Chapter 7 Section Four: Zhu Xi and Southern Song Academy

Zhu Xi played a vital role in the prosperity of Southern Song Academy.The most influential measures are revitalizing Bailudong Academy and caring for other academies; summarizing the experience of academy education and improving the academy education system; using the academy as a base to promote academic debates and exchanges among various schools of Neo-Confucianism, and expanding the academy’s social influence; encouraging and supporting disciples The disciples built academies to spread Neo Confucianism.These activities made important contributions to the prosperity of Southern Song Academy.

Bailudong Academy was already one of the four famous academies in the early Song Dynasty.But since it was destroyed in the sixth year of Huangyou (AD 1054), there are only rubble, hazelnuts, grass and barren hills, and the houses have been damaged in seven or eight places, making it difficult to distinguish the remains. In the sixth year of Chunxi (1179 A.D.), Zhu Xi was sent to know the Nankang army.At the beginning of taking office, he went out to consult about Tao Qian, Liu Huan, Hong's Yimen Leitang Academy, and the ruins of Bailudong Academy in order to "handle it separately".The inscription states: "According to the picture scriptures, although the Bailudong Academy started in the Southern Tang Dynasty, it still had old foreheads in the early days of the country, and it was destroyed later. It is not known whether there are houses in this place."

In the autumn of the same year, Zhu Xi personally inspected the ruins of Bailudong Academy.Seeing that there are beautiful mountains and rivers, quiet and elegant, "no noise from the market, but the victory of springs and stones", it is indeed a good place to live in seclusion, study, lecture, and write, so I decided to restore it as soon as possible.Immediately, he issued an ultimatum to assign a military professor and the magistrate of Xingzi County to prepare for the revival, and wrote to the imperial court, explaining the reasons and plans for the revival.He stated in the memorial:

There are hundreds of old Buddha residences in Lushan Mountain.Its ruins are all repaired.As for the old museum of Confucian scholars, there is only one place.It is not only a historical site of famous sages in the previous dynasty, but also the scriptures given by Emperor Taizong, so it is very beautiful to educate the scholars of one side, but it has been abandoned for many years, and it will not be revived. The decline of my way can be mourned, and Emperor Taizong Dunhua cultivates talents The meaning is not in this country, so as to pass on to future generations.You Changmin's officials cannot but accept their responsibilities.Its Lushan White Deer Academy was jointly established. (Volume 2 of "Bailudong Academy Chronicles")

Zhu Xi's memorial did not attract the emperor's attention at first, so he presented it again.The memorial repeatedly emphasizes the significance and reasons for the revival of Bailudong Academy. Examining this mountain (referring to Lushan Mountain), there are hundreds of temples built for the old Buddha. After the war, they were rebuilt successively, and the old ones are rarely restored.Although our army (Guide Kangjun) has military studies, it is enough to support soldiers.However, the prosperity of this cave is far from the previous generation, and it has been handed down from generation to generation.Kuang temples in the territory, hearing the bells and drums, abandoning Yilun, talking empty talk and illusions, there are not many people who hate them, but the officials of the former kings, the officials of ritual and music, so the people who turned the people into the customs, are anti-solitary and sparse. There are only three in the army and the county, but the repair of this cave is not enough to bother. (Volume 2 of "Bailudong Academy Chronicles")

Today, the palaces of the old Buddha are all over the world, most of them are more than a thousand, and there are no less than a few dozen in small towns, and the public and private are increasing, and the enthusiasm is endless.As for the school, there is only one school in one county and one town, and the county attached to Guo may no longer exist.The ups and downs of the number and the number are absolutely different. As for this, the time between evil and righteousness is also clear. (Volume 2 of "Bailudong Academy Chronicles") In Zhu Xi's memorials, he repeatedly complained about the reasons and wishes for revival of the academy, and between the lines, he expressed his euphemistic criticism that the imperial court and government at all levels only valued Buddhism and Taoism, cared about temples, but did not respect Confucianism and ignored the academy.At the same time, he was deeply disturbed by the proliferation of Buddhism and Taoism and the establishment of temples and temples, which endangered the status of Confucianism, thus expressing his sense of urgency and anxiety determined to contend with it.

Zhu Xi's proposals and plans did not get the support of the court, but were ridiculed and opposed, "the court and the public made noise and thought it was strange." Despite this, Zhu Xi still broke through all kinds of resistance and started the restoration work relying on local forces. In March of the seventh year of Chunxi (1180 A.D.), it took only half a year for the academy to be initially restored.Zhu Xi led the army and county officials together with the teachers and students of the academy to worship the sages and sages, held the opening ceremony, and taught "The First Chapter of the Doctrine of the Mean".

During his tenure in Nankang, Zhu Xi built more than ten houses for Bailudong Academy, and drew up a plan to build the Hall of Rites (Dacheng Hall) and expand the Zhaizi. Zhu Xi believed that the purchase of school fields was a "long-term plan" for the maintenance and further development of the academy, so he attached great importance to the construction of school fields, formulated a plan to purchase school fields, and raised part of the funds. Zhu Xi also collected books for the academy through various channels.After the restoration of Bailudong Academy, Zhu Xi issued a notice to the Nankang Army's government yamen to collect books.Some of the collected books are added with postscripts, and some are engraved in stone as records, so as to preserve them for a long time.At that time, Liu Renji of Qingjiang presented the forty-four volumes of "Hanshu" collected by his ancestors to Zhu Xi, and Zhu Xi then transferred them to the newly completed Bailudong Academy, "to store them for scholars to read."

In Zhu Xi's work of restoring and presiding over Bailudong Academy, two actions had the greatest impact. First, he drafted "Bailudong Academy Revelation", also known as "Bailudong Academy Dogma", "Bailudong Academy Canon Regulations", "Bailudong Academy Teaching Agreement", "Bailudong Academy Academic Regulations", to The institutionalization and standardization of academy education played a decisive role. "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" summarizes the valuable experience of predecessors in founding academies, and absorbs the advantages of Buddhist Zen Forest Rules, and clarifies the purpose of running a school, the goal of training, and the essence of learning The basic requirements of meeting people, dealing with people, and dealing with things in the world form a fairly complete programmatic regulation for the construction of academies.It became a standardized protocol that the academies at that time and later generations scrambled to emulate and implement.

The content of this article "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" is as follows: Father and son have relatives, monarchs and ministers have righteousness, husband and wife are different, seniors and children are orderly, and friends have trust.The purpose of the Five Teachings of the Right.Yao and Shun made Qi a situ, respecting the five teachings, that is to say.Scholars learn this. And there are five reasons why it is the order of learning.Learn it well, question it, think it carefully, discern it clearly, and practice it earnestly.On the right is the order of learning.There are four kinds of knowledge and speculation, so it is poor.If you do things earnestly, self-cultivation as well as dealing with things and dealing with things, each has its own requirements, the differences are as follows:

Be loyal in words, respectful in deeds, punish anger and suffocate desires, and make good and correct mistakes.Right to self-cultivation. Righteous friendship, not seeking profit; Knowing the way, not counting merit.The right way to do things. Don't do to others what you don't want yourself to do; if you can't do what you want, ask yourself instead.The right thing to do. ——"Zhu Wengong Collection" "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" not only became the unified academic regulations of the Southern Song Dynasty Academy, but also became the model of the academic regulations of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even all kinds of official schools at all levels "take the Bailudong Academic Regulations as the criterion for all students. ".Bailudong Academy also became famous, which further strengthened the significance of Zhu Xi's revival of Bailudong Academy. Second, Zhu Xi personally presided over and lectured at Bailudong Academy.He also hired famous scholars to give lectures at Bailudong Academy, which made the characteristics of the academy's lectures more prominent and distinct. The teaching of the Academy highlights the characteristics of the combination of teaching and academic research.Zhu Xi's lectures at Bailudong Academy no longer repeated the old model of traditional Confucian classics teaching, and did not focus on exegesis of chapters and sentences, textual research on names and objects, and elaboration of rhymes and rhymes, but on clarification of meaning and principles, and seeking the reality of morality and morality.Turn the results of scientific research into the content of the academy's lectures.The "Four Books Collected Notes", which brings together Zhu Xi's lifelong research results, was taught and revised by Zhu Xi at Bailudong Academy. "The First Chapter of the Doctrine of the Mean", "University or Questions", and "On Meng Jingyi" are the crystallization of the integration of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism research and the lectures of Bailudong Academy.Zhu Xi's lectures were not taught by class by class, but by collation, interpretation, and induction into handouts, with special emphasis on imparting the research to students in the form of handouts, notes, and quotations. The academy teaching attaches great importance to questioning, discussing and debating.Zhu Xi has always advocated doubts in reading, and the gradual solution of doubts is progress.Encourage and guide students to discover difficulties in teaching, and resolve them through discussion and debate.Therefore, it is difficult to ask questions, and discussions and debates run through the entire process of teaching in the academy.According to records, Zhu Xi gave lectures at Bailudong Academy, "every day he came to take a shower, and all the students had difficult questions, and he was tireless in teaching and temptation. When he retreated, he would wander among the springs and stones, and he would return every day."Questioning difficult questions and discussing and debating became the characteristics of lectures in Bailudong Academy, and also became a fine tradition of lectures in Southern Song Academy, which was followed and used by later generations of academies.Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty once gave lectures at Bailudong Academy, "every morning class, ask questions one by one, and answer them as soon as they come."The Qing Dynasty still followed this tradition, "everyday there will be lectures in the hall, the master cave official will speak first, or all the students will repeat the lecture, and finally those who have doubts will be promoted to ask questions, and the questions will be answered immediately." College teaching emphasizes that students learn to read by themselves.Zhu Xi believes that learning depends on one's own accumulation, and righteousness depends on self-exploration. Teachers can only be "guides", and can only play the role of "showing the beginning and correcting the end".It is not a substitute for self-study by students.He repeatedly emphasized: "Reading is to read by yourself, and to learn is to learn by yourself. If you don't do other people's first-line work, others can't help you." Tell the students very frankly: "There is less time to talk here, and more time to practice. Everything is up to you to understand, observe, and cultivate yourself. It is up to you to read the book, and it is up to you to explore the truth. , someone is just a person who is a guide, a person who is a proof, and if you have any doubts, you can just discuss with them." Under Zhu Xi's advocacy, the teaching tradition of the academy, which focuses on self-study, has been further carried forward. The lectures in the academy are open.In addition to the lectures given by Zhu Xi himself and the teachers of the academy, the teaching of Bailudong Academy also invites celebrities from outside the academy to give lectures.In addition to the teachers and students of the school, people who are not from the school can also come to listen to the lecture.Scholars of different schools can also give lectures in the academy together, so as to arouse debate and promote academic exchanges.Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan had an open academic debate at the Ehu Meeting in the second year of Chunxi (1175 A.D.).In the eighth year of Chunxi (1181 A.D.), when Bailudong Academy had just been restored, Zhu Xi personally invited Lu Jiuyuan to give lectures in the academy.Lu Jiuyuan also accepted the invitation happily, and gave a lecture in Bailudong on the chapter "A gentleman is a metaphor for righteousness, and a villain is a metaphor for profit", encouraging teachers and students to "dedicate themselves to state affairs and private affairs" ", we must "concentrate on righteousness and encourage daily", "Think deeply about the body, and don't make it the home of the villain, and it is the habit of profit".He also praised Zhu Xi's move to revive Bailudong Academy, which is "the intention of abolishing Yixinsi Hall is very solid."Zhu Xi was deeply moved, and repeatedly said: "Xi should abide by it with all the lords, and never forget Mr. Lu's instruction." He praised Lu Jiuyuan for "the righteousness and benefits of what he said are clear", and "people today see that reading is beneficial. You want to get an official, and after you get an official, you have to change the official. From young to old, from top to heel, it is nothing but profit. It is so happy to say that even some people have a runny nose" ("Lu Xiangshan Chronicle").Zhu Xi engraved Lu Jiuyuan's handouts on stones forever to warn scholars.According to the records of later generations: "Lu Zijing (Jiuyuan) ascended the first chapter of Bailu Lectures on Metaphors, and there were thousands of listeners around him, and the old man Tian Fuye cried when he heard about it." There were thousands of listeners, including "Tian Fuye Lao "It is a strong proof of the openness of teaching in Bailudong Academy.In addition, Zhu Xi's proud disciple and son-in-law Huang Qian taught "the two hexagrams of heaven and earth" in Bailudong Academy, and "scholars from the north and the south gather together". It is precisely because Zhu Xi tried his best to revive Bailudong Academy and devoted himself to the teaching and management of Bailudong Academy, which made Bailudong Academy famous and its influence increased dramatically, thus driving and promoting the prosperity of Southern Song Dynasty Academy. Zhu Xi was not only enthusiastic about restoring the original academies, but also established the academies himself to engage in academic research and lectures.Among them, the most famous ones are Hanquan Jingshe, Wuyi Jingshe and Zhulin Jingshe. Hanquan Jingshe is located more than 20 miles west of Jianyang County in northern Fujian, and is named "Hanquanwu". In the fifth year of Qiandao (1169 A.D.), Zhu Xi's mother, Zhu Shi, died of illness and was buried here.Zhu Xi went back to guard the tomb and built a room next to the tomb with the plaque "Hanquan Jingshe". Zhu Xi wrote, lectured, and met friends and disciples in Hanquan Jingshe for eight years. According to the Chronicle of Zhu Zi, Zhu Xi completed a number of important Neo-Confucian works in Hanquan Jingshe, such as: "Family Rituals", "On Meng Jingyi", "Tongjian Compendium", "Records of Words and Deeds of Famous Officials of the Eight Dynasties", "Tai Chi Diagrams", "Tong Shu Jie", "Cheng Shi Wai Shu", "Yi Luo Yuan Yuan Lu" and so on.He also cooperated with Lu Zuqian to write "Jinsilu". Hanquan Jingshe is also an academy where disciples gather to give lectures.It was from this that Zhu Xi's first disciples began to learn from him, the most famous of which was Huang Gan. At that time, Hanquan Jingshe was called Yungu Jingshe together, and it was also called Yungu Academy directly.In order to commemorate Zhu Xi, later generations repaired Yungu Academy many times. Hanquan Jingshe is actually the first practice in the educational career of Zhu Xi Academy, which has accumulated rich experience. Wuyi Jingshe is located at the foot of Wuqu Dayinping Peak in Wuyi Mountain in Chong'an County (now Wuyishan City, Fujian Province). After Zhu Xi lost his father when he was young, he lived with his mother in Wufuli, Chong'an, where he studied under Liu Ziyu, Liu Mianzhi, Liu Zihui [huihui] and Hu Xian.Liu Zihui often took Zhu Xi to Wuyi Mountain to give lectures at Shuilian Cave.For the convenience of sightseeing, the Liu family once set up 200 mu of land in Xiamei and set up Xiemazhuang.Liu Zhong, a member of the Liu clan, also built the Water Curtain Lecture Hall (or Ruizhang Academy).The natural environment and cultural atmosphere of Mount Wuyi left a deep impression and fond memories on Zhu Xi.During Zhu Xi's more than ten years of serving as the chief secretary of Tong'an County, he built a family temple in Wuyi Mountain and devoted himself to writing and giving lectures.When Lu Zuqian visited in the second year of Chunxi (AD 1175), he discussed and edited "Jinsilu" at Hanquan Jingshe. After the completion, he invited friends to visit Wuyi Mountain and carved a stone to commemorate it.In the ninth year of Chunxi (AD 1182), Zhu Xi was transferred from the tea and salt office in Changping, Zhejiang East Road, where he had just served for a year, and moved to Taizhou to be in charge of Chongdao Temple. In fact, he was demoted back to Wuyi Mountain.Zhu Xi built Wuyi Jingshe next to Wuqu under Dayinping Peak in Wuyi Mountain.Zhu Xi drew the painting himself, "enabling his disciples to have a pan, to gather tiles and wood, and to make it work together", and the work was completed in April of that year. According to historical records, Wuyi Jingshe faces the stream and backs the mountain, covering an area of ​​about three acres. There are three rooms in the embrace of the two foothills at the foot of Yinping Peak, named "Renzhi Hall". It is called "Yinqiu Room", Zhu Xi's residence; on the right is "Zhi Su Liao", which is used for hospitality.There is a mountain dock outside the foot of the mountain. Shilei is called "Shimen dock", and the inside of the dock is a place where students and disciples live together, called "Guanshanzhai".There is a wall door outside, and a plaque "Wuyi Jingshe".Zhu Xi said in his own records: "After the completion of the hall, there were many friends from all over the world who came to live in it. They all lamented its beauty and hated the lack of other houses. They could not stay for a long time." ("Zhu Wengong Collection Wuyi") Preface to Poems of Miscellaneous Poems of Jingshe) Wuyi Jingshe was completely raised by Zhu Xi himself, and the disciples of the disciples did it themselves, without relying on any government funding.It can be regarded as another hugely influential move by Zhu Xi two years after the revival of Bailudong Academy. Zhu Xi wrote and lectured at Wuyi Jingshe for six or seven years.Completed another batch of Confucianism works, such as: "Yi Xue Enlightenment", "Primary School", "The Doctrine of the Mean or Questions", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and so on. After Zhu Xi's death, Wuyi Jingshe served as a family-style academy, which was successively "repaired and expanded" by his son Zhu Zai and his grandson Zhu Jian.Supervisors Pan Youwen and Peng Fangshang allocated public land to support scholars.In the fourth year of Chunyou (1244 A.D.), Chen Qiaozi, Xiong Mengzheng and Zhan Shuyun, the magistrate of the county, rebuilt it, expanded its scale, and renamed it Academy.During the Jingding period (1260-1264 A.D.), the imperial court set up the head of the mountain to teach the scholars, and Lizong bestowed a plaque.During the Xianchun period (1265-1274 A.D.), Cheng Ruoyong served as the head of Wuyi Academy.In the fourth year of Xianchun (1268 A.D.), the imperial court ordered Yousi to expand the house again, build the ancient heart hall, and change its name to Ziyang Academy.Afterwards, many scholars came here or built rooms and halls nearby to read and give lectures, such as: You Jiuyan, Liu Yu (yueyue), Cai Shen, Cai Kang, Xiong He and so on.Wuyi Mountain then became a famous mountain of Confucianism, and the northern Fujian area became a place where academies of the Southern Song Dynasty were relatively concentrated, known as "Daonan Liku". Zhulin Jingshe is located five miles west of Jianyang County.In the early years, Zhu Xi's father, Zhu Song, "loved his clear and steep mountains and rivers, but failed to seek divination".In his later years, Zhu Xi remembered his father's ambition and wanted to settle here.In the second year of Shaoxi (1191 A.D.), he left his post in Zhangzhou and returned to Jianyang. He bought an old house in the original kaoting, refurbished it, built a new house, and built a library next to the house.Soon, Zhu Xi was transferred to Tanzhou to take up the post.In the fourth year of Shaoxi (1193 A.D.), Zhu Xi left his post and returned to his hometown. He built a bamboo forest jingshe in the east of the library as a place for home lectures. Zhulin Jingshe became the place where Zhu Xi gathered disciples to give lectures in his later years, and his disciples gathered to give lectures. "Zhu Zi Chronicle" stated: "Mr. returned late, there were many scholars, and even the Jingshe was completed." Zhu Xi still used "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" in Zhulin Jingshe.He was in adversity, and he never forgot to write and teach apprentices, and he continued to give lectures. Students came from far away in Sichuan and Shu to learn.After Zhu Xi's death, in the fourth year of Chunyou (1244 A.D.), Emperor Lizong granted Ezhulin Jingshe and renamed it "Kaoting Academy". It can be seen from the above that Zhu Xi has always paid attention to academy education throughout his life and used every opportunity to engage in the practice of academy education.Establishing academies, using the academies as bases to study Neo-Confucianism and cultivating talents became the main form of Zhu Xi's educational activities. Therefore, Zhu Xi was closely related to the prosperity of the Southern Song Academy. Zhu Xi had many disciples, and there were hundreds of them whose names could be tested.Many people built academies or taught in academies for the dissemination of Zhu Xi's ideology.They were an important social force for the vigorous development of academies in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty. Huang Qian was one of the first batch of disciples of Zhu Xi. He followed Zhu Xi for more than 20 years.He spread Zhuxue through the academies, which had an important influence on the prosperity of the academies in the Southern Song Dynasty.He built many academies in Fujian and Jiangxi.For example: Guifeng Jingshe is located in Jianyang City, and later changed to Huanfeng Jingshe.During the Jiading period, Huang Qian gave lectures and wrote books here.In the third year of Baoqing (1227 A.D.), his son renovated and expanded the jingshe.In the fourth year of Chunyou (1244 A.D.), Emperor Lizong bestowed a quota on Huanfeng Academy and ordered to set up a sacrificial field.Another example: Tanxi Jingshe is in Jianyang worship.In the 16th year of Chunxi (1190 A.D.), Huang Qian once built a thatched cottage here. Zhu Xi often stopped here to rest on his way from Jianyang to Yungu, and named the thatched cottage "Tanxi Jingshe".There is also Efeng Academy, which is located in Linchuan City, Fuzhou (now Fuzhou City).In the first year of Jiading (1208 A.D.), Huang Gan donated his salary and founded an academy with Li Bi when he learned Linchuan County, and Huang Gan gave lectures in person.Another example: Gaofeng Academy is located in the east of Junxingan County, Linchuan. In the fifth year of Jiading (1212 AD), Huang Gan knew Xingan. He built the Academy the next year and gave lectures. Cai Yuanding, born in Jianyang, is called Mr. Xishan by scholars.He was educated in Confucianism since he was a child, and when he heard Zhu Xi's name, he went to ask for advice, and Zhu Xi treated him as a friend.During the Qiandao period (1165-1173 A.D.), Zhu Xi built a jingshe in Hanquan, and Cai Yuanding built a jingshe in Xishan. They were both in Jianyang worship, so it was very convenient to communicate and discuss.According to records, Hanquan Jingshe and Xishan Jingshe faced each other at a distance. The two built lampstands in the Jingshe respectively. At night, they hung up lights to face each other. The couch talks about the profound meanings of various scriptures, every midnight.Scholars from all over the world come to learn from Zhu Xi, and they often start with Cai Yuan to determine their quality and correctness.Zhu Xi admired Cai Yuanding's character and knowledge very much, saying that he "belongs to the family, punishes his descendants with filial piety, loyalty and integrity, and punishes his descendants with filial piety and loyalty. And he teaches people with nature and the way of heaven as the first. From the root to the end, from the source to the flow, everyone who hears it rises "("Song and Yuan Xuean · Xishan Cai's Xuean").Zhu Xi often consulted with him in reading, and often edited his writings together. Cai Yuanding's sons Cai Yuan, Cai Yuan, and Cai Chen were all teachers of Zhu Xi.After Cai Yuanding's death, his son succeeded his father, and Cai Yuan presided over Xishan Jingshe.In the third year of Baoyou (1255 A.D.), the word "Xishan" was written by Emperor Lizong, and it was given to Lufeng Academy. Zhu Xi had many disciples in Raozhou, Jiangnan East Road, most of whom inherited Zhu's learning and built academies to teach later students.For example: Zhu Xi’s disciples, Jin Qufu, built Pojiang Academy in Poyang County, Raozhou. They did not become officials, did not write books, and concentrated on lecturing in the academy to spread Zhuology.Another example: Cheng Duanmeng, who built Mengzhai Academy in Dexing County, Raozhou, wrote the book "Xin Li Xue Xun", which was highly appreciated by Zhu Xi.Dong Zhu, who gave lectures at Jianpanjian Academy, is the author of the book Annotation of Sexuality.Cheng Duanmeng and Dong Zhu compiled the "Study Principles", which embodied Zhu Xi's "Bailudong Academy Reveal" and applied it to the primary education stage. Orders: Respectful in residence, upright in walking and standing, respectful in hearing, careful in speech, dignified in appearance, tidy in clothes, modest in diet, careful in going in and out; conscientious in reading, respectful in writing, and respectful in all seats. To be tidy, the hall must be clean, to greet each other with teeth, to meet with certainty; to have extra merit in study, to be suitable for entertainment, to make people respectful, to be attentive to learning.Zhu Xi affirmed this "Xue Shi" very much, and personally wrote "Postscript" for it to promote it.Most of the academies of later generations took Zhu Xi's "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" and "Mr. Cheng Donger's Rules" as the rules that teachers and students must abide by at the same time.Another example: in Yugan, Raozhou, the Chai family built an academy to pass on Zhu studies.Chai Yuanyu built the Songgang Academy, imitating the regulations of Bailudong Academy. Learning is based on exhaustive reasoning, and there are many scholars from all over the world.Chai Zhongxing built Nanxi Academy to give lectures, and hundreds of people went to his school.Yu Gan and Li Boyu returned home after returning home, built Hufeng Academy to give lectures, and hired other scholars to come to give lectures.Yu Gan Zhao Ruyu once gave lectures at Dongshan Academy, and his son Zhao Chongxian built Zhongding Academy, both of which passed on Zhu Xue. The Raozhou area became an important base for the dissemination and development of Zhu Xi's theory, thanks to the Guangjian Academy, a disciple of his disciples, who gave lectures and taught apprentices, which expanded its influence. Introduced by Yu Daya, a fellow villager, Chen Wenwei went to Chong'an Hanquan Jingshe in the 11th year of Chunxi (AD 1184) to teach under Zhu Xi's family, and was greatly appreciated by Zhu Xi.Chen Wenwei has been engaged in education all his life, and has lectured at Raozhou State School, Xinzhou State School, Yuanzhou State School, Fengcheng Longshan Academy, Yichun Nanxuan Academy, Jingdezhen Shuangxi Academy, Bailudong Academy, and Qianshan Ehu Academy.When Chen Wenwei gave lectures at Shuangxi Academy, he ordered "Revelation of Shuangxi Academy", which imitated "Revelation of Bailudong Academy" and made it concrete: Wen Wei heard that, for the way of learning, it is better to take it easy and explain the meaning.Dignified and dedicated, neat and serious, so don't worry.Parents, teachers and friends, learn from each other, so explain the principles.Gou lives in one room, and his heart travels thousands of miles away. Even if he kisses the book every day and recites the holy words by mouth, he can deceive others. What good is it for himself!When friends get together, there are inherent differences in sensibility and ignorance. Although they are different, there is nothing in between.Clarify the truth and share opinions with each other, and eventually one of them will be the bottom line.That being said, even though the resurrection of sages and sages cannot be excluded, it is safe to violate it.Gathering day and night, the more you talk, the more you hear and see, and it is enough to benefit from the writing without reaching the point of penetration.For the sake of your friends, you must restrain your body and mind, and keep calm.Take the indulgence of the four flying birds as a warning, and you can rest assured that it will be accepted.Shi Zhi's reading is writing, the meaning is self-evident, and the project is self-improving.Kuang also benefited from teachers and friends, who have the merit of speaking, and are good at observing each other, and they are formed by mutual assistance.Proceeding from this, the career of the ancients was not difficult, not to mention the class and exam!But since modern times, friends have been doing bad things. When they live in groups, they laugh, insult and joke, flatter each other, and do not tell each other what is good, and what is wrong is not right.What's more, they respect each other with spirit and pride with each other, and they don't have the intention of friends to love each other.Once they parted, they would be on the same journey as fellow travelers, unable to hear each other, not talking about celebrations, sharing interests and sufferings.Is it possible to live with it, the situation is already out of the group, and it is appropriate to be contemptuous and unsympathetic.How do you know that the way of friends is one of the five human relationships, and it is parallel to heaven and earth among monarchs and ministers, father and son, brothers, and husband and wife.Friends can be discarded, so can the five.There is reason.Wen Wei lives in peacetime, thinking about it every time I worry about it.Therefore, I would like to share this righteousness with you.If you think about this, the school rules set up by the village will benefit greatly, and they will not be enough to meet each other. Chen Wenwei's home lecture office is named "Ke Zhai", and has "Ke Zhai Reveal".There are four main points: a "Entering is filial piety, leaving is younger brother." "The establishment of a person is not prior to filial brother, and filial brother is the foundation of a person. The reason why people are different from things is that they have a conscience because of their relatives and elders. If one loses one's conscience and is not filial to one's younger brother, then one is not considered a human being." b "Being filial to the father, so loyalty can be transferred to the emperor; serving brothers, so obedience can be transferred to the elder; family management, so governance can be transferred to the official." "There are fathers and sons, and then there are monarchs and ministers. As a subject, one must treat his father with filial piety and his king with loyalty. However, if he is not filial, he cannot be loyal... The unfaithfulness in serving the king all stems from the unfilial service to the father. Loyalty and filial piety are the major virtues of the body, and there is a lack of either of these two , it is not enough to stand up." c "Respectful in residence, respectful in deacons, and loyal to others." Things are so important not to neglect them, and treating others is as important as doing one’s best. To deal with things and things in their own way, there will be no mistakes in things, and no disobedience in things. The two things that are important start with self-cultivation.” d "Learn eruditely, question carefully, think carefully, discriminate clearly, and practice earnestly." Ability to do it. The way of self-cultivation is really here. It is impossible to know what to do because of the infinite principles. First of all, there are four goals of poor theory, but practice is enough. For self-cultivation, there are many merits of poor theory, but practice is to do what you know. Therefore, self-cultivation is not what you can’t do with poor reason, and loyalty and filial piety is not about self-cultivation. If it is impossible, we should take things as they are, and we can’t do our best.” Chen Wenwei clearly pointed out that the academic regulations he drafted were based on Zhu Xi's "Revelation of Bailudong Academy".He said: "Mr. Zhu's exposition of modern academic regulations in Bailudong Academy has been exhausted. Now I summarize the rest of the thread to tell friends who come to study, and then I will know the great integrity of the body and the order of cultivation... as shown in the number on the right. Keep it together." ("Chen Kezhai Collection") Among Zhu Xi's disciples, Chen Wenwei is the most outstanding one who put Zhu Xi's thought and experience about academy education into practice and made use of it. There are many disciples of Lu Jiuyuan's disciples in the eastern Zhejiang area, and it has been widely spread.Zhu Ximen were also quite influential.Famous ones include Fu Guang, Chen Yan [zhi Zhi], Du Yu and others. Fu Guang, who had studied under Lu Zuqian, and later entered Zhu Xi's school, went to Wuyi Mountain in person and returned in March.Returning to the temple, Fu Yi Academy was built in Wuxi, and it was his duty to pass on Zhu studies. Chen Yan, first learned from Ye Shi, and later learned from Zhu Xi.Lectured at Mingdao Academy and served as the head of the mountain.Although it is based on Zhu studies, there are also Lu studies. Du Yu has been a teacher of Zhu Xi for more than 10 years.With his younger brother Du Zhiren, he was a classmate of Yu Shiqi.Shi Qi once built Guanlan Academy in Linhai to spread Zhu studies. Zhu Xi served as Nankang army guard and revived Bailudong Academy. In Nankang area, there were many Zhu Ximen, and many academies were built or taught in the academies. When Peng Li [li Li] and Zhu Xi were guarding Nankang, they personally faced doubts and questioned Zhu Xi, and gained a very fine teaching on discrimination and analysis.In his later years, he established Shitan Jingshe in Changxian County, the capital of Nankang Army, where he gathered disciples to give lectures and became famous all over the world. Feng Yi, who was educated by Zhu Xi in Bailudong Academy, retreated to his hometown and wrote and lectured.The eldest son, Feng Qufei, and the second son, Feng Quji, both built academies and lived in seclusion to study and give lectures. In Jianchang County (now Yongxiu County, Jiangxi Province) of the Nankang Army, there were five brothers from the Lu family who traveled with Zhu Xi's family.Lu Yan and Lu Tao will also join Zhou Mo, Cai Niancheng, Yu Songjie, Hu Yong, Li Fan and others to form a "Joint Lecture Meeting" in Kangjun Lu with many disciples of the famous family.Mr. Wei only reads books, and there will be a meeting once a quarter. When the deadline is due, he will gather at the home of the host. He will ask questions repeatedly and tell each other good things. .This is the beginning of the form of lectures in academies, which developed into the main form of lectures in academies in the Ming Dynasty. The above materials fully show that Zhu Xi had a great influence on the prosperity of the Southern Song Academy. He not only founded the Academy himself and revived the Bailudong Academy, but also his disciples also established academies in various places.During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many academies in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang. In particular, most of the academies in Jiangxi and Fujian were related to the enthusiastic establishment of Zhu Xi and his disciples.Zhu Xi and his disciples played a key role in the prosperity of Southern Song Academy.