Chapter 31 Section 5 Territories of other regimes

Parts of present-day Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and Gansu were outside the Ming's borders for most of its time.The regimes established in these areas mainly include: In the 1440s, the Chagatai Khanate was divided, and in the 1460s the Western Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Timur Khanate. In 1370 (the third year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty), Chahetai Khan lived in Bilibali in the east, and in 1418 (the 16th year of Yongle), he moved westward to Yilibali (one work, Yilibali, now Yining City, Xinjiang). The name of the country is named after the city.The territory under its jurisdiction includes present-day Xinjiang except the Hami area and the northeast of the Irtysh River and the Ulungu River, as well as the Balkhash Lake, the east of Tashkent and the Pamirs. In the late 16th century, the eastern part of the area north of the Tianshan Mountains was occupied by Oala, and the rest was divided into several parts: Jirijisi, in the southeast of the present-day Balkhash Lake; Kazakh, in the present-day Ili River Basin; Yarkand, in the present-day The Tarim River Basin and the Pamirs; Turpan, the eastern part south of today's mountains and the western part of Gansu.

The Tatars first appeared in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and were tribes under the rule of the Turks, and Mongolia, which arose later, was one of them.After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty called all the descendants of Genghis Khan in the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau as Tatars. Oala, known as Oirat, Erut, and Erut after the Qing Dynasty, was originally located in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River and became a part of Mongolia after being conquered by Genghis Khan.The Ming Dynasty generally refers to the tribes in the western part of the Mongolian Plateau and the Altai Mountains.

In 1368 (the first year of Ming Hongwu), Emperor Yuan withdrew from Dadu and moved north to Shangdu.The next year, the Ming army attacked Shangdu, and Emperor Yuan fled north again.In the second year, the Ming army conquered Yingchang (now near Xidalainuoer, Keshigten Banner, Inner Mongolia). Emperor Yuan fled to Helin, where he still used the title of Yuan Dynasty and was called Beiyuan in history.It was passed down to 1402 (the fourth year of Jianwen in the Ming Dynasty) that the emperor was called Khan, and the country was called Tatar, and the tribe was restored, but the interior was not unified.At the beginning of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, Wala was divided into three tribes: Mahamu, Taiping, and Batubosi. The Ming Dynasty named them the three kings of Shunning, Xianyi, and Anle.The scope of Tatar and Wala roughly covers the central and western parts of Inner Mongolia, the Mongolian Plateau, the southern foot of the Altai Mountains and southern Siberia.

In 1436 (the first year of Zhengtong in the Ming Dynasty), King Tuohuan (Huan Huan) of Wara Shunning annexed the tribes of Xianyi and Anle, unified Wala, and took control of Tatar two years later.After his son succeeded Li, he took Wuliangha Sanwei and Jianzhou Jurchen ministries in the east, and plundered Shazhou, Chijin Mongolia, Hami and other guards in the west. In 1449 (the fourteenth year of Zhengtong in Ming Dynasty), he went south to attack Ming Dynasty and captured Ming Yingzong. In 1453 (the fourth year of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty), he first established himself as Dayuantian Shengda Khan, but was killed in civil strife two years later, and Mongolia split again. In 1480 (the 16th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty), Dayan Khan of the Tatars (known as the Little Prince in the Ming Dynasty) inherited the Khan throne, sent troops to force Wala to move westward, and unified the Mongolian ministries. After the death of Dayan Khan in the early 16th century, another separatist regime emerged.By the late 16th century, the leader of Dayan Khan's grandson, Tumed, controlled the right wing of Mongolia and was called Altan (Altan) Khan.Altan Khan built Dabansheng City (named naturalized by the Ming Dynasty) in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia today, and became the political, economic and cultural center of the Monan area.