Chapter 8 Section 2 "Conference" and "Conference Code"

Political documents that specifically record the laws, cultural relics, systems and laws and regulations of a certain historical dynasty mainly include "Hui Yao" and "Hui Dian". "Huiyao" is the general term for dating political documents, which is to gather together the laws and regulations of a generation and briefly describe them.The nature is similar to the "Dian", "Zhi" and "Kao" mentioned above, and it is characterized by dating. "Huiyao" used to be the name of official political books, but later, because there were many privately compiled political books, it became a general term for privately compiled political books.

"Huidian" is the name of the Ming and Qing dynasties' government revision books.Before the Ming Dynasty, only "Dian" was used to name, such as "Tang Liu Dian", "Yuan Dian Zhang" and so on. "Huidian" is a special record of laws and regulations, and its style is similar to that of "Huiyao", but it is divided into six parts (the general designation of the Li, Li, Hu, Bing, Punishment, and Gong ministries in the central administrative organization at that time) to describe the administrative organization. examples of the mastery. The following is a brief introduction to the "Hui Yao" and "Hui Dian" of the past dynasties:

"Tang Huiyao", 100 volumes, written by Song Wangpu. The method of "will want" was created by Su Mian in the Tang Dynasty.He once compiled the canonical deeds of Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty to the nine dynasties of Dezong (650-780 AD) into 40 volumes of "Hui Yao".In the seventh year of Tang Xuanzong's Dazhong (853 A.D.), Cui Xuan, Yang Shaofu and others were ordered by the emperor to continue to compile the canonical deeds from Dezong to Xuanzong, called "Xuhuiyao", 40 volumes.In the Song Dynasty, based on the 80 volumes of the two books, Wang Pu supplemented the historical materials from Tang Xuanzong to the end of Tang Dynasty, compiled "Tang Huiyao", 100 volumes, and entered it in the second year of Jianlong (961 AD).This book describes the evolution and changes of various systems in the political, economic, and cultural aspects of the entire Tang Dynasty.Therefore, this book is actually a preservation of the books of the two families of Su and Yang. The value of the materials recorded by the people of the Tang Dynasty should be higher than that of the new and old "Book of Tang".In addition, Tang Shilu has been lost except Shunzong's first dynasty, so this book can replace the status of Shilu.To study the history of the Tang Dynasty, Tianbao's previous material "Tongdian" can be used as a basis, and after Tianbao, "Tang Huiyao" is the earliest historical material, and the original book quoted in this book has long been lost, which is very precious.

The whole book "Tang Huiyao" is divided into 514 items, such as emperor title, empress, Jitian, Yufu, Yale, school, calligraphy, classics, tribute, compilation, history museum, official, household registration, earthquake, water transportation, etc. The relevant ordinances and deeds are recorded in sub-articles. The materials are detailed and can supplement the new and old "Tang Shu", and even the missing historical materials in "Benwen Tongkao".Unfortunately, the original book is missing.It was reprinted and published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1955. "Five Dynasties Meeting", 30 volumes.After "Tang Hui Yao", Wang Pu wrote "Five Dynasties Hui Yao", 30 volumes.Wang Pu was an official in the Later Han, Later Jin, and Later Zhou Dynasties, up to the Prime Minister, and he has a relatively close knowledge of the historical events of the Five Dynasties.This book was selected and compiled by him according to the records of the Five Dynasties and the old history.The book was completed in the first year of Qiande (963 A.D.), and it was published by Wen Yanbo in the sixth year of Qingli (1046 A.D.).The whole book is divided into 279 items, starting with the emperor title and ending with miscellaneous records, which classify and record the legal system of the Five Dynasties and 50 years, and the records are detailed.

There is a lack of historical materials for the Five Dynasties, and the records of the laws and regulations in various histories are even more concise. The "New History of the Five Dynasties" only has two examinations of "Sitian" and "Zhifang", and many important systems are omitted or even deleted. "Old History of the Five Dynasties" has only a series of editions, and a section of laws and regulations of the Five Dynasties was fortunately saved by Wang Pu's collection of old news.This book was compiled earlier than the new and old "History of Five Dynasties", so the materials preserved in it are extremely valuable, many of which are not in "History of Five Dynasties".Not only that, but also correct the corruption in "History of the Five Dynasties". For example, in the category of taxation, it is recorded that Zhou Shizong read Yuan Zhen's "Changqing Collection". Make a picture and issue various ways.However, the "History of the Five Dynasties" said that Shizong saw Yuan Zhen's map of Juntian and thought that the map was made by Yuan Zhen, which is wrong.

This book was reprinted by Zhonghua Book Company in 1955, and by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1978. The above two books preserve a lot of historical materials, and are of high value among the "meetings" of various dynasties. "Western Han Huiyao", 70 volumes, and "Eastern Han Huiyao", 40 volumes, collectively known as "Two Han Huiyao", were compiled by Xu Tianlin in the Southern Song Dynasty.He is the first person to do the ancient meeting.Later, this kind of practice became more common. In the Qing Dynasty, there were quite a few people who wrote the previous generation meeting.

Precisely because it is necessary for future generations to supplement it, it can only be done according to the history books of the previous generation. "Huiyao of the Western Han Dynasty" is compiled mainly based on relevant materials scattered in "Historical Records" and "Hanshu", and is divided into imperial lineage, ritual, music, public service, school, calendar, auspiciousness, official position, election, civil affairs, There are 15 categories of food and goods, soldiers, criminal law, Fangyu, and barbarians, and 367 events, which describe the laws and regulations of the Western Han Dynasty.However, because only the Second History is used, and the Han system found in other books are not included, the materials are narrow and of little value.

"Hui Yao of the Eastern Han Dynasty", 40 volumes, Xu Tianlin completed this book after "Hui Yao of the Western Han Dynasty".This book is mainly based on Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", but it also draws on "East View of Han Ji", "Han Official Instruments", "Han Miscellaneous Things" and other books, and draws a wide range of materials.The style is similar to "Huiyao of the Western Han Dynasty", which is divided into 15 departments: imperial family, rites, music, public service, literature, calendar, feudalism, official position, election, civil affairs, food and goods, military, criminal law, Fangyu, and barbarians, 384 thing.Describes the rules and regulations of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The slight difference between the two books is: "Western Han Huiyao" does not add judgments, and this book sometimes attaches cases, or miscellaneously quotes other people's comments.

In recent years, "Two Han Hui Yao" has been proofread by Zhonghua Book Company. "Song Huiyao" is the general term for the official "Huiyao" of the Song Dynasty, including: "Qingli Guochao Huiyao", "Yuanfeng Supplementary Five Dynasties Huiyao", "Zhenghe Reconstruction Yaoyao", "Giandao Continuation of Four Dynasties Huiyao" ", "The Requirements of the Resurrection of the Main Road", "The Requirements of the Chunxi Reign", "The Requirements of the Jiatai Filial Piety Emperor", "The Requirements of the Qingyuan Emperor Guangzong", "The Requirements of the Jiatai Ningzong Retreat", "The Requirements of the Jiading Guochao Meeting", etc. All books are lost.Therefore, "Song Huiyao" has gone through a lot of ups and downs, and there are only edited drafts left.

Since the unification of the Song Dynasty, the "meeting office" was established, and various laws and regulations and political gains and losses were compiled to prepare for the repair of the "meeting office".Since Song Renzong Qingli four years (AD 1044), Song Shou and others compiled 150 volumes of "Guochao Huiyao", and continued to Lizong Duanping three years (AD 1236) for 280 years, after the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. In this stage, it was revised and compiled 10 times before and after, and more than 2200 volumes were completed.The materials for this book are mainly factual records and calendars (annals of historians). In addition, all the files of the six departments and all the supervisory divisions are all collected.However, it was not officially published, but the ministers were allowed to freely copy the content of "Hui Yao".Therefore, after the Southern Song Dynasty was settled in Lin'an (now Hangzhou), "Hui Yao" was lost, and people were sent to private homes to copy "Hui Yao" as a material for compiling national history.

When the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, all the manuscripts of "Huiyao" compiled over the years in the Song Dynasty were transported to Dadu (now Beijing), and became the main source of materials for the revision of "Song History" in the Yuan Dynasty.In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, when the "Yongle Dadian" was compiled, each part of the Song Dynasty's "Hui Yao" was compiled into each rhyme.Unfortunately, during the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1426-1435), there was a fire in the inner court, and the original "Hui Yao" in the Song Dynasty was completely burned down.In the 14th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1809), when Xu Song was ordered to revise the "Quan Tang Wen", he took advantage of the fact that he could use the "Yongle Dadian" and the government had scribes, and in the name of collecting "Quan Tang Wen" materials, he ordered people to All the contents of the "Song Huiyao" collected in the "Yongle Dadian" were compiled and recorded, with a total of five or six hundred volumes, and became the compilation of "Song Huiyao".But Xu Song didn't have time to sort out this "Song Huiyao" collection before his death.Later, Miao Quansun, who was Zhang Zhidong's staff, got this volume, and through his hands, it was transferred to Guangya Bookstore.At that time, Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. He hired Miao Quansun and Tu Ji to sort out the compilation, but before finishing it, he dropped out because of resignation.So the edition was later transferred to Wang Bingen by the bookstore and took it as his own. In 1915, Liu Chengqian, a famous bibliophile, spent a lot of money to buy the collection, hid it in Jiaye Building, and hired someone to reorganize and adapt it to become a clear edition. In 1931, the National Beiping Library (now the Beijing Library) bought Xu Song’s edition from Liu Chengqian, and established an editorial and printing committee chaired by Chen Yuan. It was photocopied and published in 1935 under the name "Song Huiyao Collection". , 200 volumes thread bound. In 1957, the Chunghwa Book Company reduced the printing to a paperback edition with eight volumes, which is the current book. The content and form of "Song Huiyao Compiled Draft" and "Song Huiyao" are very different from the original, and after many times of reprinting, there are many errors in derivation. Even so, it is still the most abundant and comprehensive historical data of the Song Dynasty in existence. It is the most concentrated book, so it is also a book with high historical value. There are 366 volumes of "Song Hui Yao Collection", which are divided into 17 categories: imperial family, concubine, music, ritual, public service, ritual system, Ruiyi, Yunli, Confucianism, official, election, food, Criminal law, soldiers, Fangyu, Fanyi, Taoism, about 8 million words.Each category is divided into several subheadings, which include imperial edicts, government regulations, bureaucratic chapters, local reports, and other important documents related to the Song Dynasty’s laws and regulations. This book can also be said to be an encyclopedia about the history of the Song Dynasty. Regarding "Song Huiyao", the historians are still carrying out large-scale compilation, restoration, and sorting work; the remains of "Song Huiyao Collection" collected by the Beijing Library have been sorted out by Chen Zhichao, an expert on Song history, and compiled as "Song Huiyao Collection" Manuscript Supplement", which was photocopied and published by the Document Microform Center of the National Library. Four volumes of "Spring and Autumn Meeting", written by Yao Yanqu in the Qing Dynasty.This is a monograph written on the basis of studying Confucian classics, based on the three biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period and various commentaries.The style is different from that of previous dynasties, only establishing lineage and ritual, divided into 96 sub-items.The lineage is recorded according to the countries, and the rulers are marked, and the empresses, wives, and concubines are attached.Limen uses the five rites of auspiciousness, inauspiciousness, military, guest, and honor as the outline, narrates deeds, and quotes the original scriptures.This book can be used as a historical reference. "Seven Kingdoms" 14 volumes, edited by Dong Shuo in Ming Dynasty.This book describes the systems of the seven kingdoms of Qin, Qi, Yan, Chu, Han, Zhao, and Wei, which are divided into 14 categories, including officials, foodstuffs, cities, palaces, country names, group ceremonies, music, utensils and clothes, miscellaneous notes, funeral systems, military systems, criminal laws, disasters, and tribunals.The sources of data are mainly "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records", as well as pre-Qin philosophers and miscellaneous histories.The style is roughly the same as that of the books in "Hui Yao".Therefore, although this book does not have the name "Hui Yao", it is actually equivalent to "Hui Yao" in the Warring States Period.During the more than 200 years of the Warring States Period, due to the seven lords competing for the throne and years of wars, most of the laws and documents were lost. With the collection of this book, the history of the rise and fall of the past 100 to 200 years can be seen clearly and is sufficient for reference.It's just that the styles are different, and the citations are not very rigorous, which are its shortcomings. "Qin Huiyao", 26 volumes, compiled by Sun Kai in the late Qing Dynasty.This book collects more than 40 kinds of books such as "Warring States Policy", "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Taiping Yulan" and Zhuzi, Miscellaneous Notes, etc., from which the records of Qin's laws and regulations are adopted, and this book is compiled according to the style of the meeting.Divided into lineage, rites, music, public service, schools, calendars, officials, elections, civil affairs, food, military, criminal law, Fangyu, four descendants 14, 301 sub-items. It was written in 1904, but it was not widely circulated.Later, Xu Fu took the original book and revised and supplemented it article by article, renamed it "Qin Hui Yao Dian Bu", which compiled in detail the laws and regulations of the Qin Dynasty recorded in ancient books. A revised edition was published in 1959. "Three Congresses", 23 volumes, written by Yang Chen in Qing Dynasty.Based mainly on "Three Kingdoms" and Pei Song's annotations, and referring to more than 150 historical books such as "Book of Wei", "Book of Later Han", "Book of Continued Han", "Yuanhe County Chronicles", the author has collected and recorded relevant information about Wei, Shu and Wu. The canonical records of the Three Kingdoms are compiled in the style of "Huiyao of the Two Han Dynasties".Divided into 15 sects and 96 sub-items, including imperial lineage, calendar, astronomy, five elements, domains, officials, rites, music, schools, elections, soldiers, punishments, food and goods, general administration, and Siyi, it concentratedly records the period of the Three Kingdoms rules and regulations. The above four "Huiyao" are ancient Huiyao supplemented by scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and later. Due to the long history, the materials are all collected from the literature of previous dynasties, so they can only be used for reference and should not be trusted. "Ming Hui Yao", 80 volumes, edited by Long Wenbin in Qing Dynasty.This book collects and compiles more than 200 books on the history of the Ming Dynasty and some Ming regulations and systems. With reference to the examples of "Huiyao of the Han Dynasty" and "Huiyao of the Tang Dynasty", it is compiled by category, divided into emperors, rites, music, public service, and schools. There are 15 categories, such as calendar, official position, election, civil affairs, food and goods, soldiers, punishment, auspiciousness, Fangyu, and foreign affairs, and 498 sub-items below.Minor allusions and anecdotes are listed as miscellaneous notes and attached to each article.If there is any error, add a commentary to identify and verify it.The content records the history of the rules and regulations of the Ming Dynasty, which is more detailed than the "Xu San Tong" compiled by Qing officials, and can be used for mutual reference.In particular, among them, the ranks of officials, the reasons for the reform of the official system in the Ming Dynasty are recorded in detail, and the deeds and memorials of various officials are recorded occasionally, which is especially valuable for examination. These books are all political books compiled by ancient officials. "Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty", 30 volumes, titled Tang Xuanzong's writing, Li Linfu and other annotations, actually came from the hands of Zhang Shuo, Xiao Song, Zhang Jiuling, Xu Jian, Wei Shu and others. It is an official political book of the Tang Dynasty.Named after the "Six Codes" of Li, Jiao, Li, Zheng, Punishment, and Affairs drawn up by Xuanzong, it is a monograph on the official system compiled in imitation of "Zhou Li·Six Officials".At the beginning of the volume, there are three divisions, three princes, and the provinces of Shangshu, and they are divided into volumes to describe the six departments of officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers.According to the establishment of official positions, there are five provinces including Menxia and Zhongshu, as well as related officials of Yushitai, Jiusi, Wujian, Twelve Guards and Donggong.The last volume is the administrative organization of the three local governments, governors, prefectures and counties.The main text describes the establishment and tasks of officials, and the annotations respectively trace the evolution or detailed rules of the various official positions, from which we can also see the outline of the changes in the official system in the past dynasties.In addition, this book contains several edicts of the Tang Dynasty, and also records a lot of important social and economic materials, all of which are first-hand materials and have high historical value. This book is the earliest surviving work on the official system of the Tang Dynasty.Although some of the rules and regulations were not implemented at the time, their content was sufficient to reflect the political and economic conditions of the Tang Dynasty.It's a pity that the manuscript comes from the hands of many people, and there are many contradictions, repetitions or missing parts in it, which are its shortcomings. The new Japanese publication "Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty" is currently the best version of this book. "Yuan Decree", the full name is "Great Yuan Shengzheng Guochao Decree", it was not officially compiled by the Yuan Dynasty court.At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan government did not formulate a formal legal code. Therefore, some local officials copied imperial decrees, laws, regulations and cases, etc., as the basis for handling government affairs. The book "Yuan Dian Zhang" was copied and collected by local officials in Fujian at that time, and was later engraved by Jianyang Bookstore.It is divided into two parts: the previous collection and the new collection; the previous collection has 60 volumes, and the new collection has no volumes.The former collection collected various edicts, regulations and related cases from the first year of Yuan Shizu Zhongtong to the seventh year of Yuan Renzong Yanyou (AD 1260-1320); Relevant materials in the second year of Zhizhi (1320-1322 AD).This book is organized by outline, heading, and subheading.The first collection is divided into 10 items in the outline, and there are 81 items under the outline, and there are several sub-items under the items.Among them, "Six Departments" has 327 subheadings.The order of classification and arrangement of the outline is: imperial decree, holy government, court outline, platform outline, official department, household department, ritual department, military department, punishment department, and industry department.The new collection is divided into eight outlines: National Code, Chao Gang, Ministry of Officials, Ministry of Households, Ministry of Rites, Ministry of War, Ministry of Punishment, and Ministry of Industry; there are 39 items and 94 sub-items.Most of the historical facts recorded are not recorded in "Yuan Shi". "Yuan Dian Zhang" is an important document for studying the history of the Yuan Dynasty, and it is an important material for studying the politics, economy, law, and even customs of the Yuan Dynasty.It preserves the extremely precious original materials of the Yuan Dynasty, and also contains many official documents submitted to the imperial court from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, including many dialects and sayings.In addition, it also preserves some lost texts that can make up for the lack of historical records.The material in this book is reliable, but because it is a copy, it is inevitable that there are many missing and corrupted places, and the style is also very messy.The late Professor Chen Yuan has 10 volumes of "Yuan Dian Zhang Supplement", which can be referred to. "Ming Hui Dian" is a political book compiled by the Ming court.It was edited three times in total.It was originally edited by Emperor Xiaozong Hongzhi Zhu Youzhang of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Pu, Minister of the Ministry of Officials, etc. It was completed in the fifteenth year of Hongzhi (AD 1502), re-edited by Li Dongyang in the fourth year of Zhengde (AD 1509), and revised in the sixth year of Zhengde (AD 1509). 1511), called "Zhengde Huidian", a total of 180 volumes.It imitates "Tang Liudian" and "Yuan Dianzhang" to describe the administrative codes from the early Ming Dynasty to Hongzhi period.Civilian yamen, from the official, household, ritual, military, criminal, and industrial departments below the clan mansion, and other yamen; military yamen, from the yamen below the five armies' governor's mansion, describe their duties in detail.After Nanjing Zhucao attached to Beijing Caocao, those who were different from Beijing made separate entries.The material of this book is mainly based on the book "Zhu Si Zhi Zhang" published in the 26th year of Hongwu (AD 1393), with reference to "Ming Zu Xun", "Da Gao", "Da Ming Order", "Da Ming Ji Li" , "Hongwu Ritual System", "Jiaomin Bangwen" and other 12 kinds of books, with relevant examples over the years.It was continued in the eighth year of Jiajing (AD 1529) of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, and completed in the 28th year of Jiajing (AD 1549). There were 53 volumes, but they were not published.It was compiled for the third time in the fourth year of Wanli (AD 1576) of Ming Shenzong, and it was completed in the fifteenth year of Wanli (AD 1587), with a total of 228 volumes, titled Shen Shixing and other compilations, and it is the Wanli edition.In addition to revising and supplementing the "Hui Dian" of the first two dynasties, cases from Zhengde to Wanli were added.The book is divided into six parts, describing the duties and cases of administrative agencies at all levels in the Ming Dynasty, and recording the history of the establishment, crown and uniform, rituals, etc. Comes with illustrations.Since this book is "a compilation of the laws and regulations of the dynasty and the constitution of the generation", it records the most detailed and complete regulations and systems of the Ming Dynasty, and is an important document for studying the regulations and systems of the Ming Dynasty. In 1988, Zhonghua Book Company shortened it into a large volume based on Wanli's re-edited "Minghuidian" printed by the Commercial Press' "Wanyou Library" in 1936, which is now a common book. "Qing Hui Dian" is an official political document compiled by the Qing Dynasty imitating the style of "Ming Hui Dian".This book was edited five times in the Qing Dynasty, and experienced the five dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Guangxu, so it is also called "Five Dynasties Huidian". The "Hui Dian" of the Qing Dynasty was first compiled in the 23rd year of Kangxi (AD 1684). Following the method of the "Ming Hui Dian", the relevant rules and regulations were tied under the yamen to which they belonged.In the twelfth year of Qianlong (AD 1747), when the "Qianlong Huidian" was compiled, the codes and cases were divided into two parts, namely, the codes and the cases of the codes. As a supplement to the conference code, the "profit and loss due to reform" of each department and purpose is compared on a yearly basis.In this way, there are both categories and chronological order.In Jiaqing and Guangxu's "Huidian", the ceremonies, sacrificial vessels, halogen books of the Ministry of Rites, the map of the Ministry of Households, the celestial map of the Qintianjian, etc. were drawn and compiled into a compilation, called "Huidian Map". "Five Dynasties Collection" includes: "Kangxi Collection", 162 volumes; "Yongzheng Collection", 250 volumes; "Qianlong Collection" contains 100 volumes, and 180 volumes; "Jiaqing Collection" contains 80 volumes Volumes, 920 volumes of cases, 132 volumes of pictures; "Guangxu Huidian" has 100 volumes of canons, 1220 volumes of cases, and 270 volumes of pictures.This set of voluminous political books is the editor-in-chief of the regulations and systems of the Qing Dynasty, and is very important information for understanding the regulations and systems of the Qing Dynasty.