Chapter 7 Chapter Two Political Documents

"Tong Dian" by Du You in the Tang Dynasty, "Tong Zhi" by Zheng Qiao in the Song Dynasty, and "Tong Kao" by Ma Duanlin in the Yuan Dynasty are the three earliest political books; "The word is the title of the book, so it is collectively called "Three Links" by later generations.In ancient times, these three books were must-reads for scholars, and it was said that "a scholar who does not read the three links is a failure."Among the three books, "Tong Dian" and "Wen Wen Tong Kao" have the same style, and although "Tong Zhi" has some differences, there are "Twenty Briefs" which are similar in content to the previous two books. Therefore, it is customary to always It is collectively referred to as "three links".

The 200-volume "Tong Dian", written by Tang Duyou, is a history book that records the evolution of the ancient economic and political systems.From the legendary Tang and Yu, down to the last years of Tang Tianbao; Shihuo and other parts also describe the situation of Tang Suzong, Daizong, and Dezong.In the old bibliography, "Tong Dian" is the first among the political books. Before Du You, Liu Zhiji, the son of Liu Zhiji (the author of "Shi Tong"), collected a lot of classics and books of history, and wrote "Zheng Dian" with 35 volumes based on the legal system of the six officials of "Zhou Li", which was highly praised by the people at that time.But Du You felt that it was not detailed enough, so he expanded the style and added "Kaiyuan Ritual" and "Book of Music", making a book of 200 volumes, which he named "Tongdian".This "Tong Dian", which is enriched and enriched on the basis of "Zheng Dian", is the earliest and most valuable comprehensive document on relevant laws and regulations in my country.

Du You served as an official for a long time in the six dynasties from Xuanzong to Xianzong in Tang Dynasty. Although he was a general and a minister according to history, he never put down his books. He often read under the lamp, diligently.During the reign of Daizong Dali (766-779 A.D.), when Du You was the envoy of Huainan Jiedu, he started to compile the "Tong Dian"; after more than 30 years, it was not until the seventeenth year of Dezong Zhenyuan (801 A.D.) that the whole book was compiled. Success, it can be seen the depth of skill. "Tong Dian" is divided into nine categories: food and goods, elections, officials, rites, music, soldiers, punishment, prefectures and counties, and frontier defense; each category is divided into several subheadings; there is a general order in front of each category; There are local opinions; published a lot of insights.

"Tong Dian" draws a wide range of materials: before the Tang Dynasty, it mainly systemized the "annals" of various histories; after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, anthologies and other materials were also fully utilized; materials in the Tang Dynasty were taken from actual records, national histories, and government archives Wait, the content is informative.The most important point of this book is "communication", which is "communication" from ancient times to the present. The order of categories in "Tong Dian" is different from that of previous official histories; since the Han Dynasty, historians usually put rites, music, and astronomy at the top of their annals, while "Tong Dian" does not include astronomy, five elements, etc. , The economy is not directly related to the matter, but the "Shihuomen" (economy) is specifically listed as the first; this has never been seen in history.In the preface of the book, he proposed that the foundation of enlightenment lies in sufficient food and clothing, which is Du You's simple materialistic view.It is possible that Du You was an official who valued the people's economic life, and repeatedly tied up the country's wealth, and experienced the important role of the social economy in politics and culture; in the social economy, he also noticed the dominant position of agricultural production in the entire national economy.Therefore, in "Shihuomen", the land system is discussed first, and the social organization, taxation system, household registration ups and downs, currency circulation and various miscellaneous taxes are discussed second.In Volume 12 of "Shihuomen", the entire process of production and distribution is involved.Du You not only recorded systematically, but also expressed his own opinions. He is quite insightful.

On the other hand, Du You, who was born in a wealthy family in Guanzhong, was influenced by the social ethos of the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, which emphasized rituals. Therefore, in "Tong Dian", "Ritual Codes" accounted for half of them, with a hundred volumes; among the hundred volumes of ritual codes, the first 65 The first volume expounds the situation of the five rituals of Ji, Jia, Bin, Jun, and Ji in the past dynasties, and the last 35 volumes are excerpts from "Da Tang Kaiyuan Rituals".Since the Tang Dynasty set up disciplines to select scholars based on etiquette, it can be seen that etiquette was the most important thing at that time.Looking at the "Rituals", one can understand the customs and social customs of the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties.

The style of "Tong Dian" is centered on the category of events, and describes the important system evolution and historical development of the past dynasties, as well as related discussions, etc., and the Tang events recorded in it are more detailed and valuable. "Tong Dian" has always been highly evaluated. "Summary of Siku Quanshu" said: "Tong Dian" "It is beneficial to learn from the history of the Five Classics and the history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. , all of which are records, detailed but not complicated, concise and important, Yuan and Yuan books are all useful practical studies, not comparable to mere memoirs, and those who study the anecdotes before the Tang Dynasty, here is a compilation of the deep sea." This evaluation is Fair.

"Tong Dian" is the first political book in our country, and it is an important reference book for understanding the laws and regulations before Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty.It was written before "Tang Huiyao" and "Old Tang Book", and the history of the Tang Dynasty is naturally the first-class historical material.In addition, since the history books cited in this book are all scrolls, many of which have been lost, it often provides a precious source and basis for the compilation and collation of historical materials.For example, the famous scholar Wang Guowei once compiled Du Huan's "Jing Xing Ji" (the original book is long lost), so that later generations can know the legendary experience of this traveler who once traveled to West Asia and North Africa.

"Tong Zhi", 200 volumes, written by Zheng Qiao in the Southern Song Dynasty; from the Three Emperors to the Sui Dynasty (the rites, music, officials, elections, criminal law, food and goods are introduced to the Tang Dynasty), it is based on comprehensive historical materials Cheng's general history. Zheng Qiao was a knowledgeable historian in history. When he was young, he studied hard at the foot of Jiaji (jiji) mountain for 30 years.He once said: "Thirty years of writing books, ten years of searching for books", "Thirty years of books in the mountains and forests, and a thousand volumes of books", so the entire compilation time of "Tong Zhi" was at least 30 years, which can also be said to be a waste of time. It took his whole life to write it.

Zheng Qiao advocated general history and opposed dating.His works are rich, and the book "Tong Zhi" is his representative work. The style of "Tong Zhi" is different from that of "Tong Dian". The content recorded in "Tong Dian" is only political, economic and other regulations and systems, and biographies are not included. "Tong Zhi" is divided into two parts: the first part is a general history complete with Ji, Zhuan, Pu (Table), and Lue (Zhi). "Biography of Concubine" from Han to Sui, biographies from Zhou to Sui, this part is an old history, it just connects ancient and modern, including all dynasties; it has little reference value.

The second part is "Twenty Strategies", 52 volumes. The historical time is from the legendary era to the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. The "slightly" here means an outline and a rough outline.Its nature is similar to the "Zhi" in the official history, which records the evolution of laws and regulations, and also includes the development of culture and art. "Twenty Strategies" include: clan, six books, seven sounds, astronomy, geography, metropolis, rites, posthumous titles, utensils and clothing, music, official positions, elections, criminal law, food and goods, arts and literature, schools, maps, gold and stones, Disasters, insects, vegetation, and trees are briefly described.Among them, the five categories of clan, Liushu, Qiyin, metropolis, insects and plants were not in the previous official history.For example, "Clan Briefing" distinguishes 32 categories of origins of surnames; "Duyi Briefing" contains not only the capitals of emperors (up to the Sui Dynasty), but also the capitals of Siyi, involving the tribes in today's ethnic minority areas and surrounding countries in China, as far as the Great Qin and Dashi , Tianzhu; all have their own characteristics and merits.Another example is Liushu, Qiyin, Yiwen, Xiaoyu, Tupu, Jinshi, insects, plants and trees, all of which belong to the study of academic and related cultural history materials; among them, "Yiwenlue" divides books into 12 categories, 156 chapters Classes, 284 subdivisions, this form of analysis and synthesis is unprecedented; "Six Shulue" and "Seven-Yin Lue" can inspire the later research on philology; The method points out that not only the existing ones should be recorded, but also the non-existent ones, so as to clarify their changes; "Graphic Maps" points out the importance of charts and their interaction with books; "Jinshilue" describes the history of Zhongding The stele inscriptions illustrate the preciousness of direct historical materials; "Calamity and Xianglue" refute the theory of five elements and disasters, and call it the theory of monsters and deceitful people, etc.It shows that Zheng Qiao was able to notice these aspects at that time, and he still had many unique insights, which should be affirmed. "Twenty Strategies" is rich in content, and the examples are quite insightful.However, the category is too wide, and one person's power is limited after all, so it is not sufficient. For example, "Shihuolue", there are only two volumes, which is too brief, and the time starts from ancient times and ends in Sui Dynasty (a small number of categories to Tang Dynasty), resulting in The whole book seems to have a beginning but no end, and it is incomplete. "Tong Zhi" is not as good as "Tong Dian", and it is also related to the author's experience; Du You has been an official for a long time, and he paid attention to the political system and measures at that time, and has actual life experience, so he can refer to Chen's pros and cons; Poor Confucianism, who used to live in Jiaji Mountain for a long time, although he visited famous mountains and rivers, visited strange places and searched for ancient times, and later became an official to the Privy Council to edit, but he did not have sufficient conditions to study the laws and regulations, so he only talked about the laws and regulations of the previous dynasties. Research experience, not perfect, has limitations.

But just as the "Siku Abstract" said: This book is rich in information, and there are many incisive discussions. Although it has shortcomings, the flaws are not concealed. The book is also called the three links, and there is also a reason for this.” "Wenwen Tongkao" (hereinafter referred to as "Tongkao"), 348 volumes, compiled by Yuan Ma Duanlin, records the rules and regulations from ancient times to Song Ningzong. Ma Duanlin believes that history has both inheritance and development, so there should be a way of "knowledge and reason" when writing history.Ma Duanlin's "Tong Kao" is a historical masterpiece written after Du You's "Tong Dian" to carry out his own historical viewpoint. Ma Duanlin's father, Ma Tingluan, served as prime minister and privy envoy at the end of the Song Dynasty. He resigned because he disagreed with the traitor Jia Sidao.Ma Tingluan is a learned man. During Song Lizong's reign, he served as a collation of the History Museum, an editor of the National History Academy, and a reviewer of the Shilu Academy. He wrote a lot of works.Ma Duanlin's historical work was greatly influenced by Ma Tingluan in terms of data collection and insights into historical events.Such a family environment provided favorable conditions for Ma Duanlin to write "Tongkao". Many places in "Tongkao" quoted "Xiangong said" were all about Ma Tingluan's opinions. Ma Duanlin was 23 years old when the Song Dynasty fell, and he began to write "Tong Kao" around the age of 30. After more than 20 years, it was completed in the eleventh year of Yuan Chengzong's Dade (1307 AD), when he was 54 years old.In the second year of Yuan Yingzong Zhizhi (1322 A.D.), when Raozhou Road published "Tongkao", he was still alive and was already 69 years old.The preface of this book says: "Citing the ancient classics and history is called the article, and referring to the officials' melodies and sparse Confucian discussions is called the offering", so it is called "Tong Kao of Documents". The compilation method of "Tong Kao" is the same as that of "Tong Dian", basically according to the style of "Tong Dian"; it is divided into 24 categories: land tax, coins, household registration, service, taxation, market purchase, local tribute, national use, Elections, schools, officials, suburban communities, ancestral temples, royal rites, music, soldiers, punishments, scriptures, imperial lineage, feudalism, Xiangwei, Wuyi, Yudi, and four descendants.According to the author's preface, although the first 17 gates and the last two gates are different from the category names in "Tong Dian", some are separated out, and some are renamed, but they all follow the established rules of "Tong Dian", mainly adding Tang Tianbao The previous materials were continued from Tianbao to the end of Jiading in the Song Dynasty; only the five categories of classics (book catalog), imperial lineage, feudalism, Xiangwei, and Wuyi were newly established, which were not included in the "Tongdian". The "Classic Research" collects the bibliographies of the works of the past dynasties; the "Emperor Family Research" narrates the source of the surnames of the emperors and their reign periods; All things are disastrous. These 24 categories include many areas of feudal society from the economic base to the superstructure. Although "Tongkao" discusses from ancient times to the end of the Song Dynasty, the content about the Song Dynasty accounts for more than half of the whole book and is the backbone of the whole book. The style of "Tong Kao" is: each subject has a small preface, which is contained in the beginning of the volume.There are several sub-categories (categories) under each door, and the content under each door is also arranged in chronological order.It is not limited to comparative materials, but also has narratives, textual research, and conclusions.For the study of Song Dynasty history, the "narrative" part has high historical value, because it is mainly based on the now-lost Song Dynasty national history and the now incomplete "Hui Yao". In the "On Matters" section, some of the quoted opinions and works of the Song people are now lost, even if they exist, they can also be used as collation materials.Ma Duanlin's own "examination" has many insightful insights and also contains many important historical materials. In short, the compilation period of "Tong Kao" is longer than that of "Tong Dian", and the range of materials drawn is wider than that of "Tong Dian", including the political, economic, cultural, artistic and other aspects of the past dynasties before the end of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1224). Historical materials; on the basis of detailed and reliable materials, it systematically describes the history of laws and regulations from ancient times to the Song Dynasty; it is of high value. The most valuable materials in "Tong Dian" are from the Tang Dynasty, while the materials in "Tong Kao" are from the middle of Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, each with its own emphasis.In particular, Ma Duanlin's remarks on the evolution of various systems and historical phenomena can be summarized throughout the past and present, so that a relatively general conclusion can be drawn, so that readers can have a clear impression that this is the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is probably because historians have a relatively high evaluation of "Tongkao". In addition to the "Three Links", during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the Examination Hall of Xuwen Wen was established, which was also renamed as Santong Hall, and six political books were compiled, namely "Xu Tong Dian", "Xu Tong Zhi", "Xu Wen Wen" Tongkao", "Qing Tongdian", "Qing Tongzhi", "Qing Literature Tongkao".Adding the "three links" to these six books is the so-called "nine links".The following is a brief introduction to these six books. "Xu Tong Dian" and "Qing Tong Dian": "Xu Tong Dian" has 150 volumes, which was officially compiled in the thirty-second year of Qianlong (AD 1767). It is a sequel to Du You's "Tong Dian".The content records the political and economic regulations and systems for nearly 900 years from Tang Suzong to Deyuan Year (756 AD) to Ming Chongzhen 17th Year (1644 AD), among which the historical materials of the Ming Dynasty are the most detailed. "Qing Tong Dian", 100 volumes, was officially compiled in the same year as the previous book. It is a compilation of the Qing Dynasty's regulations and systems in the Tongji period, from the early Qing Dynasty to the middle Qianlong period.The style is based on Du You's "Tong Dian", and the details are slightly modified due to the different history of ancient and modern times. "Xu Tong Zhi", "Qing Tong Zhi": "Xu Tong Zhi" has 640 volumes, which is the sequel to Zheng Qiao's "Tong Zhi", and it was also officially compiled in the 32nd year of Qianlong.Among them, the content of "Twenty Strategies" has been added, and the time is continuation of "Tongzhi", from the beginning of the Five Dynasties to the end of the Ming Dynasty; the biography part is from the beginning of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Yuan Dynasty. "Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty", 126 volumes, was also officially compiled in the same year. There are many overlaps between "Twenty Strategies" and "Qing Tong Dian". "Tong Kao of Continuing Literature", "Tong Kao of Qing Literature": "Tong Kao of Continuing Literature", 250 volumes.Originally, Wang Qi of the Ming Dynasty wrote 254 volumes of "Continued Documents Tongkao". The author collected historical books and anthologies of famous writers, as well as the "Records and Memorials" preserved at that time, and compiled them according to the facts.It is a continuation of Ma's "Wenwen Tongkao", starting from Song Jiading and ending at Ming Wanli, and compared with "Wenlien Tongkao", it has more sections, academies, clans, Liushu, Daotong, and Fangwai.However, when the "Siku Quanshu" was revised during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it was considered that the records in it hindered the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and they were listed as banned books and were not allowed to be circulated.Moreover, in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Ma Duanlin's "Tongkao of Documents" ended before Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty, while Wang Qi's "Tongkao of Xuwen" was mixed in style and ended in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, so it was ordered in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747 AD) He ordered the establishment of the General Examination Hall of Xu Wenwen, appointed Zhang Tingyu and others as the president, and Qi Zhaonan as the editor, and compiled "Tong Kao of Xu Wenwen", 250 volumes.The category is based on the original title of Ma's "Benwen Tongkao", and in the "Jiaoshekao" there is a "group sacrificial examination"; in the "ancestral temple examination" there is a "group temple examination", a total of 26 subjects.The content records the laws and regulations of the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties for more than 400 years (since Ningzong in the Southern Song Dynasty to before Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), and is rich in content.In fact, most of the materials in this book are cut and adapted based on Wang Qi's "Continued Documents Tongkao".For the first time, Wang Qi's "Continued Documents Tongkao" compiled the deeds and allusions after Jiading into one series, and recorded the events of the Ming Dynasty in the most detail.Wang Qi thought that the people at that time recorded the current events, which were true and specific, not to mention that the lower limit of his records was only more than 40 years away from the Qing "Xu Wen Tong Kao", so the Qing "Xu Wen Tong Kao" actually copied Wang Qi's "Xu Wen Tong Kao". "Kao", and then cite the official histories, stories, miscellaneous editions, as well as anthologies, historical reviews, etc. of various dynasties and re-examined into a book, so it is the best among the "continued three links". "Tong Kao of Qing Literature", 300 volumes, was officially revised in the same year.The classification is the same as that of "Continued Documents General Examination", and the content has been slightly increased or decreased.For example, "Eight Banners Field System" was added to the field tax test, "Eight Banners Zhuangding" was added to the household registration test, "Eight Banners official school" was added to the school test, and "Mongolian Prince" was added to the feudal test. For example, "Tongzi Ke" was deleted from the election examination, and "Chariot War" was deleted from the military examination, etc., because these were all owned by the previous generation but not in the Qing Dynasty.The whole book describes the deeds from the founding of the Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period, and is a compilation of materials recording the administrative system and social economic system in the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty. Incidentally, the Qing government consulted a large amount of materials for the compilation of the "Three Links of the Qing Dynasty". Records, canon and National History Museum materials, as well as jade documents, daily life notes, "Unified Chronicles of the Qing Dynasty", various local chronicles, "Sheng Xun", "Laws of the Qing Dynasty", etc., the content is quite substantial. During the Qianlong period, the "Continued Three Links" were built, so why bother to build the "Qing Three Links"?It is said that it is because the writing format of the "Zunhao" of the Qing Dynasty and its previous dynasties is difficult to be uniform. The events of the previous dynasties can be written in a flat book, but in the Qing Dynasty they have to jump out of the box, and the situation is difficult to be uniform. So the canon system after the founding of the Qing Dynasty was compiled separately. The above six books are all written in the style of "three links". "Tong Kao of Qing Literature" is the earliest book among the "Three Links of Qing Dynasty". As mentioned above, the content is quite substantial.The materials of Qing Tong Dian and Qing Tong Zhi, which were revised later, were copied from Qing Wen Wen Tong Kao.Therefore, although the style of "Three Links of the Qing Dynasty" is slightly different, the materials are the same, and many chapters are similar, so similarities and discrepancies are inevitable.However, despite this, they still have their own strengths. Both "Three Links" and "Continued Three Links" are political documents that "understand the past and the present", while the "Three Links of the Qing Dynasty" specifically describes the regulations and systems of the Qing Dynasty, which should belong to the chronology, but they are collectively called "Nine Links" by custom. The "Nine Links" mentioned earlier, together with the "Tong Kao of Qing Dynasty Continued Documents", is the "Ten Links". "General Research on Continuing Documents of the Qing Dynasty", 400 volumes, edited by Liu Jinzao.The editor is from Wuxing, Zhejiang.The Liu family of Wu Xing is one of the famous book collectors in Zhejiang. Liu’s Jiayetang used to have a large collection of books. Later, Miao Quansun’s Yifengtang collected books and bought them for Liu Jinzao, so he was able to write this great book with his own strength. , which is not unrelated to his rich collection of books. According to the preface, this book took 28 years to compile from the Jiawu Year of Guangxu (AD 1894) to 1921.The first draft is 320 volumes, starting from the fifty-first year of Qianlong (AD 1786) and down to the thirty-year year of Guangxu (AD 1904).After the Revolution of 1911, the compilation was continued until the abdication of the Qing Dynasty in the third year of Xuantong (AD 1911), and many omissions in the first draft were added, and the final version was written in 400 volumes.Its style, in addition to all 26 items in "Tong Kao of Qing Literature", added four items of "diplomacy", "postal communication", "industry" and "constitutional government" to adapt to the new situation after Daoguang and Xianfeng, a total of 30 Door.More than 230 subheadings have also been changed, such as "bank" and "maritime transportation" in the national examination; "academy", "books" and "school" in the school examination; "Navy", "ship administration" and so on.The whole book describes the laws and regulations from the fifty-first year of Qianlong to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in the third year of Xuantong. From 1935 to 1937, the Commercial Press printed "Ten Tong" into a hardcover edition, with a total of 21 volumes including the index. This is the current version. If you want to look up the information in "Ten Links", you need to use "Ten Links Index".This index is an appendix to the printed hardcover "Ten Tong".It is divided into two parts: the first part is the table of contents, the subject four-corner number search index, which is to record the systems, names, chapters and programs recorded in the "Ten Tong", all of which can be defined as a word or can be defined as an entry, according to their initials The four-corner numbers of the characters are arranged in order, indicating the title of the book, the number of pages and columns seen.The second part is the classification index, which is divided into three parts: General Code Department, General History Department, and General Examination Department.At the back of the book, there is a stroke index table, in which the four-corner number of a single character and the number of pages of the word in the first index can be found.According to the index, you can easily check the laws and regulations of the past dynasties recorded in the "Ten Tong".