Chapter 8 Section Five: Lu Jiuyuan, Lu Zuqian, Zhang Shi, etc. and Southern Song Academy

The flourishing of academies in the Southern Song Dynasty is closely related to the development of Neo-Confucianism.There are many schools of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty, and there are many schools. In addition to the Cheng-Zhu School (also known as Min School, or Kaoting School) represented by Zhu Xi, there is also the Xiangshan School represented by Lu Jiuyuan, and the Jinhua School in Eastern Zhejiang represented by Lu Zuqian. School (also known as Wu School) and Huxiang School represented by Zhang Shi.In addition, the Yongkang School represented by Chen Liang and the Yongjia School represented by Ye Shi (collectively known as the Gonggong School) also had a considerable influence on the prosperity of Southern Song Dynasty academies.

At the same time when Zhu Xi pushed Neo Confucianism to a mature stage, Lu Jiuyuan established a school of his own, opened his own door, and founded the Xiangshan School, forming a confrontation between Zhu Xi and Lu. Lu Jiuyuan and the Xiangshan School were also keen on giving lectures in the academies, which had a major impact on the prosperity of the academies in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lu Jiuyuan studied in a family school when he was young, and after the age of 10, he followed his brother to study in Fuzhou Zhouxue and Jinxi Shushan Temple.In the eighth year of Qiandao (1172 A.D.), he won the Jinshi examination in the spring.Returning to his hometown, he built a study to study, and then built Huaitang to give lectures.Yang Jian, Gui Dehui, Fu Mengquan, Liu Bowen, Liu Boxie, Zhou Boxiong, Chen Gang, Peng Xingzong, Zhu Bing, Zhu Taiqing, etc. all came to study.In Lu Jiuyuan's teaching, he first teaches people to distinguish will, righteousness and benefit, so that people can rest assured that they don't take words for meaning.Many years later, local officials built Huaitang Academy at the Lu Jiuyuan Lecture Office in Jinxi County.

In the eighth year of Chunxi (AD 1181), at the invitation of Zhu Xi, he gave a lecture on "Yiyi, Yuli" in Bailudong Academy.In the tenth year of Chunxi, when summoned by Emperor Xiaozong, he openly criticized the court for "being in the imperial court for more than 20 years... the territory has not been returned, and the shame has not been restored".He was relegated to Taizhou to be in charge of Chongdao Temple.Scholars gathered from all directions, and the elders of Xiangqu bowed their heads to listen to the lectures. They moved to the temple to watch the lectures. There were two or three hundred people listening, and the Huaitang could not accommodate them.Then he climbed Guixi Yingtian Mountain and built Xiangshan Jingshe to give lectures.

According to records: Lu Jiuyuan gave lectures in Yingtian Mountain, and every time the jingshe beat the drum, he would take the buckwheat [jiaojiao] to the lecture hall, and each scholar would write his name and year on a small card, and enter in order, about several hundred. People, all Qi Su, no one who dares to make noise and whisper. "The first teaching is to restrain the spirit, cultivate virtue, and listen to lectures with an open mind", which is very similar to modern organizational teaching.When he lectures on the scriptures, every time he inspires people's original mind, he sometimes cites the scriptures to prove it, and everyone who hears it is moved.Those who see it for the first time may want to question it, or want to argue, or take pride in their learning, or stand on the edge of a cliff, after hearing the instruction, they often surrender and dare not relapse.Those who want to speak but cannot express themselves will speak on their behalf, just like what they want to say, and develop it accordingly.Even if there are a few half-words that are desirable, they must be rewarded.All beings are grateful.

Xiangshan Jingshe does not build a vegetarian house first, does not provide food, does not establish school rules, and relies entirely on spiritual influence.Lectures in the mountains, five years before and after, recorded more than thousands of people listening to the lectures.Lu Jiuyuan's lectures at Xiangshan Jingshe emphasized that "reasonableness", "aspiration" and "being a person" are the foundation, which is obviously different from the academy education advocated by Zhu Xi.Xiangshan Jingshe or Xiangshan Academy became one of the most distinctive and influential academies in the Southern Song Dynasty, and it was the birthplace and academic center of Lu Jiuyuan's Xiangshan School.

The Ehu Meeting, which had an important influence in the history of Chinese academics, was a gathering of academic debates between Zhu and Lu arranged by Lu Zuqian. The Ehu Academy, established to commemorate the Ehu Meeting, also became a famous academy in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the second year of Chunxi (AD 1175), Lu Zuqian invited Lu Jiuling, brothers Lu Jiuyuan and Zhu Xi to meet at the Ehu Temple in Qianshan, Xinzhou. .According to the "Xiangshan Chronicle" records: "The Ehu meeting is about teaching people. The meaning of Yuanhui is to let people have a broad view and then return to the appointment; the meaning of Erlu is to first discover people's original mind and then make them read. Zhu Yi Lu’s teachings are too simple, and Lu’s teachings of Zhu’s are disjointed. This is quite incompatible. Sir (Lu Jiuyuan) wants to argue with Yuan Hui, what books do you think Yao and Shun can read before? Fuzhai (Lu Jiuling) stop it.”

In order to commemorate the "Zhu and Lu Meeting", the Postgraduates of Neo-Confucianism built the Sixian Hall (shrine) in Ehu Temple to worship Zhu, Lu and Erlu.In the tenth year of Chunyou (AD 1250), Jiangdong punished Cai Kang and built an academy next to the temple, which was named "Wenzong" by Emperor Lizong.The significance of the Goose Lake Meeting lies in the historical value of the academic debates of various schools of Neo-Confucianism, and it has a good influence on the advocacy of academic debates in academy teaching.Goose Lake Academy actually became a symbol of the close relationship between the academy and the debate on Neo-Confucianism.

Lu Jiuyuan had many disciples, and many of them founded academies to give lectures. Lu Jiuyuan gave lectures in Huaitang and Xiangshan Jingshe. There were many disciples in Jiangxi, and many lecturers in the academy were established, forming an important Luxue research and dissemination center in Jiangxi. Fu Mengquan, Lu Jiuyuan's favorite disciple, ranked first in "Song and Yuan Xuean · Huaitang Confucianism Cases".Lu Jiuyuan praised him for his "very high character".In the second year of Chunxi (1175 A.D.), he became a Jinshi. He taught Lizhou and Hengzhou.Chen Fuliang once talked with him and admired him deeply.Knowing the capital of Ning, he once gave lectures in the south of the city, and built a house where there were more and more scholars, and it was named Zengtan Lecture Hall.Both Zhu Xi and Zhang Shi had academic contacts with him, and although their academic purposes were different, they all spoke highly of him.

Zou Bin first learned from Li Dezhang, a disciple of Lu Jiuling, and later learned from Lu Jiuyuan.When Zhu Lu went to the E Lake meeting, he followed Lu to the meeting.Yuan Fu built Xiangshan Academy and planned to hire him to preside over the teaching affairs, but he resigned due to old age and illness.The residence is named Nantang, with a collection of thousands of books and many disciples. Chao Baidan, who studied from Lu Jiuyuan, became a Jinshi in the second year of Chunxi's reign, and was awarded a professor in Jizhou.Knowing Nankang Army later, he once paid homage to Bailudong Academy. He has been an official for 40 years, and his family has no money.

Dong Dexiu, who first entered the gate of Xiangshan, lived in seclusion in mechanics, meditated all day long, and hidden psychology.Later, the number of scholars who followed became more and more, and Xinzhai Academy was built in Liukeng, where he lived. Wu Shaogu once learned from Lu Jiuyuan in Yingtian Mountain, lived together in a hut, and built a thatched hut in Zhuoying.He lives in Anren, Raozhou (now Yujiang County, Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province), and his teaching place is Yuzhen Academy, which is located at the foot of Yuzhen Mountain. Lu Jiuyuan taught in Huaitang and Xiangshan for decades, with thousands of disciples. "However, his academic lineage is spread in the east of Zhejiang." Zhu Xi also said: "Scholars in the east of Zhejiang, many of them are Jingmen, and they are able to stand on their own. The second time they meet, they are resolutely invincible." It is so big and has a wide influence, surpassing those of Lu Xuemen in Jiangxi.The most famous are Yang Jian of Cixi in Mingzhou, Yuan Xie of Yinxian, Shu Lin of Fenghua and Shen Huan of Dinghai.Because the Yongjiang River flows through it, it is called the Fourth Mr. Yongshang, or the Fourth Mr. Mingzhou, or the Fourth Mr. Siming.

Yang Jian, a Jinshi in the fifth year of Qiandao (1169 A.D.), was first the master book of Fuyang.When Lu Jiuyuan passed by Fuyang, he gathered at Shuangming Pavilion at night. He used the fan lawsuit as an example to say which is right and which is wrong, and why is it not true?Yang Jian heard it, "suddenly felt that his heart was clear and clear", and then he sat down on Dadan, confessed and worshiped him, and called him a disciple.Later, at the invitation of the Shi family of Yin County, he gave lectures at Bijun Academy many times, and there were many scholars from Yongshang.Yang Jian once built a house on the bank of Derun Lake in Cixi, renamed it Cihu, gathered disciples to give lectures, and later generations built Cihu Academy as a commemoration.Yang Jian is known as "the hero of the Lu family". Especially after the death of Lu Jiuyuan, he made important contributions to the dissemination and development of Lu studies. , and use his strength every day, detached and independent, enlightened people's hearts, and made great contributions to later learners" ("Ji Zhai Ji Gift to Fu Zhengfu"). Yuan Xie, nicknamed Jiezhai, rarely read history books. Qiandao first entered Taixue and was taught by Lu Jiuling.Gather with Yang Jian, Shu Lin, and Shen Huan in Tongli, and learn from each other day and night.He once studied under Lu Zuqian, became friends with Chen Fuliang, and later returned to Xiangshan. A clear heart is fundamental."He encouraged future scholars to mainly emphasize "respect for virtue", and at the same time, "really be rooted in learning", which also has the flavor of Zhu Xue.Chengnan Academy (also known as Jiezhai Academy) was built by Yuan Xie to give lectures at home. He once held lectures with Yang Jian, Shu Lin, and Shen Huan.In the early days of Jiading, Yuan Xie appointed Changping Tea and Salt Officials in Jiangxi to prefect Longxing Mansion (governing Nanchang), and fully supported his friend Feng Youjun in establishing Donghu Academy. Feng Youjun is also Lu Jiuyuan's disciple.He proposed to build Donghu Academy in Longxing Mansion, the former site of Hanxu Pavilion built by Li Yin in the early Song Dynasty.The suggestion pointed out: "The ancient school has disappeared, and there is Ze Palace again. Today, the Yuelu in Changsha, the Shigu in Hengyang, and the white deer in the stars live in groups in Lize, and follow the ancient precepts. Instead of inviting famous people from all over the world, lecturing and chanting are not the reason for the establishment of traditional teaching. Please build a museum." This suggestion was strongly supported by Hu Yu [guigui], who edited the Jiangxi transshipment envoy and was in charge of the Longxing government. , decided to "Ying Dongyu", "Cong Jianbian" and recruit Luo Junxian.34 houses were built along the lake to make it an academy with "a courtyard, a magnificent and deep building, a pottery and utensils, and a complete supply of salt and water". The books of various military states are enriched.At this time, Yuan Xie succeeded to the post of magistrate and supported it more fully, so the academy was built, and he asked Ningzong to bestow the title of "Donghu Academy".Under the auspices of Yuan Xie and Feng Youjun, Donghu Academy inherited and developed the academic thought of the Xiangshan School and became the most influential base and research center for land studies.Donghu Academy and Bailudong Academy are well-known all over the world, and "living in Bailu" and "visiting Donghu Lake" became a fashion among scholars at that time. Shu Lin once learned from Zhu Xi, Lu Zuqian and Zhang Shi, and finally learned from Lu Jiuyuan.His learning emphasizes hard work, and he advocates that the stronger the practice, the clearer the virtue.He has been a professor in Huizhou for a long time.Teaching "not to be afraid of hard work, to teach every day, in the midst of winter and scorching heat, there is no lack of slack. Build wind and fish (yu) pavilions to gather at the time, and go to the evening. The day has the ability to pay attention to swimming. The quality is obstinate and not good. Those who are good at teaching and persuasive", and are known as "the number one instructor in the world".The school where he lectures at home is called Quang Binh Academy.Wang Yinglin said in "Guangping Academy Notes": "Shu Lin's learning began in Zhang and then in Lu, and his morality and knowledge came from Zhu and Lu. The heart is integrated, the spirit is practiced, and his practice has the truth of admiration, and his teaching Sometimes in Yuzhize, Mr. Shen (Huan), Yang (Jian), and Yuan (Xie) were like-minded, and turned the coast of the East China Sea into Zhusi, who was not worthy of virtue, but taught and practiced in the village, and heard in the world."It can be seen that its academic status and its contribution and influence in the development of the academy are great. When Shen Huan was studying in Taixue, he was good friends with Yang Jian, Yuan Xie and Shu Lin, and his teacher was Lu Jiuling.He was friendly with Shi Hao in the village, and Shi Hao built a lecture house for him in Yuehu Zhuhu, called Shen Duanshan Lecture House, or Zhuzhou Academy.He talked with Yang Jian and Yuan Xie for more than a year.Nanshan Academy was built as a place for home-based lectures. Yang Jian, Yuan Xie, Shu Lin, and Shen Huan had a great influence in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, and played a great role in spreading and promoting Luxue. They formed the center of Luxue research in the eastern Zhejiang area, and most of the academies in the eastern Zhejiang area became lectures. The base of Lu Xue.Wen Tianxiang once commented: "The study of Guangping (Shu Lin) is a peaceful spring breeze; the study of Dingchuan (Shen Huan) is a solemn autumn frost; Yuan Xie), Yuze Bingying. Teachers and friends gathered in Dongzhe for a while. Woohoo, Shengzai." ("The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan Guide Record") Xie Shan said in "Tonggu Sanshuyuanji": "After Song Qianchun, the schools were divided into three schools, Zhu Xueye, Lu Xueye, and Lu Xueye. The three schools were at the same time, but they were not very compatible. Zhu Xueye learned from things, Lu Xue has a clear heart, and Lu Xue takes their strengths, and then embellishes them with the system of Central Plains literature. Although the paths of the family are different, if you want them to belong to the saints, there is one." The "Lu Xue" mentioned here refers to the Neo-Confucianism represented by Lu Zuqian. "Lv School" is also called "Wu School" because it was formed in Wuzhou. The prefecture of Wuzhou is Jinhua, Zhejiang, so it is also called "Jinhua School".However, the "School of Wu" refers to the regional characteristics of the formation of the school. It not only includes the "School of Lu" represented by Lu Zuqian, or the "School of Jinhua", but also the "School of Yongkang" represented by Chen Liang. " and the "Yongjia Learning" represented by Ye Shi.Yang Weizhen of the Ming Dynasty said in "Song Wenxian Public Collection Preface": "I heard that Wuxue had three clans in Song Dynasty: Donglai clan (Lv Zuqian) taught Taoism with his life, Shuo Zhai clan (Tang Zhongyou) established governance techniques with classics, and Longchuan clan (Chen Liang) achieve success with the strategy of the emperor and hegemony." Quan Zuwang also has a similar statement in "Song and Yuan Xuean": "During the Qianchun period, Wu learning was the most prosperous. Donglai brothers (Lu Zuqian, Lu Zujian) learned from life From the beginning, Tongfu (Chen Liang) started with the study of meritorious service, while Shuozhai was the study of classics." In terms of the nature of schools, Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty is actually divided into two schools, one is the study of body, mind and life, including Neo-Confucianism represented by Zhu Xi and Xinxue represented by Lu Jiuyuan.One side is the school of meritorious service, which emphasizes practicality and practicality.Some scholars classify LV Zuqian's Jinhua learning into the Gonggong school, because Jinhua learning is included in "Wu Xue".In fact, as far as Lu Zuqian is concerned, he is more inclined to the study of body, mind and life, "introducing the orthodoxy with life" or "starting with the study of life".However, compared with Zhu Lu, Lu Zuqian puts more emphasis on being practical and practical, and does contain some academic characteristics of the meritocratic school, but it is not its academic gist.In the study of body, mind and life, between the two schools of Zhu and Lu, Lu Zuqian made a compromise, "taking his family as well", and was more inclined to Zhu's school, and was also quite influenced by Lu's school. The biggest feature of Lu Zuqian's academic thought is that he is compatible with all schools of thought, learns from others' strengths, is not famous for one teacher, does not speak privately, regards Confucianism as his sect, and is a family of those who are familiar with it. Talk about scriptures with history. In any case, Lu Zuqian and the school he represented were quite influential and distinctive in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is recognized by the academic circles. Lu Zuqian was born in 1137 AD and died in 1181 AD. He only lived to be 45 years old. He was a scholar who died young.After his death, he served as an official of the imperial court, but for a short time, most of the time he spent giving lectures at home or in the academy. Lu Zuqian was 27 years old when he became a Jinshi in the first year of Longxing (1163 A.D.).In the second year of Qiandao (1166 A.D.), his mother died of illness, and she went back to her hometown to protect the funeral. She built a hut to guard the tomb in Mingzhao Mountain, Wuyi, and gave lectures and studies.Students from all over the world rushed to ask for advice.In the ninth year of Qiandao (1173 A.D.), his father died again, and he lived in Zhaoshan to guard the tomb again.Gathering disciples to give lectures. The place where Lu Zuqian lectured was called "Lize", and people at that time called it Lize Academy. Lu Zuqian gave lectures in Lize Hall, with outstanding academic characteristics, attracting students from all over the world. There are many scholars and great influence, "dominant in the southeast".Lize Academy also became one of the four famous academies in the Southern Song Dynasty that stood side by side with Bailudong Academy revived by Zhu Xi, Xiangshan Academy founded by Lu Jiuyuan, and Yuelu Academy presided over by Zhang Shi. Lu Zuqian gave lectures in Lize Hall, and he attached great importance to the institutionalization of academies, and made important contributions to the improvement of the academy system in the Southern Song Dynasty.He especially emphasized that "study has rules and conduct has rules".He said: "Scholars must follow the rules. Most of them are small and skillful, and large and learned. There must be a standard and scale. Archers are all like this. There is no one who can achieve without accuracy and scale." "All craftsmen have scale Today's scholars have no scale, they don't know the beginning, they don't know the end, they don't know what they've achieved and they don't know what they won't achieve, this is the most serious disease of scholars."In September of the fourth year of Qiandao (1168 A.D.), the statute he made for Lize Academy reflected this spirit. Anyone who previews this collection is based on filial piety and loyalty. Those who are not obedient to their parents, not friendly to their brothers, not friendly to the clan, not sincere to friends, contradictory in words and deeds, and wrong in words, are not in this position.If there is a crime in the pre-collection, the comrades will regulate it; if the regulation is impossible, punish it; Anyone who pre-books this collection will tell each other good news, warn each other after hearing it, and sympathize with each other in adversity.Travelers must call each other with their teeth, not with words, not with title, not with Erru. The capacity to speak is dignified and dignified; the capacity to live in groups is harmonious and dignified. (Squatting, lamely leaning, clamoring, embracing and embracing are called disrespectful, insulting and joking are called disrespectful.) Learn from the old school, come and go every year, meet each other on the road, and never waste the old rituals. Don't get good or bad in algae growth, and Zi destroys the writing of outsiders. County government affairs, country figures, called good but not evil. Do not pay homage, offer, or entrust. Don't ask questions about each other, place high self-esteem, and make a false distinction between clear and turbid. Speech, no profanity, no flattery, no arrogance, no miscellaneous. (Lying, not specifically based on falsehoods, such as: unbelief in promises, unfeeling words, increased aggravation, etc. Miscellaneous words, all useless talk.) Don't be indifferent. (For relatives who are old or non-scholar, affection etiquette cannot be abolished, but intimacy is not appropriate.) Don't kiss me. (Such as: gambling, fighting, cuju [juju], keeping Pu Chun in a cage, drinking in a bar, going to a test for writing or submitting two copies of the paper, reading non-common texts, etc., and the rest can be deduced by analogy.) ("Collected Works of Lu Donglai", "Series Integration" of the Commercial Press) The content of this academic regulation is rich and specific. There are clear regulations and strict standards in terms of academic study, dealing with others, and dealing with the world.Self-discipline is advocated, and mentors and friends are encouraged to supervise and supervise each other.There are rewards and punishments.It contains the main content and basic requirements of academy education and management, and also embodies the basic spirit and main features of Lu Zuqian's educational thought. This academic regulation was established in the fourth year of Qiandao (1168 AD), and the "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" personally established by Zhu Xi was established in the seventh year of Chunxi (1180 AD).The academic regulations of Lize Academy are 12 years earlier than the academic regulations of Bailudong Academy.Comparing the two, it is not difficult to find the influence of the school rules of Lize Academy on the rules of Bailudong Academy.It is not difficult to see the role and contribution of Lu Zuqian in the institutionalization of Southern Song Dynasty Academy. In the fifth year of Qiandao (1169 A.D.), Lu Zuqian revised the academic regulations again, making them not only applicable to academies, but also applicable to general official schools.It is also said that in the fifth year of Qiandao, Lu Zuqian specially formulated the school regulations for Yanzhou Fuxue. All scholars like this are based on emphasizing the purpose of the scriptures and understanding the principles. Studying should be regular, and the diary should be used in books, as many as you want.If there is a person who drops out of work, he will also write it in the book. If he is a year old, he will not exceed a hundred days, and those who have passed a hundred days will be rejected by comrades. If in doubt, record it in a special book.The comrades met at different times, each came up with what they had learned and doubted, discussed with each other, and still wrote their names on the back of the book. Laziness and ignorance, although the course is sloppy, but there is no narration, all comrades will reject it. Those who don't practice monks' inspections, and who are despised by the township, will be rejected by comrades. Comrade relocated, transferred letters to each other. ("Collected Works of Lu Donglai", "Series Integration" of the Commercial Press) The five-year statute of Qiandao is simpler than the four-year statute of Qiandao, but the purpose of learning is clearer, and the role of mutual supervision between teachers and comrades is more prominent. A major feature of Lu Zuqian's lectures is that he advocates inclusiveness, does not hold sectarian views, "fairness and rationality, and withdraws from the small family". Each school learns from each other's strengths and complements each other's weaknesses. His disciples inherit this tradition.At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the dispute between Zhu and Lu's later schools intensified, and developed into a strong sectarian sentiment, slandering each other, belittling others, and flaunting themselves.As a disciple of Lu Zuqian, Lize's disciple still insists on "peace of mind and non-discretion", which is very valuable. It also laid the foundation for future generations to "reconcile Zhu Lu" and made his own contribution.This is also where the unique status and value of Lu Zuqian and Lize Academy in the development of Southern Song Dynasty Academy lie. The Huxiang School is an important school of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty. It was founded by Hu Anguo and Hu Hong in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty. One of the four schools of Neo Confucianism that stand side by side with Lu Jiuyuan's Xiangshan School and Lu Zuqian's Wu School. The emergence of Huxiang School is the result of the southern transmission of Neo Confucianism based on the Northern Song Dynasty.Its academic origin is the study of Cheng Ercheng.According to Zhen Dexiu, a Neo Confucianist in the late Southern Song Dynasty, it is: The study of Ercheng was acquired by Guishan (Yang Shi) and passed on to the south, and passed on to the Luo family (Luo Congyan) in Yuzhang, the Yanping Li family (Li Tong) from the Luo family, and the Kaoting Zhu family (Zhu Xi) from the Li family.Shang Cai (Xie Liangzuo) passed on to Wuyi Hu family (Hu Anguo), Hu family passed on to his son Wu Feng (Hu Hong), Wu Feng passed on to Nanxuan Zhang family (Zhang Shi), this is another school. (Volume 31 of "Zhen Wen Zhong Gong Read Secretary") That is to say, the main representatives of the Huxiang School are Hu Anguo, Hu Hong and his son, and Zhang Shi. The formation, development and dissemination of Huxiang School are closely related to the development and prosperity of Southern Song Academy.The birthplace of the Huxiang School and the center of research and dissemination are in the Huxiang area, and the academies in the Huxiang area also focus on the research and dissemination of the academic education ideas of the Huxiang School as their main content and basic characteristics. During the Jianyan period of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1127-1130), the Hu family and his son left Jingmen and arrived in Hunan due to avoiding the war. They arrived in the Hengyue area in the southwest of Xiangtan. Sex] complement each other, and the common name is "Biquan" because of its color. When you climb the mountain and look around, it is the south of Dongting, the west of Xiaoxiang, and you can look at Mount Heng, which is hundreds of miles away.So he decided to settle here, to study with great concentration, teach apprentices and give lectures.So I started with my fellow disciples, "The wilderness is wild, the pines and bamboos are planted, the mountains are raised by those who are left behind by woodcutters and herdsmen, those who are blocked by Artemisia soil are thinned out, and the rocks are destroyed by vegetation" ("Hu Hong") Ji Youben Ting Ji", Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition), starting from scratch, doing it yourself, lecturing and building, and finally built a "shutang".Hu Yin, the eldest son of Hu Anguo, recorded in "Xian Gong Xing Zhang": "Crossing the Nanjiang River to the west, resting in Hengyue Mountain, buying mountains and forming a hut, the name is 'Study Hall'." People at that time called it Biquan Book Hall , Some people collectively call it "Jingshe" and "Jiaoshe".Lectures started.According to records: Tan Zhili, a disciple, followed him to learn, "living next to his abode, sweeping away the breath of the day before."There is another disciple, Yang Xun, who "learned homes in Biquan, Wending (Hu Anguo), and the longer he prayed, the more respectful he became."It shows that his teaching is quite effective, and his disciples have gained a lot and made remarkable progress. However, Hu Anguo died of illness in the academy in the eighth year of Shaoxing (AD 1138).The second son, Hu Hong, inherited his father's business and further expanded and built Biquan Academy on the basis of the original academy.Hu Hong personally wrote an article "Biquan Academy Shangliang Wen", which not only indicates that Biquan Academy, Jingshe, and Lecture House have been officially called Biquan Academy, but more importantly, expresses the clear mission and mission of Biquan Academy. basic features.He pointed out that the purpose of founding Biquan Academy is to "experience Shengao by translating the scriptures, establishing a strong picture and observing history, from the source to the committee, from Ye Qionggen to the cause of the Meiji chaos", and not to pursue personal wealth and glory. "The poor are willing to be willing to goosebumps [lihuoli or], and come to share the scoop (like Yan Yuan, who lives in a back alley, eats with scoops, drinks with scoops, and never changes his happiness)", expecting "friends from far away, close friends" The wind of the earth follows", teachers and students respect and love each other, look at each other and be kind, and work together to "sweep the land with prosperity, follow the apricot altar to help", realize "Yiluo's career can be infinitely prosperous, Zhusi's Once the wind returns to eternity."This is also the embodiment of the characteristics of the academic education thought of the Huxiang School.Hu Hong clarified the characteristics of Huxiang School and Biquan Academy in four sentences. concise. Hu's father and son also founded Wending Academy and Daoshan Academy (or Yunfeng Academy). Wending Book Hall, named after Hu Anguo, was actually built by Hu's father and son one after another.At the beginning of Shaoxing, Hu Anguo "moved from Biquan in Xiangtan to build a house under Ziyun Peak in Nanyue".Hu Hong completed it with additional repairs. He also personally wrote an article "Liang Wen in Wending Shutang", which can prove it. Daoshan Academy, or Yunfeng Academy, was built in Daoshan, Ningxiang by Hu Hong in the middle of Shaoxing.At this time, the famous scholar Zhang Shi studied under Hu Hong's family and co-hosted Daoshan Academy.There are historical records: "Daoshan Academy, in the sun of Daoshan, built by Song Hu Renzhong and Zhang Nanxuan." Also known as: "Daoshan Academy, also known as Yunfeng Academy, where Hu Hong and Zhang Shi gave lectures in Song Dynasty." Hu's father and son created and developed the Huxiang School, and also made positive contributions to the construction of academies in Hunan in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Shi (1133-1180 A.D.) studied at Hu Hong Biquan Academy.According to the "Chronology of Zhang Zi, Xuan Gong of the Former Confucianism", "Xin Si in the 31st year of Shaoxing, Mr. 29 years old, ... because he paid homage to Hu Wufeng in Biquan Book Hall. Wufeng saw it and knew it was a great weapon, that is, Tell me what you have heard about the kindness of the holy sect and the benevolent people." After returning to Changsha after studying, he started to build an academy to give lectures.First, Chengnan Academy was established under the Miaofeng Peak in the south of Changsha.Later, in the first year of Qiandao (1165 A.D.), he lectured on Yuelu Academy and made Yuelu Academy famous all over the world. Yuelu Academy was already one of the four famous academies in the early Northern Song Dynasty.In the first year of Shaoxing (1131 A.D.), it was destroyed by war.Hu Hong once proposed to "rejuvenate the old district and bestow the courtyard", and voluntarily served as the head of the mountain, in order to "continue the aspirations of the ancestors" and "show the beauty of the imperial court advocating Confucianism and extensive education".But failed to do so. In the first year of Qiandao (AD 1165), Liu Gong [gong Gong], the appeasement envoy of Hunan Province, restored Yuelu Academy. For seven years, Yuelu Academy has become an important base for the research and dissemination of Neo-Confucianism. Zhang Shi vigorously advocated that Yuelu Academy should take "preaching the Tao to help the people" as its purpose, and opposed "living in groups and talking about it", "editing diction", and "taking rules for profit", and required disciples to "devote themselves to Confucius and Mencius" and first to "distinguish righteousness and benefit". ".In teaching, teachers and students are advocated to debate, question difficult questions, pay attention to practice, not empty talk, students are mainly self-study, and teachers carefully guide them. When Zhang Shi gave lectures at Yuelu Academy, he created the teaching form of "speaking", which had a great influence on the lectures of later generations of the Academy.In the Ming Dynasty, the academy's "speaking" (or "talking") became the main form of lectures.In the third year of Qiandao (1167 A.D.), Zhu Xi came to Changsha, Hunan from Wuyi Mountain in Fujian Province, visited Zhang Shi, and discussed "the meaning of "The Doctrine of the Mean"" in Yuelu Academy.The two masters of Neo Confucianism have different understandings of the meaning of "neutralization".Zhu Xi advocated "recognizing the great foundation in tranquility, and not inventing clear weather, that is, dealing with things in response to things, and being natural."Therefore, moral cultivation must be experienced and cultivated when emotions have not yet occurred, and then you can conform to the ethical norms in dealing with things when emotions have already occurred, that is, "be quiet before moving", "see movement in stillness". ".Zhang Shi, on the other hand, advocates "recognizing" the undiscovered main source in dealing with things that have already occurred, that is, "moving first and then calming down", "seeing quietness while moving".This is the very famous Zhu Zhanghui lecture in the history of academic thought. Zhu Xi stayed in Yuelu Academy for more than two months, and had an in-depth discussion with Zhang Shi, until he "couldn't get together for three days and nights".The scope of the discussion is very wide. In addition to the "neutralization" issue, there are also "Tai Chi" issues and "knowledge and action" issues.During the lecture, there were great differences of opinion. Both sides did not give up their opinions easily, but they could respect each other and learn with an open mind.Afterwards, the two deeply felt that they had gained a lot from speaking.Zhu Xi said in his farewell poem: "In the past, I held ice charcoal, and I knew the universe from the king." Zhang Shi also believed, "Seeing Zhu Xi, making friends with each other, and making great progress."In addition to the debate between the two, Zhang Shi also invited Zhu Xi to give lectures in the south of the city and Yuelu Academy. There were so many disciples who came from afar to listen to the lectures that there was a lot of traffic in front of the gate of Yuelu Academy. It is the fashion for scholars to give lectures in academies.