Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Papermaking Technology in the Song and Yuan Dynasties

Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty in 960, with its capital in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), known as the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 A.D.).But since then, the Liao, Jin and Xixia regimes established by the minority aristocrats and the Han landlord class successively appeared in the north.Under the attack of the Jin Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty moved its capital to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) to establish the Pian'an court, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD) in history.After the decline of the Jin Dynasty in the north, the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) established by Mongolian nobles destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and ruled the country for more than a hundred years.The Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties lasted for 409 years, which is the mature stage of Chinese papermaking.Although the society in this historical period was repeatedly war-torn, China’s science and technology, driven by the four great inventions of gunpowder, papermaking, compass, and printing, achieved a high level of development in the Song Dynasty, completing innovations in a series of technical fields, while in the natural sciences It has also achieved outstanding results.At this time, compared with the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the papermaking raw materials had new developments, and the development of bamboo paper and rice-wheat straw paper marked a new era in the history of papermaking.The papermaking area, paper varieties and processing technology are developing in a wider direction.The use of paper has once again spread to all aspects in society.As far as the bulk paper industry is concerned, if most of the paper in the Tang Dynasty was used for copying, then most of the paper in the Song and Yuan Dynasties was used for printing, and the consumption was not comparable to that in the Tang Dynasty.At the same time as the rise of bamboo paper, the emergence of large-scale high-quality leather paper is also a feature that is different from the previous generation in this period.China's papermaking technology has achieved all-round development, new technologies have emerged continuously, and paper processing patterns have been refurbished, which is praised by later generations.Due to the development of papermaking technology, special works on paper appeared at this time, which was unprecedented in the previous generation.It is more convenient for us to study the papermaking technology of the Song and Yuan Dynasties because we have mastered a large number of paper relics handed down from ancient times and unearthed a large number of paper relics and rich literature records.

From the perspective of papermaking principles, the development from hemp paper to skin paper is a technological progress, and the development from only using woody plant bast fibers to papermaking with whole plant stems is another technological progress.Bamboo paper is made from the whole stem of bamboo through a series of complicated processes.Bamboo paper blossomed at the end of the Tang Dynasty and bore fruit in the Song Dynasty. Its production was the first of its kind in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, because the raw materials used for wood pulp papermaking were also stem fibers.The development from bamboo paper to wood pulp paper is another technological progress after the industrial revolution, but this time it is the turn of this progress to start in Western countries.The real development of bamboo paper happened after the Northern Song Dynasty, and the earliest bamboo paper specimens we have seen so far were also made after the Northern Song Dynasty.However, the earliest use of bamboo to make paper in Europe began in 1875. According to Western literature, at that time, the British Thomas Routledge wrote a booklet on bamboo paper, a total of 40 pages, all printed on bamboo paper. become.However, compared with China, it is nearly a thousand years later.China's Yangtze River Basin and Jiangnan provinces, and even the southern part of the Yellow River Basin, are rich in various bamboo materials.According to incomplete statistics, there are as many as 50 kinds of bamboo suitable for papermaking, with large output and wide distribution. Papermaking from bamboo is indeed a great invention in the history of papermaking.The fiber cell content of the whole bamboo accounts for 60%-70% of the total cell area ratio, which provides a rich source of fiber for papermaking.Bamboo is wild in various places and is cheap and easy to get. It is basically in a leading position in the competition with other raw materials.However, it must also be pointed out that while a large amount of bamboo paper is produced every year, it also means a sharp decline in the natural bamboo forest. Bamboo is a very favorite plant in China and plays a significant role in embellishing the beauty of the motherland. Said: "I would rather eat without meat than live without bamboo." On the one hand, the paper industry provides good writing and printing materials for the development of civilization, on the other hand, it destroys natural resources and destroys the ecological balance of the environment. Civilization itself poses a threat.The best way is to cut down and plant trees at the same time, and accept the historical lesson of the destruction of large vine forests along the Shanxi River in the Tang Dynasty.

Su Shi wrote nine words in "Dongpo Zhilin": "People today use bamboo as paper, which has never existed in ancient times." It can be seen that bamboo paper is still a new thing in the minds of people in the Northern Song Dynasty.Zhou Mi, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in Guixin Miscellaneous Knowledge Preliminary Collection: "At the end of Chunxi (AD 1174-1189), bamboo paper began to be used, and the height was several inches, and the width was more than a foot." In the Song Dynasty, the bamboo paper made in the south has attracted the attention and love of some literati.Su Yijian, a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, said in "The Four Books of the Study · Paper Book": "Today, there are young bamboos used as paper in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, such as secret books. No one dares to dismantle and distribute them. The cover will crack easily and will not stick again." Here The so-called "Jiangsu and Zhejiang" should not be understood as Jiangsu and Zhejiang as they are today, but actually refer to the area around Zhejiang.This is to say that the bamboo paper made in the early Northern Song Dynasty has little pulling force, and it is easy to break when it is removed by people, so it is pretending to write secret letters.Mi Fu once said that he began to write on Zhejiang bamboo paper when he was 50 years old.Later, Zhejiang bamboo paper gradually became famous all over the world.In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Yu (youyou)'s "Negative Xuan Yelu" says: "The bamboo paper armor of today's Yue is in other places." , beat it repeatedly to make the fuzz go away, and the bones and muscles are clear. It is called pounding ointment, and its color is like wax. If you use good ink to write characters, its light can be learned (can illuminate people), so Wu Jian came out, and then with Shu produces to compete." The quality of bamboo paper improved in the Southern Song Dynasty.Shi Su, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, believed that bamboo paper has five advantages in the volume of Jiatai's "Huaiji Zhi": smooth surface, good ink absorption, easy to move the brush, unchanged ink color, and great moth resistance.The last advantage may be slightly exaggerated. In fact, bamboo paper has the worst moth resistance, but its main advantage is that it is cheap and easy to get.

Jiatai's "Huaiji Zhi" also wrote: "Nowadays, only bamboo paper is famous in the world, and others can follow it. It can't be like it, so it is flooded with rattan paper." It also introduces Yao Huang's paper, bachelor's paper and Shao Gong's paper in bamboo paper. Other titles refer to the small bamboo paper used by Song people to write poems, such as those used by Su Shi and Wang Anshi.Mi Fu's "Yuezhou Bamboo Paper Poems" said: "Yueyun (bamboo) ten thousand pestles are like gold plates, and Hangzhou oil and pool cocoons are used safely." The first sentence says that Zhejiang bamboo paper is yellow, and the latter sentence says it can be compared with the famous Hangzhou You Boxing paper and Chizhou Chu skin paper fight against each other.Mi Fu used dozens of sheets of bamboo paper to study books and write poems every day.According to the local chronicles of Zhejiang, the raw materials used for bamboo paper in Kuaiji (now Shaoxing) include moss bamboo, bitter bamboo, and light bamboo.Mi Fu’s Coral Tie (26.5cm×47cm) in the Palace Museum in Beijing, as well as the Song Dynasty copies of Wang Xizhi’s After the Rain Tie and Wang Xianzhi’s Mid-Autumn Tie are all bamboo paper, and the paper used by Mi Fu is probably the Kuaiji of the Song Dynasty bamboo paper. "Coral Piece" is light yellow in color, with a smooth surface and calendered, like a gold plate as he described it. He also painted a coral on the paper.But this kind of paper tends to have more fiber bundles than leather paper.In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, bamboo paper was not only used for writing, but also used for printing books in large quantities.Song and Yuan blocks are centered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Jianyang, Fujian, Chengdu, Sichuan, Jizhou, Jiangxi, etc., and are divided into official, private, and square blocks, and the Guozijian version is the most excellent.The Fujian version is widely circulated, almost mostly printed on bamboo paper.I have examined the "Historical Records Collection Jie Suoyin" collected in the Beijing Library in the seventh year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1171), "Pi (pipi) Lu Dazang" in the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (AD 1148); Books such as "Shilin Guangji" in Jianyang, "Wang's Pulse Classic" in the third year of Tianli (AD 1330), and "Tang Law Shuyi" in the third year of Zhishun (AD 1332) are all bamboo paper.The "Great Compassion Heart Dharani Sutra" funded and printed by Hu Ze in the second year of Mingdao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1033) is an earlier fine bamboo paper print. The Sutra is also printed on better bamboo paper.

Su Yijian's "Scholar's Four Books·Paper Book" also mentioned that "Zhejiang people use wheat stalks and rice stalks as crisp and thin. Wheat grass and oil vines are especially good."It can be seen that in the Northern Song Dynasty, wheat stalks and rice stalks were used to make paper in the 10th century.Previously, some people believed that the first record of straw used in Chinese papermaking was in 1521. In fact, straw paper was already recorded more than 500 years ago.In the world, papermaking from herbaceous plant fibers still originated in China, while it was only in Europe from 1857 to 1860 that Spanish thatch was used to make paper for the first time.This grass is wild in Spain and North Africa, but was not promoted later.And China is still making paper with grass fiber from the 10th century until today.However, the early papyrus was brittle and thin because it was a short-fiber raw material. Later, "fire paper" used in superstition, toilet paper, and wrapping paper mostly used this type of paper.Due to insufficient supply of raw materials, rattan paper, which was once popular in the Jin and Tang Dynasties, gradually withdrew from the stage of history in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Hemp paper was only produced in limited areas, and the output no longer dominated, giving way to bamboo paper and leather paper.This is a major evolution of papermaking raw materials during the Song and Yuan dynasties.Bamboo paper and vellum paper became the dominant paper types, and this trend continued until the late Qing Dynasty at the end of the 19th century.Vellum paper was mostly used in calligraphy and painting, engraved editions, and public and private documents in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and its output and quality were far higher than those of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.Although painters have high requirements on picture materials when they create freehand brushwork or meticulous coloring, Song and Yuan parchments fully meet all the requirements.Therefore, a new trend in the history of art is that painters prefer and get used to painting on parchment, just as calligraphers use parchment.Painting on leather paper can sometimes produce different artistic effects from painting on silk, especially the leather paper used for splash-ink landscape and ink sketching is most suitable for expressing the artist's expressive techniques.In the history of calligraphy and painting, the famous Mi Fu's "Tiaoxi Poems", "Light Ink Autumn Mountain Poems" and Su Shi's "Renlai De Calligraphy" all use calendered mulberry paper, while the paper of "Tiaoxi Poems" is also coated with white mineral powder.Su Shi's "Three Horses Picture Praise" and Huang Gongwang's (AD 1269-1354) "Xishanyuyiyi" (29.5 cm × 105.5 cm) are all made of mulberry paper.In addition, such as Li Jianzhong (AD 945-1018) "Guizhai Tie", Su Shi's "New Year's Unaccepted Tie", Song Huizong Zhao Ji's "Summer Poems", Fa Chang (AD 1176-1239) "Ink Sketching" , "Hundred Flowers" by Song Dynasty, "Snow Fishing Picture" by Guo Xu and "Ink Bamboo Picture" by Li Jin (wu polluted) of Yuan Dynasty, "Congqi Picture" by Zhao Mengfu, "Xiuyexuan Picture" by Zhu Derun, "Shuanghook Bamboo" by Zhang Xun ", etc., all use leather paper, the surface is smooth and white, the fibers are evenly intertwined, and they are all high-quality paper.

The engraved books of the Song and Yuan Dynasties also mostly used leather paper.For example, "Buddha Says Aviyue Zhizhe Sutra" (engraved in AD 973 and published in AD 1108) in the Northern Song Dynasty Kaibao Collection in the Beijing Library uses high-grade mulberry paper, which is waxed and dyed yellow on both sides, that is, yellow wax paper.In the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, Shicaitang engraved "The Collection of Mr. Changli" with thin white mulberry paper.In the first year of Jingding in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1260), "Wenyuan Yinghua" was engraved in Jizhou, Jiangxi, Xianchun's "Lin'an Zhi" (about 1270 AD) and the engraved edition of "Mengxi Bitan" in Chaling of the Yuan Dynasty were made of mulberry paper.In addition, Hangzhou engraved the Song version of "Wenxuan Wuchen Zhu", the Southern Song Dynasty Hangzhou engraved "Han Guanyi", Sichuan Meishan engraved "Guo Dynasty Two Hundred Worthy Wencui", Mongolia Dingzong three years (AD 1248) engraved "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" ", are all parchment paper.The famous manuscript of Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, the "Jingyou Qianxiang New Book" written by the inner government in the first year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1078), and the "Hong Fan Zhengjian" written by the inner government in the thirteenth year of Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1186) are also made of leather paper. . 1966-1967 Unearthed at the Huiguang Pagoda in Rui'an, Zhejiang. The engraved "Great Compassion Dharani Sutra" was printed on mulberry paper in the second year of Mingdao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1033).In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, mixed raw material paper was also produced, which was another great achievement.For example, Mi Fu's "Gongyi Tie" and "Xin En Tie" of the Northern Song Dynasty in the Palace Museum in Beijing are made of bamboo and hemp mixed paper, Mi Fu's "Han Guang Tie" is a mixed paper of bamboo and mulberry skin, and his "Three Pictures of Gao's "Poetry" is a mixed paper of hemp and chu.The manufacture of mixed paper has great technical and economic significance, and it can combine the advantages of different raw materials. It is a unique technical route of Chinese papermaking.

In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, in order to expand the source of papermaking raw materials and reduce production costs, old paper was returned to the trough and mixed with new pulp to make recycled paper.This kind of paper was called "resurrection paper" in ancient times.Song Yingxing of the Ming Dynasty said in "Tiangong Kaiwu": "The waste paper was washed to remove the filth of ink and ink, soaked and put into a tank for recycling. The whole province's previous boiling and soaking power... It is called "Resurrection Paper." In 1964, I was appraising the Chinese History Museum. In the fifth year of Qiande in the early Northern Song Dynasty (AD 967), when writing the "Sutra of Rescuing All Living Beings from Suffering", it was found that there were fragments of old paper that had not been crushed on the paper, which was identified as early resurrection paper, and the raw material was hemp fiber. In 1977, I discovered in the Beijing Library that the Jiangxi block edition "Chunqiu Fanlu" in the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1208-1224) was made of mulberry paper, and the pulp also contained old paper.Yuan man Ma Duanlin's "Wen Wen Tong Kao" Volume Nine contains the revived paper when Huguang (now Hunan) and others made paper money "Hui Zi" in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Hunan Cao Sigen brushed the people to fall into the scroll, and the destroyed mocha cited old paper should be The vice-copier will make a meeting." That is to say, use the test papers of the failed candidates to return to the slot, and then copy out the paper and print it into a meeting.It is generally said that the old paper should be steamed and boiled with plant ash water, then washed and smashed, mixed with new pulp and copied into new paper.This achieves the economic purpose of waste utilization and reduction of papermaking costs.The purpose of steaming old paper is to deink and remove greasy dirt.If it is simply made from old paper, the strength of the resulting paper is not good, and it must be mixed with an appropriate amount of fresh pulp.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a wide variety of processed paper and various famous papers appeared.According to literature records, in the Song Dynasty, Sichuan hemp paper had names such as jade scraps and bone scraps. Qingjiang rattan paper in Fuzhou, Jiangxi was firm and slippery without ink. Wu Jian also uses bamboo as a material to compete with Shu paper. The Chengxintang paper imitated in Song Dynasty is especially popular among literati, and the dragon beard paper in Shezhou is smooth and white.There are also yellow and white sutra papers that can be opened and used. The northern mulberry paper is thick and tough, and there are also processed papers such as Biyun paper, spring tree paper, dragon and phoenix paper, tuanhua paper and golden flower paper.Another great achievement of papermaking in the Song Dynasty was the ability to copy a piece of paper three to five feet long (10-18 meters), which was the largest paper in the world at that time. arts".Finally, there are Avalokitesvara curtain paper, Hubai paper, colored powder paper and so on.In the Yuan Dynasty, Shaoxing had colored powder paper, wax paper, yellow paper, flower paper, and rib paper, and Jiangxi had white paper, Guanyin paper, and Qingjiang paper. Calligraphers and painters often used these papers.In addition, there are calendar paper, Yanbo paper and so on.From the name "Bingyi Paper" in the Song Dynasty, we can know that it is dense, thin and white, and it requires superb skills to make this kind of paper.The main production areas are still concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hebei provinces.In art processed paper, the clay gold colored paper initiated in the Tang Dynasty has been further developed in the Song Dynasty. "Song History Yufu Zhi" mentions that palace official documents are made of gold, silver, cloud and silk paper.Yuan Yu (jiong embarrassment) of the Song Dynasty also mentioned in "Fengchuang Xiaodo" that "the emperor's jade documents are mostly written on Jinhua Bailuo paper".The shape of this kind of colored gold and silver paper was born out of silk products, and the cost is quite expensive.It is also commonly used by rich folks when they hold weddings and ceremonies, such as plum red paper and gold painting with auspicious patterns such as wealth and wishfulness, mandijiao, and a hundred sons.Engagement exchange "Gengtie" also uses lacquered gold and silver painted dragon and phoenix pattern paper.The imperial court of the Song Dynasty once banned folk use, but the ban continued.As for colored powder paper and wax paper, they are mostly used for writing and hung indoors as banners.

Among the various colored papers, yellow paper was still used in the Song Dynasty, especially the official documents, manuscripts, and engravings of the inner courts were all stipulated to use yellow paper.Song Dynasty Cheng Ju's "Lintai Story" Volume 2 says: "In the fourth year of Jiayou (1059 A.D.), there were officials who edited and edited books in the pavilion, and then four officials were appointed to edit and proofread. It is correct and wrong, and it is rewritten. It is also written on yellow paper to prevent decay. In the sixth year of Jiayou (AD 1061), the yellow book written on the secret pavilion of Sanguan has 6,496 volumes, and it is a supplementary version. Two thousand nine hundred and fifty-four volumes." This means that the emperor ordered that the lost books in the royal library recorded in "Chongwen Zongmu" be rewritten, and 6,496 volumes were written on yellow paper, and more than a hundred people participated in the copying.Xie Gongjian made in Sichuan in the Song Dynasty was historically as famous as Xue Taojian in the Tang Dynasty.Xie Gong pointed out that Xie Jingchu (AD 1019-1084) had intentionally made ten-color letter paper.Yuanren Fei wrote "Shu  Spectrum" and said, "Xie Gong has ten colors: dark red, pink, apricot red, bright yellow, dark blue, light blue, dark green, light green, copper green, and light cloud, that is, ten colors." Song Dynasty The most famous paper should be the Jinsushan Buddhist scripture paper, referred to as Jinsujian.Jinsu Mountain is located in the southwest of Haiyan, Zhejiang Province. There is a Tripitaka published in the Northern Song Dynasty collected by Jinsu Temple, and there is a vermilion seal on the paper "Jinsu Mountain Tibetan Scripture Paper".According to Dong Gu of the Ming Dynasty in his "Continuing Kanshui Zhi", more than ten thousand volumes of the Tripitaka are stored in the Dabei Pavilion. The volumes are the same, and they were written by one person.There is a Yuanfeng year number (AD 1078-1085), the paper is waxed on both sides and has no texture. It was stolen and scattered all over the place.These papers can still be seen in the Qing Dynasty, and there are dates such as the first year of Zhiping (AD 1064) and the first year of Xining (AD 1068) earlier than Yuanfeng.Paper belonging to the same system also includes yellow wax paper with the seal "Fasi Dazang".Because this paper is precious, calligraphers and painters use it to decorate precious paintings and calligraphy as the beginning.For example, the scrolls of Lu Ji's "Ping Fu Tie" and Wen Zhengming's (AD 1470-1559) "Yi Lan Room Tu" all start with Song Jin Su Jian.

From the perspective of craftsmanship, the golden millet paper of the Song Dynasty is obviously a continuation of the hard yellow paper of the Tang Dynasty.Regarding the raw material of this kind of paper, some people said it was silkworm cocoons, and others said it was bark cloth, which may be due to misunderstanding.I have done a microscopic analysis of this paper, which proved to be mulberry paper.The paper is thicker, and each sheet is made of two layers of thin paper, so it can be peeled into two sheets.Just as Wen Zhenheng of the Ming Dynasty said in "Chang Wu Zhi": "In the Song Dynasty, there were yellow and white Buddhist scripture papers, which can be uncovered." Because the paper was coated with wax and calendered, the curtain pattern on the paper was not obvious.In the 18th century of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong obtained a lot of Song gold millet paper from the south. After peeling off the layers, he printed the "Poromi Heart Sutra" in his handwriting and awarded it to his officials.I have seen this kind of thing, and there is indeed a small red seal on the paper "Jinsushan scripture paper".Zhang Yanchang, a man of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a book "Jinsu Mountain Notes", which described the origin of this paper in detail.There are also special forms of paper in poetry paper and letter paper in Song and Yuan Dynasties, namely Hualian paper (water pattern paper) and calendered paper handed down from the Tang Dynasty.Its manufacturing principle has been mentioned before. In 1973, I saw Li Jianzhong's "Tie of the Same Year" in the Palace Museum in Beijing, which may be the earliest flower curtain paper so far.Li Jianzhong was born in the Five Dynasties, and he became a Jinshi during Taiping Xingguo (976-984 AD) in the Northern Song Dynasty. "Tongnian Tie" is a letter he wrote to a friend who passed the rank in the same year. cm x 33 cm) is mulberry paper with water texture.The Forbidden City also has "Han Ma Tie" (33.2 cm x 33.2 cm) by Mi Fu, a calligrapher and painter of the Northern Song Dynasty. The pattern of pavilions in the clouds is hidden on the paper. This is the early calendered paper handed down from generation to generation.The most interesting thing is that the "Ink Bamboo Picture" (29 cm x 87 cm) by the painter Li Jin during the Song and Yuan Dynasties used a large paper format. When viewed against the light, it can show "geese flying and fish sinking" (seal script) and "river moon" ( Literary) and other characters, and there are patterns of flying geese in the clouds and fish flying underwater.The paper is made of leather, waxed and calendered.Obviously, this kind of wax paper with complex dark lines and patterns can be used for letters, because "Hongyan carries books" and "Yu Chuanchisu" always refer to letters.

Regarding the production of calendered paper, Su Yijian, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote in "The Four Books of the Study · Paper Book" after talking about the method of making ten-color paper in Shu in the Tang and Five Dynasties: If woodblocks carved with textures and patterns are pressed on the paper one by one, "Then hides flowers and trees, Lin Luan, in various shapes and forms."In fact, this is an alternate printing technique, or inkless block printing, which is one of the great inventions of Chinese paper craftsmen.Tao Gu (903-970 A.D.) mentioned in "Qing Yi Lu" that Yao (Qi Ye) [yi Yi]'s nephew was good at making five-color letter paper, light and tight essence, and carved landscapes, forest trees, and folded flowers with agarwood. , Lion and Phoenix, Chongyu, Longevity Star, Eight Immortals, and Zhong Dingwen's complex patterns, and then pressed on colored paper, "the width is different, the patterns are beautiful and fine, and the name is calendered small book".These are calendered papers with beautiful patterns and intricate shapes and textures.This technique has been handed down to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even modern times.As mentioned above, Chengxintang paper, the famous paper of the Five Dynasties, began to be imitated in the Northern Song Dynasty. The earliest imitator was Pan Gu from Shezhou. He was originally an ink-making expert. After getting the pattern, it is imitated.After Mei Yaochen got 300 pieces of Chengxintang paper from Song Dynasty, he said in his poem, "No one has known it for seventy years, but now the production is frivolous."It seems that the imitation is not as thick as the fifth generation, which is for the convenience of use.Although Song imitation is thin, it is still cherished by scholars.Song Taizong once searched and visited ancient ink marks, and in the third year of Chunhua (992 A.D.), he ordered Wang Le to write 10 volumes of "Ge Tie". Stretch the stone, and use Chengxintang paper and Li Tinggui ink to rub it."Chengxintang paper was also used for writing by famous officials in the Song Dynasty and for painting by Li Gonglin.This refers to Song Fang. The Mingren Palace paper and Duanbentang paper in the Yuan Dynasty were artistically processed papers used by the Imperial Palace.Tao Zongyi, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, recorded in "Stop Genglu" that "the Mingren Hall paper is similar to the Duanben Hall paper, with three characters of 'Mingren Hall' written in lacquered official script on it."Mingren Hall is the name of a hall in the Yuan Dynasty, which survived in the early Ming Dynasty.This kind of paper is rare today, but it can be seen in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty imitating Mingren Temple paper. The size is 53 cm x 121.4 cm. It is a yellow powder wax paper with gold and wishful clouds. , this expensive paper can only be used by rulers.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, rib paper and even historical paper also developed from the Song and Yuan Dynasties.The "Shu Jian Pu" written by Fei Ren of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Every paper has Lian Er, Lian San, and Lian Si Jian". "Liansi" is called "Lianshi" after "Liansi", which is soft and white bamboo paper.Ribbed paper has a fine grain of criss-crossing.In the Yuan Dynasty, there was also Gusu paper, which was colored powder paper, and sometimes honeysuckle was printed on it. Silk was mostly used in Chinese painting in the Han, Jin and Tang Dynasties, paper was gradually used in the Tang Dynasty, and leather paper was mostly used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.As the format of the paper gets bigger and bigger, the curtain pattern on the paper also becomes thinner.The drawing paper in the Tang Dynasty was 650 square centimeters, the Song Dynasty averaged 2412 square centimeters, and the Yuan Dynasty was 2937 square centimeters.Song Huizong's cursive script "Thousand-Character Essay" is more than 3 Zhang long, with no seams in the middle. It requires many people to draw curtains at the same time to copy it, which reflects a high degree of skill.The development of epigraphy in archaeology in the Song Dynasty required the ink rubbing of ancient bells and tripods and stone inscriptions. The paper used had to be thin and firm, yet flexible and absorb ink, making it quite difficult to manufacture.The rare books of the Song Dynasty are not only beautiful in writing, but also carefully collated, and the ink and paper are of high quality.Another important use of paper in the Song and Yuan Dynasties was printing currency. China was the first country in the world to issue banknotes.This can save a lot of metal and is easy to carry, which is a revolution in the field of economic circulation.Paper money can be traced back to the flying money of Tang Xianzong (806-820 AD).In the early Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" was used by Sichuan folks, which also played the role of banknotes.In the third year of Kaibao (970 A.D.), money services were set up in the capital (now Kaifeng), and banknotes were recognized by the government.In the first year of Xianping (998 A.D.), the amount of banknotes issued reached 1.7 million min (1,000 coins per min).In the Jin Dynasty, "Pay Notes" were issued, and in the Yuan Dynasty there were treasure notes.Italian Marco Polo (Maro Polo, 1254-1325 A.D.), who traveled to China in the Yuan Dynasty, introduced banknotes to Europe.The banknotes invented in China have been imitated by all countries in the world so far. The widespread use of paper products in the Song and Yuan Dynasties also surpassed that in the Tang and Five Dynasties.There are everything from paper tents, paper clothes, paper umbrellas, paper quilts, paper-cuts, paper flowers, etc.Even the playing cards used in the game are deeply rooted among the people, which is also a Chinese invention.Playing cards evolved from dice made of bamboo slices, which were called "leaf grid" or crane grid in ancient times.It may have existed in the Tang Dynasty, but it was prevalent in the Song Dynasty.Tang dynasty Su E's "Du Yang Miscellaneous Notes" said that "Webster's schools are good for leaf play", that is, playing cards, which is also popular all over the world today.In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, paper shadows were also popular among the people.Wu Zimu's "Mengliang Lu" said: "There are more shadow playmakers, and Bianjing (Kaifeng) first used plain paper to carve clusters" instead of shadow puppets.In old Beijing, there used to be "pull foreign films", which is this kind of game. Because Western characters and scenery were drawn on the paper, it was named "foreign film". ancestor.Paper is also widely used in industrial and agricultural production. In the Song Dynasty, fireworks and firearms were made of gunpowder cartridges, gunpowder bags and leads, and when silkworms were raised, female moths laid eggs on mulberry paper. These were all mentioned in the books at that time. clearly documented. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, water-driven water pestles were sometimes used to replace manpower when pounding paper materials, which freed paper workers from heavy physical labor and improved work efficiency.Water pestles existed in the Han Dynasty, but they were not used in papermaking. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, they gradually changed from agricultural grain processing to pounding paper materials.Wang Zhen, a man of the Yuan Dynasty, introduced the machine-connected pestle in his "Nongshu", which can be driven by one wheel shaft to operate four pestles.In the Song Dynasty, there was a huge paper trough, as long as a boat, and the length of the bamboo curtain for papermaking was also measured in Zhang, which was unprecedented in the previous dynasties.In order to improve the suspension performance of fibers during papermaking, it is also a technological innovation to add plant mucus to pulp as a floating agent. In 1901, when the Austrian scientist Wiesner tested the Chinese Tang Dynasty paper, he found that there was lichen in the pulp, and the water infusion was sticky and slippery, indicating that this technological innovation has a long history.It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that Zhou Mi’s "Gui Xin Miscellaneous Knowledge" was completed, and it recorded the different types of plant mucus: "Where you lift paper, you must use hollyhock stalks and leaves, which can be lifted after fresh pounding. If there is no sticky, you can't peel (paper). If there is no For yellow sunflower, carambola vines, hibiscus leaves, and wild grapes can be used, but whichever is not sticky (paper).” Zhou Mi mainly talks about the wet paper made by putting the plant mucus into the pulp and it is easy to peel off when piled up. Otherwise, the wet paper will stick together and cannot be peeled off. "Lifting the paper" refers to peeling off the paper, because the mucus makes the paper slippery.This of course makes sense.But in fact, the function of plant mucus is more than that, and it also helps to suspend the fibers in the pulp without flocculating at the bottom of the tank.This is not mentioned carefully. The plant mucilages mentioned in detail are the water infusions of hollyhock stalk leaves, carambola vines, hibiscus leaves and wild grapes.Other literatures also have similar statements, and call this slime "water slide", "paper medicine" or "paper medicine".The improvement of the quality of paper in the Song and Yuan Dynasties has something to do with the extensive use of paper medicine.In order to prevent the paper from being mothed, the Song Dynasty also used the water infusion of Shu pepper fruit, that is, pepper water to treat the paper, called pepper paper.Because the active ingredients contained therein have insecticidal properties.Paper in the Song Dynasty was sometimes treated with glue and alum to improve the moisture resistance and water impermeability of the paper.Generally, vegetable glue (such as rosin glue) and animal glue are used, and alum is used as a precipitating agent.Glue alum can also be used instead of starch agent, and then calendered, which is the so-called "pulp beating", which depends on the habit of the artist.In Europe, animal glue was used to process paper in 1337, and vegetable glue began in the 19th century.After Europeans learned this technology from China, they deliberately created a new word Faning, which is derived from the Chinese character "霜".Finally, Su Yi Bamboo Slips of the Northern Song Dynasty "Study Four Puzzles Paper Puzzles" is an earlier monograph on paper, written in the third year of Yongxi (AD 986).The book talks about the situation of paper used in the past dynasties, the raw materials, names, processing, and uses of paper, etc., which has great historical value.There are also special treatises in Chen Ji's Negative Xuan Yelu and Zhao Xihu's Dongtian Qinglu Collection in the Song Dynasty.Mi Fu of the Northern Song Dynasty liked to use paper for calligraphy and painting, and had a high appreciation for paper. He wrote "Ten Papers", and his "Book History" also recorded many books and paintings on paper since the Jin and Tang Dynasties."Shu Jianpu" written by Fei in the Yuan Dynasty is another monograph on paper. The book talks about the history, types, names and uses of Shu paper, and also includes Gusu paper and Guangzhou paper.The Yuan Dynasty calligrapher Xian Yushu (AD 1256-1301) also had "Paper and Jianpu", but the content was not as good as other works, and as a calligrapher, it was not as detailed as Mi Fu's works.