Chapter 13 Compilation of the first section "The Book of Songs" and "Six Meanings"
It is an ancient collection of poetry in my country, with a total of 305 poems, so it is also called "Three Hundred Poems".Among the works collected in the collection, the earliest ones include poems written by nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty worshiping their ancestors, and the later ones include folk songs from the Qin Mugong era. It can be known that these poems were produced from the end of the Yin Dynasty to the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, and down to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, roughly from the 11th century BC to the AD Between the 6th century BC.
According to ancient records, there was a system of "poetry collection" in ancient my country, that is, the central official in charge of poetry and music, the Taishi, was responsible for collecting folk songs from all over the country to present to the monarch, so as to examine the people's sentiments and political achievements. "Book of Rites · Wangzhi" says: "The Son of Heaven patrols every five years", "Order Taishi Chen Feng (to introduce folk songs) to observe folk customs." It means "collecting poems".
It is said that there were as many as 3,000 poems collected from all over the country in ancient times, plus poems presented by the nobles of various vassal states, and sacrificial songs in the ancestral temples of the dynasty. Confucius selected 305 poems and compiled them.However, according to "Zuo Zhuan" records in the twenty-ninth year of Duke Xiang (544 BC), Ji Zha, the son of Wu State, visited the State of Lu to investigate Zhou Yue, and the Grand Master of the State of Lu entertained him with a concert. within.It can be seen that as early as 544 BC, it had been finalized.Confucius was only eight years old when Jizha visited Lu.It can be seen that it was not compiled by Confucius.Confucius said "I went back to Lu in self-defense, and then the music was upright, 'Ya' and 'Song' each got their place" ("The Analects of Confucius · Zihan") just said that he had arranged the music.
There is a difference between modern and ancient Chinese. The "Book of Poetry: Twenty-Eight Volumes of Classics (Lu, Qi, and Han)" recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" is the modern classic; "Mao Shi" twenty-nine volumes is the ancient classic.In addition, there are more than ten kinds of poems from various schools.Among them, except for "Han Shi Wai Zhuan", all the classics and poems in modern texts have been lost; there are 30 volumes of "Mao Shi Gu Xun Zhuan", which is the current edition of "Thirteen Classics Commentary".
According to traditional habits, one must understand the "six meanings" first.The so-called "six righteousness" refers to the six concepts of "Feng, Ya, Song, Fu, Bi, Xing".Among them, "Feng, Ya, Song" refers to the music category of the collected poems (that is, the category of poetry); "Fu, Bi, Xing" refers to the writing skills of the collected poems.Introduce separately below.
The music (poetry) category: Feng, Ya, Song.
Wind: It means local songs.Because it is mainly folk songs collected from various vassal states, it is also called "national style".There are 15 places in total, so it is also called "Fifteen National Styles".They are: "Zhou Nan, Zhao [Shao Shao] South, Bei [Bei Bei] Feng, Yong [Yong Yong] Feng, Wei Feng, Wang Feng, Zheng Feng, Qi Feng, Wei Feng, Tang Feng, Qin Feng, Chen Feng , Cypress wind, Cao wind, Bin [bin Bin] wind", a total of 160 poems.These places are generally located in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and northern Hubei, mainly in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin.
Ya: It means regular music.Among them, it is divided into "Xiaoya" and "Daya", which are collectively called "Erya".Most of them are poems sung on formal occasions such as court meetings, drinking swallows, and ceremonies.Most of the lyrics were written by the upper class, and some poems also left the author's name.For example, in "Daya·Zhimin", there is a sentence "Jifu chanted, Mu Ruqingfeng". It can be known that it was the work of Yin Jifu, the assistant minister of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty. "Ya" is generally composed of 10 songs, called "Shi". "Daya" includes "Wen Wang Zhizhi", "Shengmin Zhizhi" and "Dang Zhizhi" (11 poems). "Xiaoya" includes "Deer Mingzhi", "Nanyou Jiayu", "Swan Goose", "Jie Nanshan", "Gufeng", "Futian", "Fish "Algae" (14 poems).There are a total of 105 "Er Ya" poems.
Song: It means the song of praise (song).There are "Zhou Song", "Lu Song" and "Shang Song", which are collectively called "Three Songs". "Zhou Song" is generally a sacrificial song of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Song of Lu" is a sacrificial song of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Shang Song" is a sacrificial song preserved by the descendants of the Yin and Shang Dynasties (Song State) to worship ancestors. "Zhou Song" includes "What Is About Qing Temple", "What Is About Ministers", "What Is About Min Yu Xiaozi" (11 poems). There are only four "Songs of Lu". There are only five "Ode to Shang". There are 40 poems in total in the "Three Songs".
In addition to the above 305 poems of "Feng, Ya, Song", there are six titles without words in "Xiaoya".They are: "Nanxin [gaigai]", "Baihua", "Huashu", "Yugeng", "Chongqiu", "Youyi".These are the names of six tunes played on musical instruments, called "Sheng Poetry".Some books record 311 poems, including these six tunes.The category of music, that is, the structure of this collection of poems, is roughly the same.
His writing skills: Fu, Bi, Xing.
Fu: It is straight to the point, direct narrative or lyrical.For example: "That cunning boy (beautiful boy), don't talk to me, because of Weizi, I can't eat!" ("Zheng Feng · Qiaotong") directly sings the girl's lovesickness.
Bi: It is to narrate or express emotions with metaphors.For example: "Guanguan Jujiu [jujiu Juju], in the continent of the river, a fair and fair lady, a gentleman loves her [qiuqiu]." ("Zhou Nan·Guan Ju") The courtship of water birds is a metaphor for the love of young men and women.
Xing: It is to first describe the scenery and objects, so as to arouse the association, and then narrate and express emotions.For example, "Jianjia [jianxia] is gray, and the white dew is frost. The so-called Yiren is on the side of the water. Follow it [su Su] and whirl (against the water), and the road is long and obstructed. Follow it back (follow the water), and you are in the middle of the water. "("Qin Feng·Jian Jia") This poem first describes the desolation of the autumn scenery, which arouses the yearning for people far away.
The three words "Fu, Bi, Xing" in the poem briefly summarize the writing skills of poetry.
The theory of "Six Righteousness" originated from the "Six Poems" of "Zhou Li". "Zhou Li Chunguan Zongbo": "The grand master masters the six rhythms and six tones to combine the sounds of yin and yang... to teach the 'six poems': Feng, Fu, Bi, Xing, Ya, and Song. "" "Six Poems" was renamed "Six Righteousness" in the preface: "The former king used this () to treat couples, to be filial, to respect human relations, to beautify education, and to change customs. Therefore, "Poems" have 'Six Righteousness' Yan, one is called wind, The second is Fu, the third is Bi, the fourth is Xing, the fifth is Ya, and the sixth is Song." (The order of "Six Poems" and "Six Meanings" may be confused due to mistakes)
"Feng, Ya, Song" and "Fu, Bi, Xing" are originally two concepts in different categories. It is not very scientific to combine them together as "Six Poems" or "Six Meanings". In "Mao Poetry Justice", the following analysis is made in particular: "'Feng, Ya, Song' are different forms of poems; 'Fu, Bi, Xing' are different words of poetry. They are derived from different sizes and are the same. For "six meanings", "Fu, Bi, Xing" are used in "Poetry"; "Feng, Ya, Song" is the formation of "Poetry". The three things are used to form these three things, so they are also called "righteousness" ', there must be another volume."
Kong’s use of “different sizes” to distinguish between these two categories is certainly wrong (it should be said that the standards are different), but he used the traditional concept of “style and function” to distinguish “different styles of poems” and “different words of poetry and prose”. It is still very clear.And judging from his words "there must be another volume", Kong clearly realized that this classification does not use the same standard, but he had no choice but to force it because of the authority of the preface.
"Six meanings" is an important term in learning, and it is also a traditional theory of poetry in our country, so we must first understand the "six meanings" in our research.
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