Chapter 37 Section 6 Loss of part of the territory after the imperialist invasion

In the 32nd year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1553), the Portuguese bribed local officials and landed in Haojingao (today's Macao) to establish a settlement.In the first year of Wanli (AD 1573), the Portuguese turned bribes into land rent, and Macau became the first rented place of Western countries in China.After entering the Qing Dynasty, the old rules of the Ming Dynasty were followed, but after the 29th year of Daoguang (AD 1849), the Portuguese side refused to pay the land rent and expelled the officials of the Qing Dynasty stationed in Macau.In the thirteenth year of Guangxu (AD 1887), China and Portugal signed the "Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Tianjin", allowing the Portuguese to "permanently reside and manage" Macau.

After 1840, the imperialists invaded China and used force to force the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and seized a large area of ​​China’s territory. They didn’t even sign the treaty and created a fait accompli by virtue of their strength. During the Opium War, the British occupied Hong Kong Island in Xin'an County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province.In the 22nd year of Daoguang (AD 1842), China and Britain signed the "Sino-British Nanjing Treaty" and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.At the end of the Second Opium War in the 10th year of Xianfeng (AD 1860), China and Britain signed the "Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin", and the district of Kowloon Division on the opposite bank of Hong Kong was ceded to the British.In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (AD 1898), China and Britain signed the "Special Articles on the Expansion of Hong Kong's Boundary".In the following year, it was determined to lease the Shenzhen River, the south of Shenzhen, Dapeng Erwan and the nearby sea (Kowloon and New Territories) to the United Kingdom for a period of 99 years.

Tsarist Russia invaded the most territory of China. In the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk", the easternmost part of the border between the two countries, south of the Udi River, was listed as a "territory to be discussed", and the ownership was not delineated. However, after Russia expanded its power to the Far East, it occupied it without any negotiation. this area.During the second Opium War in the eighth year of Xianfeng (AD 1858), Russia took the opportunity to force General Yishan of Heilongjiang to sign the "Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty", forcibly cutting off a large area of ​​Chinese territory on the north bank of Heilongjiang, only stipulating that Aihui (now Heihe City, Heilongjiang) is on the opposite bank The "Jiangdong Sixty-Four Tuns" south of the Jingqili River are still permanently inhabited by aboriginal Chinese and managed by the Chinese government.The area from the east of the Ussuri River to the sea is under the joint administration of China and Russia.The Qing government refused to ratify it at the time, but was forced to confirm the treaty in the Sino-Russian Treaty of Peking two years later. The "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing" further included the former Chinese territory in the east of the line from Ussuri, the Songacha River to the Xingkai Lake to the mouth of the Tumen River to Russia.In the second year, the boundary was determined and a monument was erected.In the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886 A.D.), a re-survey was carried out, and many boundary markers were added and changed, and the Chinese side made a lot of concessions.In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (AD 1900), during the war of invasion of China by the Eight-Power Allied Forces, Russia occupied the Northeast, drove out Chinese residents by means of burning and killing, and forcibly occupied the 64 villages in Jiangdong.

Sakhalin Island on the east coast of the Tatar Strait was originally under the jurisdiction of the deputy capital of the three surnames of Jilin, but the Qing Dynasty only accepted "tribute" and never operated it, so that it was unknown after Russia and Japan invaded the island.In the 30th year of Daoguang (AD 1850), Russia unilaterally declared Sakhalin Island to be Russian territory. When the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing" was signed, the Qing government ignored the island and agreed to stipulate that the "natives" on the island could not live again. Hai paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty, effectively acknowledging Russia's occupation of the island.In the first year of Guangxu (AD 1875), Sakhalin Island was completely included in Russia, and after the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, it was assigned to Japan in the south of 50° north latitude.

The "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing" determined that the western boundary between China's Outer Mongolia and Russia "starts from Sabinda Baha to Jaisangnur". Although it has not yet been surveyed, it has already been assigned to Wuliang, which belongs to Dingbian Zuo General in the northwest of this line. Haishi Zuoling and the Second Banner of Altay Nur Wulianghai, which belonged to Khobdor, were drawn outside the boundaries of China.In the third year of Tongzhi (AD 1864), China and Russia signed the "China-Russia Exploration and Division of the Northwest Boundary" (that is, the "Tacheng Treaty"), and in the eighth year of Tongzhi (AD 1869) the Khobdo and Uliasutai two agreements were signed. A boundary agreement.In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883 A.D.), the border of Khovd was surveyed and revised, and the border between the two countries was delineated according to the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing".

The Sino-Russian western boundary in Xinjiang stipulated in the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty" is below Jaisangnur and is "to the southwest to Temurtu Nur and to the south to Haokand". The land between the southeast of Lake Kashgar (Balkhash) and Temurtunur was assigned to Russia.In the third year of Tongzhi (1864 A.D.), after the signing of the "Records of China-Russia Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary", Russia used the specific survey process to expel China's Karen (outpost) and seize the border land.In the ninth year of Tongzhi (AD 1870), Russian officials imposed their unilaterally determined boundaries on China, and Qing officials could only erect a Chinese boundary marker on the left side of the Russian boundary marker.But no sooner had the border been drawn than Russia began a new step of aggression.At that time, Russia had already annexed the Kokand and Bukhara Khanates in Central Asia, and took advantage of the opportunity of Yaguba's rebellion in Xinjiang to occupy China's Ili in the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871 AD).In the third year of Guangxu (1877 A.D.), the Qing Dynasty sent Zuo Zongtang to Xinjiang to quell the rebellion and asked Russia to withdraw from Yili.Russia made the revision of the relevant provisions of the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing" as a condition for withdrawing troops, and forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the "Ili Revision Treaty" in the seventh year of Guangxu. The boundary survey conducted according to these two treaties produced several specific boundary treaties. In the 10th year of Guangxu, the Sino-Russian border from Sabinda Baha to Uzbeli Pass was demarcated. In the past 20 years, the western part of China lost more than 500,000 square kilometers of land.

When quelling the Aguba Rebellion, Liu Jintang marched into the Pamirs. In the early years of Guangxu, he set up eight Karen including Wuman. The "Ili Revised Treaty" stipulates that in the south of the Uzbeli Mountain Pass, "the border of China is to the south, and the border of Russia is to the southwest", making it clear that the Pamirs belong to China.However, since 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), Russia continued to expand southward and occupied the Pamir region west of the Sarekol Ridge by force.Britain also invaded the Pamirs through its protectorate of Afghanistan. In 1895 (the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Britain and Russia took advantage of China's failure in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895-1895 and signed a contract in London privately, dividing up most of the Pamirs, leaving only the current Taxkorgan County in China.

Britain, France, and Japan also used various means to occupy China's territory on the borders of India, Burma, Vietnam, North Korea and other countries where they maintained colonial rule and China: The border between China and North Korea at the source of the Tumen River was negotiated and surveyed by the two sides from the ninth year of Guangxu (1883 AD) to the 13th year (1887 AD), but no conclusion was reached.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan obtained the diplomatic rights of South Korea. In the first year of Xuantong (1909 AD), the two sides decided to use Shiyishui as the source of the Tumen River, and the two countries took this as the boundary.

Ladakh was originally a part of Ali, Tibet, and was occupied by Kashmir in the 20th year of Daoguang (AD 1840).In the twenty-sixth year of Daoguang (AD 1846), the British annexed Kashmir, and Ladakh was immediately incorporated into British Kashmir.In the 16th year of Guangxu (AD 1890), the United Kingdom stipulated that Zhe Mengxiong was under the protection of the United Kingdom through the Tibet-India Treaty, and delineated the border between Zhe Mengxiong and Tibet, and seized the area south of Chunpi, Tibet. In the eleventh year of Guangxu (AD 1885), France annexed Vietnam, and Britain annexed Myanmar in the twelfth year of Guangxu. Since then, Britain and France have negotiated with China many times to delineate the borders between Myanmar, Vietnam and China. Liba and other places, Tiebi, Huju, Tianma, Hanlong and other customs were included in British Burma, and the two chieftains of Ude and Mengwu in the south were included in French Cochin China (Vietnam).

In addition, after the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Taiwan and Penghu were ceded to Japan in the 21st year of Guangxu (AD 1895), and they were not taken back by China until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945. Outer Mongolia declared its independence in 1921, and the Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924.