Chapter 16 Section 2 Changes in the Status of Overseas Chinese in America and Their Important Contributions to the Overseas Chinese

As mentioned earlier, the reason why the status of overseas Chinese in the Americas has improved is related to China's special contribution in the Second World War, which improved China's international status.But this is only an external cause. In terms of internal causes, one of the most important ones is closely related to the fact that overseas Chinese in America have always attached importance to cultural education and strived to improve their own quality.Because of this, it is necessary to talk about the development of overseas Chinese culture and education in America first. Most of the Chinese laborers who went to America in the early days were bankrupt farmers, handicraftsmen and insurgents who were struggling to survive in the southeast coast, especially in Guangdong and Fujian.In a word, they were all born in poor families of working people, so most of them are almost illiterate, and only a few of them have attended private schools for a few years.The low level of education determined that the early Chinese workers who went to America could only engage in labor such as laundry, restaurant and agriculture, and most of them were engaged in manual labor.

With the changes in the Chinese economy and living conditions, they gradually began to pay attention to the education of overseas Chinese for their own survival and the development of future generations.Especially in the US.By 1867, there were more than 500 overseas Chinese school-age children in San Francisco alone.In order to solve the enrollment problem of these school-age children, some overseas Chinese who were enthusiastic about education founded more than a dozen private schools and specialized schools.Each family enrolls 20 to 30 students.Both private schools and private schools are named after the teachers’ surnames, for example, Li Guan for teachers surnamed Li, Huang Guan for teachers surnamed Huang, and so on.The Four Books, Ancient Prose, Stereotyped Prose and Tang Poetry are taught in private schools and specialized halls.Mr. Sun Yat-sen's close comrade-in-arms, Mr. Liao Zhongkai, studied in a special school in the United States when he was young.At the same time, in order to evangelize among overseas Chinese, some churches in the United States specially set up Sunday schools with classes on Sunday to teach Chinese workers English.Some missionary schools also enroll children of overseas Chinese.According to records, in 1885, there were 154 overseas Chinese students who attended San Francisco church schools.

In 1885, the first public school for children of overseas Chinese in the United States was established in San Francisco, USA.This is actually an racially segregated elementary school, because the United States does not allow Mongolian children to go to the same school as white children. This elementary school was specially set up to educate children in the Far East, such as China, Japan, and North Korea, so it is called the Far East School.Later, due to the strengthening of Japan's national power, it opposed the separate schools for yellow and white students. The United States allowed Japanese children to study in schools for white children, and the Far East School became a school for Chinese children.At the beginning of the establishment of the Far East School, there were 150 children in the school, which solved the enrollment problem of about 1/5 of the overseas Chinese in San Francisco.

At the beginning of the 20th century, in order to maintain its rule, the Qing government of China began to abolish the imperial examinations and run schools from 1905, and even set up a special department to manage schools.In the same year, Dai Hongci, Minister of the Ministry of Justice of the Qing Dynasty, was ordered to visit the United States. After returning to China, Dai Hongci suggested to the Ministry of Education to establish a school in the United States to inherit and expand Chinese cultural traditions.The Qing court thought it was reasonable, so it sent cabinet attendant Liang Qinggui to the United States to persuade overseas Chinese to set up schools. Liang Qinggui arrived in San Francisco, USA in 1908.Under his initiative, in 1909, the Chinese Association of San Francisco established the Daqing Overseas Chinese School (this school was originally Daqing Academy, and later changed to San Francisco Zhonghua Middle School).Then, more than 10 overseas Chinese leaders, including Lu Buying and Kuang Wenguang, were sent by the Chinese Association to accompany Liang Qinggui to Sacramento, New York, Chicago, Portland, Seattle in the United States, Vancouver, Victoria and other cities in Canada.Wherever they went, their school-running initiatives were welcomed by overseas Chinese leaders and overseas Chinese in the United States and Canada, so the Great Qing Overseas Chinese Schools sprung up in these cities like mushrooms after rain.Afterwards, overseas Chinese all over the Americas followed suit and established overseas Chinese schools.By 1930, overseas Chinese had established 6 middle schools, more than 50 primary schools and more than 20 private schools in the United States.Some of these primary and secondary schools were run by the National Chinese Association, some were established by a local Chinese Association and overseas Chinese community, some were established by local cultural organizations, and some were established by private individuals, political parties, and churches.Overseas Chinese run schools in multiple directions and have received positive social effects.

The more famous overseas Chinese schools in the United States are: Zhonghua Middle School in San Francisco is the most famous one among overseas Chinese schools in the United States.Zhonghua Middle School was originally Daqing Academy, and it was changed to Daqing Overseas Chinese School in 1909. It was sponsored by Zhonghua Guild Hall, and the school was located on the second and third floors of the Zhonghua Guild Building.After the Revolution of 1911, the school was changed to the Chinese Overseas Chinese Public School. In 1927, it purchased the nearby Christian Church building as a new school building. In 1922, a junior high school was added, so it was officially renamed Zhonghua Middle School.Zhonghua Middle School has a complete academic system, a high level, rich books and materials, and complete equipment. It has been officially registered with the Ministry of Education of China and has become an institution of higher learning among Chinese schools in the United States.But this school is still in class from 5 to 8 pm every day, and it is also a supplementary school.The school was initially headed by the Chinese Consul General in San Francisco, and then the chairmen of the seven U.S. guild halls took turns, and finally the Chinese guild hall hired a full-time principal.The school has more students in overseas Chinese schools in the United States. In 1916, there were 100 people, and in 1931, it reached more than 450 people.

New York Overseas Chinese Public School is a well-known overseas Chinese school in the United States.It was initiated by Liang Qinggui in 1908 and planned and founded by Chen Huanzhang, chairman of the Zhonghua Institute.The school has had many twists and turns due to funding problems.But after several rectifications, the school has improved considerably. In 1975, the number of students reached 3,250 and the number of teaching staff reached 132. It can be called the largest overseas Chinese school in the United States. In addition, there is the Morning Bell School founded by the Morning Bell Theater Troupe in San Francisco in 1919. Although this school was closed due to economic difficulties after only five years of existence, it is still an influential school.The school breaks the traditional concept of China, advocates new ideas and concepts, reforms the old curriculum, and adapts to the new environment.It was the first to establish student self-government associations in overseas Chinese schools in the United States, advocated the establishment of various clubs, organized debates, etc., and was a model for the reform of overseas Chinese schools in the United States.

So far, the vast majority of overseas Chinese schools in the United States are elementary schools, middle schools, especially high schools, and there are very few of them. There is no Huaqiao University.Overseas Chinese still need to go to American universities to continue their studies. These overseas Chinese schools have changed the teaching content of private schools in the past, abolished the original courses such as four books and stereotyped essays, and opened new subjects such as Chinese, Chinese, translation, abacus, self-cultivation, singing, Chinese painting, gymnastics, letters, geography, and local history. .It not only provides Mandarin and translation courses to communicate the cultural relationship between China and the United States, but also offers practical courses such as Chinese painting and abacus calculation to create conditions for generations of overseas Chinese to live better on American soil; it not only pays attention to learning history and geography, but also pays attention to "self-cultivation". Moral education; not only pay attention to intellectual education, but also pay attention to the opening of gymnastics classes, so that students have a strong body.Such schools enable the children of overseas Chinese to receive better education in all aspects of morality, intelligence, and physique.

In the teaching of overseas Chinese schools in the Americas, the most valuable thing is the education that has always implemented the spirit of patriotism.For example, Morning Bell School is a good example.The Chenzhong Opera Club, which founded the Chenzhong School, was formed by a group of overseas Chinese young intellectuals under the influence of the 1911 Revolution. .” The Chenzhong School it founded serves exactly this purpose of the club.This is fully reflected in the school song of Chenzhong School: Just like the spirit of patriotism expressed in the school song of Chenzhong School, the children of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the United States have aroused the spirit of studying hard in order to "reinvigorate our Chinese family style". Excellent results were obtained.Professor Arthur King of the University of California in the United States conducted a survey of several professionals of different races in the United States. The result of the IQ survey is: Chinese Americans have the highest score, followed by Jews, followed by Japanese Americans, and whites rank fourth . On March 1, 1983, Ning Zhi, a Chinese high school student, won the first prize in the annual American Youth Science Talent Selection Competition held in Washington DC.In the National High School Decathlon on April 12, 1985, Xia Xu, a Chinese student from Los Angeles, won the championship.On May 5 of the same year, in the selection of the "Presidential Award", which is regarded as the most honorable by American high school students, seven children of Chinese descent were listed on the gold list, and received bonuses and certificates issued by the President of the United States at the White House. In the spring of 1984, Roger, a Chinese-American teenager, was only 14 years old when he received a master's degree from Stanford University in California, USA. He was the youngest master's degree in the world.Wu Lixing, a son of Chinese descent, is only 12 years old, and he is studying at Mount Philip Junior High School in the United States with excellent grades. In 1989, Wu Lixing won the first place in the National Mathematics Competition jointly organized by the National Institute of Engineers, the National Conference of Mathematics Teachers and NASA.According to the 1980 U.S. census, 90% of Chinese Americans aged 25 to 29 completed high school, 7.1% of Chinese Americans aged 25 to 64 received doctoral education, 2.1% of whites, and 0.5% of blacks.From the perspective of education level, the rate of Chinese Americans completing high school is far higher than that of other ethnic groups in the United States.

After the end of the Second World War, the United States allowed overseas Chinese young people who participated in the war to enjoy the right to study in American colleges and universities, and a large number of Chinese American children entered colleges and universities.In addition, after the war, a large number of overseas Chinese students from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan successively came to study in the United States, and the number of overseas Chinese, children of Chinese descent and Chinese students studying in American universities has gradually increased.In recent years, the proportion of the number of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the United States who have received higher education has exceeded the average level of the United States.

With the continuous improvement of the education level of overseas Chinese and Chinese, the number of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the American academic, cultural and technological circles has been increasing.According to statistics, in 1940 overseas Chinese and Chinese worked as experts, engineers and technicians, managers and management personnel, as well as clerks, salesmen and secretaries accounted for 20% of the total number of overseas Chinese and Chinese. still accounted for the majority; by 1950, the proportion of the former increased to more than 40%, almost doubled, and the proportion of the latter dropped to more than 50%; by 1970, the proportion of the former increased to more than 50%, while the latter dropped below 40%.It can be seen that after the Second World War, the quality of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the United States has been greatly improved.

In Canada, since the 19th century, wealthy businessmen from overseas Chinese began to set up private schools to educate the children of overseas Chinese, mainly teaching courses such as the Four Books, Classics and History, and Thousand Poems.By the 1990s, eight or nine private schools had been opened in Victoria, Canada alone, and some overseas Chinese had entered public schools.From 1922 to 1926, there were about 1,500 Chinese students studying in British Columbia alone every year.At that time, most of the overseas Chinese schools in western Canada were sponsored by the Chinese Association, while those in the eastern part of Canada were mostly sponsored by churches. It is easier and earlier for Chinese Canadians to enter university.In 1914-1915, Ye Jinling, the first Chinese female college student in Canada, entered the University of British Columbia in Vancouver to study.After World War II, the number of Chinese students entering Canadian universities increased rapidly.The level of education of the Chinese far exceeds that of the older generation of overseas Chinese.By the 1970s, 20% of all Canadian Chinese household heads had received higher education. In the 1980s, among the students at the University of Toronto (with 32,000 students) and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver (with 20,000 students), it was estimated that Chinese students accounted for 10%-20%.Among them, there are more Chinese students in science and engineering, as high as 30%-40% in Columbia University.Not only are there a large number of Chinese students entering the university, but also many of them have become outstanding students because of their willingness to study hard. As far as the Americas are concerned, the development of overseas Chinese and Chinese education in Latin America is relatively slow and the scale is small, so I won’t go into details here. Early American Chinese laborers and overseas Chinese were generally impoverished and low-educated poor disciples, and it was difficult for them to play any important role in the American cultural, educational and technological circles.Of course, it's not all there, it's just a small number. Among the cultural and educational undertakings of overseas Chinese in America in the early days, it is worth mentioning Yung Wing.Yung Wing was the first deputy minister of the Qing government to the United States, and also a representative figure who made important contributions to the cultural and educational undertakings made by overseas Chinese in the United States in the early days.Yung Wing was born in Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province in 1828. He went to the United States in 1847 and entered Munson School in Massachusetts to study. He entered Yale University in the United States in 1850 and graduated in 1854, becoming the first Chinese college student to graduate from an American university.Later, in order to "use Western academics" and "make China more and more civilized and prosperous", he drew up a plan to send young people to study in the United States, which was approved by the Qing government. In 1872, he sent the first batch of 30 schoolchildren to study in the United States.For this reason, the Qing government established the "Young Children's Foreign Affairs Bureau" and appointed Rong Wing as the deputy member of the Bureau's "Foreign Bureau" permanently established in the United States.By 1875, a total of 120 Chinese schoolchildren were studying in various schools in the United States, during which time Yung Wing was appointed in Hartford, USA.Many students studying in the United States have played a certain role in my country's cultural, educational, and scientific and technological undertakings after returning to China after completing their studies.Yung Wing contributed to all of these. Liu Jinnong, an overseas Chinese in the United States, who has made important contributions to agricultural technology.The new variety "Liu Jinnong Orange" cultivated by Liu Jinnong is famous throughout the United States. After Liu Jinnong passed away in 1925, the Duolun Chamber of Commerce and the state's fruit farmers raised funds to erect a monument to his statue in memory of his achievements. In 1933, the Centennial Progress Exposition was held in Chicago, and a small bronze statue of Liu Jinnong was erected at the exhibition of Liu Jinnong in the Florida Exhibition Department as a commemoration. Feng Ru, an overseas Chinese in the United States, made important contributions to industrial technology.Feng Ru was born in Enping County, Guangdong Province in 1884.When he was a teenager, he went to the United States with his relatives to make a living, first to San Francisco and then to New York.During his stay in New York, he successively studied in shipyards, textile factories, and machine factories. He was proficient in the technical knowledge of 36 kinds of machines, including machinery and electric motors.After that, under the guidance of the patriotic thought of "Saving the Nation by Aviation", he devoted himself to the research of aircraft manufacturing technology, and tried to manufacture aircraft many times to explore the road to success. On September 21, 1909, Feng Ru finally took to the blue sky in Oakland, USA, with the plane he designed and manufactured, which made the Chinese people's flying ideal become a reality for the first time and took the leading position in the world's aviation technology.Just as the American "San Francisco Examiner" pointed out the next day: "In the field of aviation, the Chinese leave the whites behind." Another American overseas Chinese, Tan Gen, has made outstanding achievements in aircraft design.Tan Gen was born in Guangdong. He graduated from the Heaton Aircraft Experimental School in the United States in 1910, and was awarded the certificates of the California Aviation Association and the International Aviation Association.He is one of the early seaplane designers and manufacturers in the world. The seaplanes he designed and manufactured are superior to similar aircraft in Europe and the United States. In July 1910, the seaplane he designed and manufactured won the championship at the International Aircraft Manufacturing Competition held in Chicago, USA. In 1912, he succeeded in participating in the American Air Contest held in San Diego, and was awarded the silver cup and the American flag. He was called "the first person to fly in East Asia". After World War II, with the continuous development of overseas Chinese and Chinese education in the Americas, high-tech talents continued to immigrate to the United States, and the role of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the cultural, educational, and technological circles of the Americas has also increased.According to statistics, in 1940, about 2.5% of the Chinese in the continental United States were engaged in the professional technology industry, and by 1970 it had reached 26%.It is estimated that there are about 120,000 to 30,000 first-class scientists and engineers in the United States, of whom about a quarter are of Chinese descent.One-third of the deans of famous American universities (especially the Department of Physics and Mathematics) are Chinese or Chinese; more than half of the chairmen of the American Society of Engineering Machinery are Chinese; senior engineers in the Apollo moon landing project Among them, Chinese accounted for 1/3; among the senior engineers of the largest electronics company, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Chinese accounted for almost 1/3.In addition, there are more than 1,000 researchers of Chinese descent working in the American Computer Center, and among the 19 directors, 12 are Chinese.From this, we can clearly see the outstanding role of the Chinese in these fields. Next, let’s talk about the performance of Chinese Americans in the fields of culture, education and science and technology. In the Americas, among the many overseas Chinese and Chinese in the field of culture, education and science and technology, Chinese Americans Yang Zhenning, Li Zhengdao, Ding Zhaozhong and Li Yuanzhe, who won the Nobel Prize, are like the four brightest stars among the stars, shining dazzlingly. Yang Zhenning was born in Anhui in 1922, graduated from the Physics Department of Southwest Associated University in Kunming, and went to the United States in 1945.Since 1949, he has been engaged in teaching and research work at Princeton University, and later served as the Einstein Chair Professor of the State University of New York and the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the school.Li Zhengdao was born in Jiangsu in 1926. He studied in the Physics Department of Southwest Associated University in Kunming, and went to the United States to study in 1946.Since 1953, he has taught at Columbia University in New York, USA. In 1956, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao jointly discovered a new law of physics, which overturned the law of parity conservation discovered by Einstein and guided atomic physics research for many years, causing a sensation all over the world.This important discovery has laid a theoretical foundation for human beings to further explore the microcosm and the study of the splitting of atoms into particles.Thus in 1957 won the Nobel Prize in Physics and the Einstein Science Prize.President Nixon awarded Zhenning Yang the honorable title of Lincoln Chair Professor, which is also the only highest academic title awarded directly by the president in the United States. Ding Zhaozhong, whose ancestral home is Shandong, was born in Michigan, USA in 1936 and spent most of his childhood in China. In 1956, he returned to the University of Michigan to study in the United States. Since 1967, he has been a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1974, the "J particle" was discovered during scientific experiments at the Shipton National Laboratory, which won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976. Li Yuanzhe was born in Hsinchu County, Taiwan Province in 1936. He graduated from the Chemistry Department of National Taiwan University, and then went to the United States to study at the University of California, Berkeley, where he stayed to teach after graduation. In 1974, he worked with Professor Hirschbach of the United States and Professor John Polani of Canada to study the cross molecular beam method, which made an important breakthrough in understanding the basic principles of chemical interaction and opened up a new field for chemical kinetics. won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In addition, a large number of well-known Chinese experts and scholars have emerged in the American cultural, educational and technological circles.For example, the famous female physicist Wu Jianxiong.Wu Jianxiong (1912— ), a Chinese-American, was born in Shanghai. In 1936, he entered the University of California for further study. Received a doctorate in 1940.She verified Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao's new theory of overturning the law of parity conservation, and was the first female president of the American Physical Society.He has successively won the American Scientific Research Foundation Award, the National Medal of Science awarded by President Ford of the United States, the Statue of Liberty and the Alice Island Medal of the Alice Foundation, etc., and was elected as the most outstanding scientist of the year in the United States in 1974.Known as "China's Madame Curie". Among Chinese Americans, the mathematician Shiing-shen Chern was also famous in the American scientific and technological circles.Chen Shengshen (AD 1911— ), was born in Jiaxing County, Zhejiang Province.Graduated from the Department of Mathematics, Nankai University.Has to Germany, France and the United States to study and research. In 1943, he served as a senior researcher at Princeton University in the United States, and completed the internal proof of the famous Koji-Boney formula and his works on the demonstrative class.Later, he discovered the "Chen's Class Theory", which brought differential geometry and topology into a new realm. In 1976, he was awarded the National Science Award by the President of the United States, and in 1983 he was awarded the most prestigious Wolf Prize in Mathematics in the world. IM Pei (1917— ), a Chinese-American, was born in Guangzhou and is a master of modernist design.Graduated from the Department of Architectural Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.He founded I.M. Pei Architects in New York and has designed a variety of architecturally distinctive buildings in major cities across the United States as well as Canada, Australia, Singapore, the Philippines, Iran, France, and Hong Kong.His design style and ideas are highly praised by people.He has successively won the Gold Medal of the National Academy of Architecture in the United States, the International Pritzker Architecture Prize, and the Gold Medal of the French Academy of Architecture.In 1984, he was awarded the Honor Award by the Institute of Architects, an authoritative organization in the American architectural field, for designing the Fragrant Hills Hotel in Beijing.IM Pei is one of the best architects in American history. Lin Tongyan (AD 1911— ), was born in Fuzhou City.Once studied at Tangshan Jiaotong University, after graduation, he went to the University of California for further study, and received a master's degree in 1933.His graduation thesis "Force Distance Distribution Method" was named "Lin's Method".He applied "prestressed concrete structures" and designed many bridges and buildings.He has won the Yesif Neff Award and the Berkeley Award from the University of California.The American Society of Civil Engineers also changed the Prestress Award to the Lin Tongyan Award, which is also the first honorary title named after a Chinese-American in the history of American science and technology. Chinese Americans have made world-renowned scientific and technological achievements in the American scientific and technological circles, fully demonstrating the intelligence and wisdom of the descendants of the Chinese people.Like brilliant stars, in the treasure house of science and technology, it emits dazzling brilliance! In addition, some scholars in Latin America and other places also made some inventions.For example, Dai Zonghan, an expert in Chinese agriculture in Peru, once cultivated high-yielding rice varieties. In 1968, he was awarded a medal and a certificate by the Peruvian government, etc. After the Second World War, the industries and commerce run by overseas Chinese in the Americas and Chinese also developed rapidly. The early overseas Chinese relied on the "three knives", namely kitchen knives, scissors and barber knives, and opened restaurants, laundry and grocery stores as the three major economic pillars.But it was different after World War II. By 1982, there were 52,839 Chinese-American companies, ranking first among ethnic minorities, followed by Japanese-American companies with 49,039.The total income of Chinese companies is more than 2.2 times that of Japanese companies.This situation was confirmed in the survey of "Asian, Indian and Other Minority Business" published by the U.S. Department of Commerce on December 5, 1986. More than other ethnic minorities, and the Chinese have jumped to the top of all ethnic minorities. Before the Second World War, the Chinese middle class in the United States generally had assets of only 30,000 to 50,000 U.S. dollars, but now, there are quite a few rich households with 30,000 to 50,000, or even hundreds of millions of dollars. There are no less than 10 millionaires, four of them (Wang Jialian, Cai Zhiyong, Wang An, and Liu Li) have been included in the list of the 1,000 largest entrepreneurs in the United States. The bank deposits of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the United States have generally increased, and the average savings per household even exceeds that of Americans.According to the U.S. census in 1960, Chinese households saved 7,000-9,999 dollars, accounting for 21.1%, equal to Americans. Those with US$10,000-14,999 accounted for 14.4%; those with more than US$15,000 accounted for 7.2%, which was higher than that of Americans.Therefore, the average household savings of the Chinese is 6,207 US dollars, and that of the Americans is 5,660 yuan.The wealth of the Chinese has reached an unprecedented level. In recent years, the number of stores operated by overseas Chinese and Chinese has increased day by day.According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Chinese businessmen in California have set up 5,136 firms, and their turnover has surpassed that of Japanese businessmen.In San Francisco and its nearby city of Oakland alone, there are 2,300 Chinese merchants.In New York and New Jersey near New York, there were as many as 1,799 Chinese merchants in 1972.Most of these firms are small and medium-sized, but some are large.In the 1970s, Daming Industrial Company, run by Chinese businessmen in California, developed to 43 branches.The supermarket chain operated by Chinese merchants has developed to the point where it can compete with Servway, the largest supermarket in the Southwest of the United States (mainly dealing in food).Liu Lingju, a Chinese businessman in Lima, the capital of Peru, runs a wholesale business of stationery and paper, and its turnover accounts for 80% of the industry's turnover in Lima. There are also many Chinese businessmen engaged in import and export trade.Sammy Corporation, run by Chen Lin, a Chinese in New York City, USA, is a multinational company with an annual turnover of more than 2 billion US dollars, and it operates thousands of types of food.Another San Francisco-based Guoguang Trading Company, specializing in Chinese crafts and objects, was also thriving.It specializes in Chinese rattan, bamboo and wicker supplies and handicrafts, and has commodity showrooms in 15 important cities in the United States.Brazilian Chinese businessman Wei Shuqi exported peppermint oil to Taiwan, accounting for more than 1/2 of Brazil's total export volume. The restaurant industry with a long history run by overseas Chinese and Chinese has also made great progress.Almost all major cities in the United States have Chinese restaurants.According to a rough estimate in 1981, there were 15,000 Chinese restaurants in the United States, of which New York City had the largest number of about 5,000, accounting for 1/3 of the Chinese restaurants in the United States. On average, there was one Chinese restaurant for every 200 people.Before the Second World War, there were mainly Cantonese restaurants and Fujian restaurants in the United States. After the war, restaurants in Shanghai, Beijing, Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan and Shandong provinces were added.Local flavors from all over China can be tasted almost everywhere in the United States.In order to attract customers, some big hotels pay special attention to ostentation—hanging magnificent Chinese palace lanterns, posting majestic landscape paintings, matching with antique Chinese-style tables and chairs, and playing melodious Chinese folk music.The store has a strong Chinese sentiment, making customers feel like they are in China.Over the past few years, the scale of Chinese restaurants operated by overseas Chinese and Chinese has become larger and larger, and some can hold dozens of banquet tables at the same time, accommodating hundreds of people.For example, "Silver Palace Restaurant", "First Restaurant" and "Fumanlou" in New York, USA, are all first-class Chinese restaurants.In Lima, the capital of Peru, there were more than 400 Chinese-style restaurants and pubs operating in the 1960s, with a capital of more than 12 million US dollars, accounting for 40% of the total capital of the city's catering industry. Restaurant", Li Guangming's "Guangming Restaurant", Cai Lun's "Wanguo Restaurant" and so on. "Longfeng Restaurant" is the largest Chinese restaurant in Latin America, with a capital of about 700,000 US dollars.Most of the restaurants opened by Chinese and overseas Chinese in the capital of Mexico are joint ventures, and some have a capital of 1 million to 1.5 million pesos, and their net profit accounts for about 40% of their turnover. Some richer overseas Chinese and Chinese also invested in setting up and operating industrial enterprises in the Americas, but most of them were small and medium-sized light industrial enterprises, such as oxygen factories, ice factories, plastic products factories, leather factories, rice mills, furniture factories, weaving factories, etc. Cloth factories, flour mills, soy sauce factories, soda factories, oil mills, cement factories, tobacco factories, etc.However, after the Second World War, some large-scale industrial enterprises run by Chinese were established in the Americas, such as the computer company owned by American electronic scientist Wang An.Wang An graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1940, worked in the electronic laboratory of Harvard University in the United States in 1944, invented the magnetic core memory system, and manufactured the first program computer two years later. In 1951, he founded the Wang An Laboratory. Form Wang An Computer Company. In 1984, Wang An Computer Company had 25,000 employees, most of whom were technicians, and its assets totaled US$5 billion.In the United States, there is Tang Industrial Company founded by Tang Zhongying. It has 15 factories and its total assets are estimated to exceed 100 million US dollars. The silicon steel produced accounts for 70% of the sales in the central region of the United States.The Fukang Shipping Company founded by Wei Chongqing, known as the "Ship King", has thousands of employees and is a powerful shipping company in the southern United States.The Yugang Vegetable Oil Company founded by Lin Xunming, a Brazilian Chinese in Sao Paulo, Brazil, has the largest export volume of soybean oil in Brazil, and its subsidiary company has a total capital of several billion U.S. dollars. It has a high social status in Brazil and has accompanied the Brazilian President on many visits abroad. .In Brazil, there is also a large factory jointly operated by the relatives of Rong Yiren, the vice president of my country and a celebrity in the business circle, and Brazilians, which also has a considerable scale. After World War II, with the rapid development of Chinese businessmen and overseas Chinese enterprises, Chinese Americans gradually invested and participated in the establishment of banks from the 1950s. In 1952, the Seattle United Reserve Loan Association was established; in 1961, Jinshan Commercial Bank was established in San Francisco; in 1962, the Cathay Bank of Los Angeles was established; in 1966, the Xie Hing Reserve Loan Association was established in Sacramento; In 1972, the Bank of California was founded by the Malaysian Chinese Zhou Xudong consortium. In 1974, the Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asian consortia led by the Chinese Dong Haoyun founded the American Asian Bank.In the 1970s, a consortium centered on Indonesian Chinese Wen Kongwen bought the National Bank of Georgia, and in 1976 bought the Tennessee Farmers Bank with 20% of the shares, which caused a sensation in the entire American banking circle.In addition, banks operated by Chinese in Thailand and Hong Kong also opened branches in the United States.It can be seen that overseas Chinese and Chinese have also begun to occupy a certain position in the American financial circle. Before World War II, overseas Chinese and Chinese in America were basically discriminated against and excluded, and had no right to care about the politics of the country where they lived. The political circles have also begun to emerge, and some of them have actively participated in politics and held positions in political institutions at all levels. Participation refers to participation in political activities or participation in political institutions.The former refers to caring about politics, participating in voting, and expressing one's own political opinions on various political issues in the country; the latter refers to participating in various election activities, holding different positions in various administrative agencies, and exercising various administrative powers. Before World War II, there were very few overseas Chinese and Chinese political participants in the United States.According to history books, Kwong You-liang was the first Chinese-American to participate in politics.Kuang Youliang was elected as a representative of the Hawaii Territory in 1938. From 1944 to 1948, he successively served as the deputy speaker and speaker of the House of Representatives. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1959.He is the first Chinese to enter the U.S. Senate, and also the first Asian to participate in politics in the United States. Following Kuang Youliang in politics is Tan Fushan, a Chinese in Hawaii.He participated in the Republican Party and was elected as a Republican in 1942 to the Maui County Executive Committee of the Territory of Hawaii. In 1946, Deng Yuening, a native Chinese in the United States, won the election for the Arizona House of Representatives and became the first Chinese to enter the state legislature. It can be said that Kuang Youliang, Tan Fushan and Deng Yuening are the pioneers of Chinese Americans participating in politics.It created a precedent for Chinese Americans to participate in and discuss politics. Until the 1970s, participating in and discussing politics became a wave of overseas Chinese and Chinese in the Americas, and more and more people participated in politics.For example, in the United States, Yu Jiangyue, Secretary of State of California, is the first Chinese to hold this position in California history.Los Angeles City Judge Huang Jinshao is the first Chinese American to hold this position in the continental United States.New York Judiciary Sheriff Li Zhuosheng, he is also the first Chinese to hold this post.Major General Liu Guoying, commander of the Air Force Logistics Center in Sacramento, California, is by far the highest-ranking Chinese in the US military.Zheng Tianhua, a Chinese-Canadian, participated in election campaigns twice in 1957 and 1962. He won two consecutive elections and served as a member of the Canadian House of Commons.During this period, many Chinese who joined Canada also became federal, provincial, and municipal councilors, counselors, and mayors. Judging from the situation of Chinese political participation in early America to the 1970s, it can be seen that political participation in this period has the following two characteristics: From a geographical point of view, Chinese American political participants were mainly in Hawaii, which was far from the mainland of the United States in the early days. Although there are many overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese in mainland China, there are not many people who participated in politics in the early stage.It was only with the passage of time that the number of political participants gradually increased; judging from the positions held by political participants, they generally served as congressmen, judges and mayors of some states, counties or cities, etc. relatively low. With the increase in the number of overseas Chinese and Chinese, the increase in economic strength, and the improvement of knowledge and awareness of political participation, the situation of Chinese political participation has changed significantly compared to before the 1970s. After the 1970s, the number of native Chinese political participants in the United States increased rapidly, and some of them held important positions in government departments, which was very eye-catching.Among them are former President Reagan's White House Export Committee Vice Chairman Chen Xiangmei, Chairman of the Federal Maritime Commission Chao Xiaolan, Presidential Economic Advisor Gan Mincai, White House International Business Advisor Huang Zhongyuan, Presidential National Education Advisor Yu Xianli, Deputy Minister of Commerce Hu Shaowei, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Wu Yuanli, etc. .In Latin America, there are also many Chinese who hold important political positions.For example, the Chinese Arthur Chung served as the President of Guyana, the Chinese He Cai served as the Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, the Chinese He Wu served as the Minister of Health of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Chinese Mauruel Deng served as Secretary-General of the Jamaica Ministry of Finance and so on.These are completely different from the situation before the 1970s. In short, after the Second World War, the overseas Chinese and Chinese in the Americas fully demonstrated the wisdom and strength of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor in all aspects of culture, education, science and technology, economy and politics, and made important contributions to the Americas.One after another, one case after another, fully proves that the Chinese nation is by no means an "inferior nation" as some people scornfully call it, but a great nation.The reason why the early Chinese laborers were poor, backward, and low-educated was caused by China's long-standing semi-feudal and semi-colonial social system, and it cannot explain the advantages and disadvantages of race.From the perspective of the development of overseas Chinese and Chinese in America, the reason why overseas Chinese and Chinese can play an important role in various fields in the Americas is mainly due to the education that gives people wisdom and strength, and the persistent efforts and perseverance of students and researchers. , These are the truly inexhaustible sources of strength for overseas Chinese and Chinese.

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