Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Cold Weapons

Combat weapons are the most basic offensive weapons in the cold weapon era, and play an important role in the outcome of battles.They are generally composed of a sharp point, a sharp blade, and a hook hammer attached to one end of a long handle, such as spears, daggers, halberds, scorpions, axes, and hammers. A spear is a long-handled combat weapon used for piercing and piercing.There are also names such as 鍦〔shi Shi〕, (钅cong)〔congcong〕, collar〔chan Zen〕, and so on.Consists of a spearhead and a long handle.Although there are differences in the spearheads made of different materials in different eras, from the perspective of their basic structure, the spearheads have sharp points, side blades, spear blades, spear spines, and a pastern [qiao knock, also known as a scorpion] for the handle. Attached to the pastern side are the rings and other parts used to fasten the spearhead (see Figure 1).However, the spearheads used for hunting in the late primitive society were not uniform in shape. Most of them were made of pointed stones or bones and horns, and then tied to bamboo or wooden handles to become the simplest stone spears, bone spears and spearheads. wooden spear.From the wooden spears, stone spears and bone spears unearthed from the Hemudu site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province (about 7,000-5,300 years ago) and the Longshan Cultural Site in Yaowang City, Rizhao City, Shandong Province (about 4,900-4,000 years ago), we can see that the spearheads at that time About 10-20 cm long, 1.4-2 cm wide, and isosceles triangle in shape.Some spearheads have convex ridges in the middle of both sides, and the cross-section is equilateral triangle or rhombus. There are sharp points in the front, and collars (tingting) or notches and round holes in the back for the handle.These structural features indicate that the shape of the spear was basically finalized about 5,000 years ago.

The unearthed objects show that the broad-leaf spear made of bronze has become an important fighting weapon for the army as early as the Shang Dynasty from the 16th to the 11th century BC.From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, there were chief spears used by infantry and barbarian spears used by chariot soldiers. "Kaogongji Luren" says that the chief's spear handle is two feet long, which is convenient for infantry to stab when the two armies meet; the barbarian spear handle is 2.4 feet long, which is equivalent to three times the human body. If it is shorter, it will not be able to stab A soldier on an enemy tank, so this is determined by the size of the tank.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the bronze spearheads used by the army have developed from broad leaves to narrow leaves.The wooden handle is more delicately made, usually with wood as the core, and two layers of small bamboo pieces are attached to the outer ring, which is tightly wound with silk thread. The entire spear body is tough and elastic.A Wu King Fuchai spear unearthed in Jiangling County, Hubei Province, has a wrong gold inscription on it, "Wu King Fucha used it from the beginning

The gun evolved from the spear, which is composed of a spear point and a long handle, and its killing effect is the same as that of a spear.The guns used by the Tang army include lacquer guns, wooden guns, white-headed guns, and fluttering guns. They are equipped with cavalry and infantry respectively and are used for military training.At that time, guns were used for many purposes. For example, when the two armies faced each other, they directly stabbed the enemy with guns;In the Song Dynasty, there were many famous generals who used long spears to fight. Among the generals of the Yang family, Yang Ye and his son were well-known for their good use of long spears.There are many types of guns made in the Song Dynasty, and there are 18 types in "Wu Jing Zong Yao" alone.Among them are double-hook guns, single-hook guns, and ring-hook guns used by cavalry. There are double hooks, single hooks, and ring hooks at the rear of the guns, which are convenient for cavalry to stab enemy soldiers on horseback and drop them under the horse.Infantry mainly use straight-edged guns without hooks, such as plain wood guns, crow-shaped guns, cone guns, and Daning pen guns.The cone gun has a four-edged edge, which is sharp and not easy to break.There is a small iron plate a few inches below the blade of the Daning pen gun, and there are blades around it, so the enemy cannot catch [ruo Nuo].At the same time, in the Song Dynasty, there were short-handled guns such as short-bladed guns, short-cone guns, grasping guns, thorn guns, and abducted guns specially used for siege; etc. It is characterized by a long handle, generally about 2.5 feet long, which is convenient for assassinating the enemy who is climbing the ladder to attack the city.In addition, there are mallet guns for coaches, shuttle guns for throwing, and pounding guns.In the Yuan Dynasty, there was a javelin with two fronts that could be stabbed and thrown.The guns used by the Ming army include long spears, square spears, arrow-shaped guns, dragon knife guns, etc. The spears of the long spears are three to seven inches long and weigh four taels. The handles of the long spears are made of bamboo or wood. The iron blade and hook of the gun are one foot long, which is convenient for attacking with the (shield) shield; the dragon knife and gun have side blades, which can be cut or forked.The guns equipped by the Eight Banners of the Qing Army and the Green Battalion include long spears, flame guns, hook sickle guns, double hook sickle guns, tiger tooth guns, snake sickle guns, goose feather guns, cross sickle guns, nail guns, and spear guns.

Ge is an original weapon created by our ancestors. It can both hook and peck. It evolved from sickle-like agricultural tools.The Shi Ge used in the late Neolithic Age has no obvious boundary between the aid and the interior.After entering the Bronze Age, Ge weapons have achieved unprecedented development.Bronze Ge, which was popular during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, is relatively complete in shape and structure.The whole Ge is composed of horizontal Ge head, handle and copper 鐏 (zun Zun).Getou is composed of three parts: "Yuan", "Nei" and "Hu" (see Figure 2).The aid is the killing part that goes out horizontally. The upper and lower blades arc forward to form a sharp point, which is used to hook and peck the enemy.There is a hole in the back tail of the internal aid, which is called "piercing".A "lane" is set between Yuan and Nei, and it is extended into "Hu" near the Lane under the aid.There are also wears on the Hu, the longer the Hu is, the more the Hu and the Gefu are tied more firmly.柲 is Ge's handle.The ji is placed at the end of the twig, so that the Ge will not be deflected when inserted into the ground.

"Kaogongji Yeshi" stipulates the structural data of Ge's various parts: "Ge's width (width) is two inches, the inside is doubled, the Hu is three, and the aid is four", that is, the width of the Ge is two inches, and the inside is four inches. Inch, Hu is six inches, and Yuan is eight inches.The usual Ge is six feet six inches long and weighs 14 taels per catty (16 taels per catty in ancient times).The long Ge is used for chariot battles, and the short Ge is used to equip infantry.After the late Warring States period, due to the increasing use of iron halberds, Ge's status in warfare gradually declined, and it began to be eliminated after the Qin Dynasty, and disappeared in the ranks of weapons after the Han Dynasty.

The word "Ge" was a character with special meaning in ancient China. Not only did it become another name for the word "war" when it was used together with the protective equipment Gan (shield), but it also formed with other Chinese characters. Words related to war such as war, cutting, and military.Later, the word "Guo" in oracle bone inscriptions and traditional Chinese characters also used Ge as a symbol of armed forces to protect the security of the country's periphery and the people's peaceful labor on the land. Halberd is a long-handled fighting weapon that combines spear and Ge in ancient China.It consists of a long handle and a halberd head (see Figure 3).It can be stabbed, hooked, pecked, and cut. It is a four-purpose weapon.The halberd appeared in the Shang Dynasty. A halberd unearthed in Gaocheng City, Hebei Province was composed of a Ge head placed horizontally at the front end of the spear handle connected to the spear [qiong poor].The "ten" character halberd combining the two began to appear in the Western Zhou Dynasty.There are two forms of this kind of halberd: one is the spearhead as the main body, and the side is used to help, forming a thorn-based halberd.The other is to use spear as the main body, and the upper rail is extended and widened to form a halberd mainly with hooks and pecks.In the Spring and Autumn Period, a kind of halberd, which combined the bronze dagger and bronze spear with long beard, appeared, and became an important fighting weapon used in chariot battles.In the late Warring States period, there appeared a kind of halberd with the word "divination" combining thorns and aids. At the same time, there also appeared a kind of halberd with two, one and three inner heads on a long handle. People called them "two fruit". Halberd" and "Three Fruit Halberd".From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, the use of halberds was quite common.After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the halberd gradually withdrew from the ranks of weapons and became a ceremonial item.

A long-handled knife is a single-sided side-edged fighting weapon composed of a blade and a long handle for chopping.It is derived from the stone knife of the late Neolithic Age through the long-term evolution of the bronze knife.A long handle knife has a long blade with a thin blade and a thick ridge.Although long-handled bronze knives appeared in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, they were rarely used because they were produced in small quantities.Until the Qin Dynasty, long-handled knives were not an equipped weapon for the army.A new type of steel knife appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.This kind of knife has a straight body and long body, thin blade and thick ridge, short handle, and a ring on the head of the handle. People call it "ring head knife".After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the use of steel long-handled knives increased.During the Three Kingdoms period, there were many famous generals who used long-handled knives, such as Guan Yu, Huang Zhong, Pound and so on.In the Jin Dynasty, the handle of the long-handled knife was four feet long, and the knife was three feet long.The long-handled double-edged Mo Dao used in the Tang Dynasty is one foot in length and weighs 15 catties, and some weigh as much as 50 catties.The long-handled knives of the Song Dynasty include the single-edged Qudao, Yanyue (covering the moon) knife, Meijian knife, pen knife, Fengzui knife, double-edged Zhao (zhao Zhao) knife, and the halberd knife evolved from the halberd, etc. ( See Figure 4).In the Ming Dynasty, there were hook sickles and Yanyue knives.Although there were long-handled knives such as pick knives, wide-edged knives, piece knives, and tiger-tooth knives in the Qing Dynasty, they were no longer the main equipment.

Axe, Yue and Qi are all arc-shaped broad-bladed fighting weapons used for chopping in ancient China.The basic structures of the three are similar, only different in size, the larger ones are called Yue and Qi, and the smaller ones are called axes. The earliest ax was a stone axe, which evolved from production tools in the late Neolithic Age and was only used by a few people at first.The ax body is mostly rectangular and trapezoidal, some with perforations, and some without perforations.When installing, the ax head is generally placed in the mortise of the wooden handle, perpendicular to the wooden handle, forming a horizontal handle axe.The handle is thicker at the front and thinner at the back, which is easy to operate.During the Three Kingdoms period, a steel ax was made. Zhuge Liang ordered the manufacture of a battle ax and listed it as a combat weapon equal to a knife.After the Jin Dynasty, the blade of the ax was widened, the handle was shortened, and the killing effect was improved.Long Ke axes and crested axes were popular in the Tang Dynasty.In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756 A.D.), General Li Siye of the Tang Dynasty led 3,000 infantry armed with long Ke axes and Mo swords to intercept the Anlu Mountain cavalry at Xiangji Temple.More tomahawks were used in the army of the Song Dynasty. General Yang Cunzong of the Southern Song Dynasty used ten thousand long-handled axemen to defeat the kidnappers of the Jin army.In addition to battle axes, the Song army also used crest and crested axes to dig tunnels for siege warfare; they used scorpion axes as defensive weapons to kill siege enemies who climbed the city walls.The Yuan army often used anchor axes and sickle axes for close combat.In the Ming Dynasty, there were battle axes such as Kaishan, Jingyan, Rihua, Invincible, and Changke.The Eight Banners soldiers of the Qing Army used round-bladed and flat-bladed axes, while the Green Battalion soldiers used long-handled axes, double axes, and double axe.In addition to being used in combat, the battle ax is also used as a ceremonial weapon.

Ax evolved from an axe. The shape of a stone ax is basically similar to that of a stone axe. It has been unearthed in cultural sites such as Hemudu, Yangshao, Dawenkou, Majiabang, and Majiayao.In terms of shape, there are various forms such as disc shape, trapezoid shape, rectangle shape, sub-waist shape, inner shape and bile shape.The upper part of the stone ax is perforated, the blade is semicircular, with a large arc, and the two corners are slightly warped.Bronze battle axes were used in Shang Tang's war against Jie at the end of Xia Dynasty, and then became the equipment of the Shang army.The bronze axes of the Shang Dynasty are wide and thick, with gorgeous decorations.The two large copper axes unearthed from the Fuhao Tomb in Anyang are both cast with the word "Fuhao" and are called "Fuhao Yue", with a length of 37.3-39.5 cm, a blade width of 37.5 cm, and a weight of nine kilograms. They are decorated with double tigers. The head-eating pattern was favored by the spouse of Wuding, the 23rd king of the Shang Dynasty, as a symbol of the commanding power when leading the army.Yue is sometimes used as a sacrificial vessel and a torture tool for decapitation.In the 11th century BC, when King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou, he "held the yellow axe on the left and Baiyan on the right" to command the battle.After King Zhou's defeat and self-immolation, King Wu "beheaded Zhou with a yellow ax and hung a big white flag".When King Wu was stationed in the Shang Palace for his enthronement ceremony, "Duke Zhou held the big axe, and Duke Zhao held the small axe to clamp King Wu", expressing his assistance to King Wu in ruling the country.During the Warring States Period, Yue was rarely used. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was mixed with axes and mostly used for ceremonial guards.

Qi's body is smaller than a Yue, so it is also called Xiao Yue.Qi made of stone and jade were used in the late Neolithic Age.A bronze Qi was unearthed from the Early Shang Culture Site in Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan.It was used more in the late Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and disappeared in actual combat weapons after the Qin and Han Dynasties. Sticks are the earliest striking weapons.It is easy to obtain materials and convenient to make.By the end of the Neolithic Age, people had been able to carry out various simple processing on natural sticks, or sharpen one end for stabbing, or insert clam shells or stone chips at one end for cutting, or install a stick at one end. stones for hammering.Various forms of sticks appeared after the Tang Dynasty.

Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin was the founding emperor who was good at using sticks. Some people said that he "made four hundred military states with one stick".Under his promotion, many kinds of cudgels appeared in the Song Dynasty. Only "Wu Jing Zongyao" recorded seven kinds of sticks, most of which had sharp blades on the ends.For example, the Keli stick has an iron-coated head, the hook stick has a clip edge with two barbs, the grab stick has a chicken claw-shaped hook head, and the mace has a spindle with many spikes. Shaped head, Qi Jiajun uses a stick with a blade.The Qing army mostly used tiger head sticks. Shu is the earliest long-handled percussion weapon evolved from a stick.Also known as pestle, stick, gallium [bang pound], 杸, 祋 [dui pair].Shu heads are mostly made of bronze.There are two types: with or without sharp points and with sharp points.The non-sharp head is in the shape of a flat-topped cylinder, and some have a copper button on the top.The tip of the pointed head is in the shape of a triangular spear, and a copper thorn ball or hoop is connected to the back of the front, and a copper thorn ball or copper hoop is also installed at the end of the handle, which can be stabbed or smashed.There is no record of using Shu in the Shang Dynasty.In the Zhou Dynasty, Shu was listed as one of the "five soldiers of the chariot". It is about 1.2 feet long, and some have metal heads.During the Warring States Period, Shu was listed as one of the "Five Infantry Soldiers".The shu unearthed from the No. 3 Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of Qin Shihuang is a copper-headed cylinder with a length of 4.2 inches, a diameter of six minutes, and a wall thickness of one minute. The head is a polygonal cone.After the Han Dynasty, Shu was eliminated. Iron, palladium, pickling, shovel, fork, and wolf whisk (see Figure 5) are all multi-edged weapons that appeared relatively late. Although most of them are not standard equipment, they all have certain lethal effects. The 镋 is a long-handled weapon capable of both offense and defense, shaped like a fork.It is generally 7.6 feet long and weighs five catties. There are two types of three-toothed and five-toothed.In combat, soldiers can use it to assassinate enemy soldiers, and use it to block enemy weapons.The infantry battalions compiled and trained by Qi Jiguang were all equipped with long-handled 镋.The long-handled 镋 can also be inserted into the ground, and the two sides of it can be used as a launcher to set off rockets. "Wu Bei Zhi" said that it was created in the late Ming Dynasty and was used in Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and other places.However, a piece of three-toothed 镋 unearthed in Chun'an County, Zhejiang Province in recent years shows that during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1119-1125), the peasant uprising army led by Fang La had already used 镋 as a weapon. Palladium consists of a palladium head and a long handle.The palladium head is composed of five arrow-shaped sharp points inserted on two crescent-shaped iron chisels, and there is a certain distance between the two crescent-shaped chisels.After the palladium head is made, it is placed on the long handle, and the end of the handle is equipped with a metal 鐏.Palladium is a prickly front weapon. The head of the bar is on a special waist-drum-shaped crossbar, and a number of short iron teeth are placed to smash the enemy's weapons, which are not used much. The head of the shovel is equipped with a crescent-shaped horizontal blade, and the end of the handle is equipped with a spear point. It can shovel the enemy in the front and stab people in the back. It can be used by infantry and cavalry. There are three fronts on the head of the fork, and the center is slightly longer. It is mostly used by cavalry. The Wolf Whip is a long-handled, multi-pronged stabbing weapon.Created in the Zhengtong period of Ming Yingzong, the time is about 1444-1449 AD, and it first appeared in Sichuan.It was later used by Qi Jiguang's troops in the anti-Japanese war.Wolf whisks are made of moso bamboo with many knotted forks and thorns. Generally, there are 9-11 layers of knotted forks, the handle is 1.5 feet long, and there are iron sharp points in front to stab the enemy. Pack of thorns.There are two types of straight and hook.In combat, it is usually used in conjunction with other weapons, which has a better cover effect.