinds of Liji Medicine".Among them, the most famous ones are "Chuan Ya" (a collection of prescription medical experience) and "Compendium of Materia Medica Supplements". "Compendium of Materia Medica Supplements" contains 921 kinds of medicines, of which 716 kinds are not recorded or described in detail.The book contains folk effective herbal medicines, exotic medicines, and the production process of western medicine dew, etc. The content is very rich.Wu Qijun, courtesy name Yanzhai, nicknamed Yunlou Nong.He once served as editor of the Imperial Academy, Xuezheng in Jiangxi and Hubei, Minister of the Ministry of War, and governor or governor of Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Shanxi and other places.Therefore, he has the conditions to extensively collect plant specimens from all over the world, and draw them into maps, referring to more than 800 kinds of ancient herbal medicines and related documents. After seven years, he compiled "Plant Names and Facts Maps".This book is the first large-scale regional flora in my country. It collects 1914 species of plants. In addition to describing the morphology, it focuses on the unity of plant names and original plants, as well as the medicinal value of plants, and corrects some mistakes in previous herbal books. .He has made important contributions to plant taxonomy and herbalism. "Plant Research on Plant Names and Facts" has also spread overseas and has a certain reputation.