Chapter 4 Section 1 Famous Academies in the Early Song Dynasty

The emergence and development of academies are closely related to the social and historical conditions at that time. During the decades at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, there were endless wars, social unrest, economic depression, and the decline of culture and education. Scholars had nowhere to show themselves. The Song Dynasty unified the country, the wars gradually subsided, the people's livelihood was stable, and the style of writing became more and more popular. Scholars asked to study and study one after another, and the country also needed a large number of political talents.However, at the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the imperial court had no time to set up schools and education, had no time to take care of cultural and educational undertakings, and did not have sufficient financial strength to develop educational undertakings.It is under such conditions that academy education has been further developed.

Ma Duanlin said in "General Examination of Literature · School Examination": "At the end of the era, there was the study of prefectures and counties, and first there was the study of the township party." The school of Xiangdang founded by him was the first to develop. Yuan Xie also said in "The Continuation of the Wall of the Siming Professor's Office": "The collection of handsome appearances and lectures for a while, and the accomplishment of self-cultivation are also profound. When asked about its rural schools, only Yanzhou and Yingzhou have them. No news!" ("Ji Zhai Ji", Commercial Press, "Series Collection" in 1935) shows that in the early Song Dynasty, local government schools were not established in most areas except Yanzhou and Yingzhou, and most scholars gathered in academies. He taught lectures and made great achievements.

Zhu Xi made it more clear in "Hengzhou Shigu Academy": "Yu Wei's previous generation Xiang Xu's teachings were not cultivated, and scholars had nowhere to learn when they were sick. Therefore, those who are in charge of politics should praise them." ("Zhu Wengong Collection", "Sibu Series" of the Commercial Press) Zhu Xi was born in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the "previous dynasties" he mentioned included the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. At the beginning, "Xiang Xu Zhijiao" refers to local government schools; "choose a scenic spot and set up a jingshe" is the establishment of an academy to give lectures.That is to say, from the late Tang and Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty, due to the lack of official education, scholars had nowhere to study. A large number of scholars created their own academies to give lectures, which met the wishes and requirements of scholars to study and received praise and praise from the government.

Lu Zuqian also held a similar view in "Deerdong Academy".He said: "All the elders who have heard about it, the people of the country were born at the beginning of the country, and they have just escaped the embarrassment of the five seasons. There are still few scholars, and the world is peaceful, and the style of writing is rising. There are as many as tens of hundreds of people." ("Lu Donglai Collected Works", Commercial Press "Series Integration" version) The "early period" here refers to the early Song Dynasty.At the same time, it also shows that in the early Song Dynasty, just after getting rid of the scourge of war, students became more and more popular in learning and studying, but the school had not yet been established, so scholars built their own academies in the mountains and forests, and gathered students to give lectures.

The rise of academies in the early Song Dynasty, on the one hand, met the urgent needs and urgency of scholars to learn to study; on the other hand, it also helped the rulers solve a real social problem.As a result, a number of academies established by the people or private individuals prospered, and the government took advantage of the situation to provide strong support, funding and awards, which further promoted the development of academies and formed a number of influential academies. There are different opinions about the number of famous academies in the early Song Dynasty.Based on the opinions of various schools, combined with the research results in recent years, they are introduced as follows.

Bailudong Academy is located at the foot of Wulao Peak in Beilu Mountain, Xingzi County, Jiangxi Province.In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, it was a place for scholars to study and give lectures. During the Zhenyuan period of Tang Dynasty (785-805 A.D.), Li Bo, a native of Luoyang, and his elder brother Li She were studying in Lushan Mountain. They once domesticated a white deer and accompanied them day and night.During the Baoli period (825-827 A.D.), Li Bo served as the governor of Jiangzhou, and invested in the construction of a pavilion in the place where he had studied in Lushan Mountain, which was named Bailu Cave.During the Shengyuan period of the Southern Tang Dynasty (937-943 A.D.), a school was built in Bailudong, and land was purchased for the study of scholars from all walks of life.Li Shandao, a professor of the Nine Classics of the Imperial College, is the master of the cave and the professor.At that time, it was called Lushan Guoxue.

In the early Song Dynasty, in the second year of Taiping Xingguo (977 A.D.), Zhou Shu was ordered to know Jiangzhou.Seeing that there are more and more scholars coming from all sides of Lushan National Studies, I asked the imperial court to give the Imperial Academy a printed copy of the "Nine Classics" for scholars to study.The emperor issued an edict, agreed to Zhou Shu's request, and sent the printed version of the "Nine Classics" to Bailudong.At this time, Lushan Guoxue was renamed Bailu Guoxiang, and Ming Qi was appointed as the master of the cave, with dozens of apprentices.In the fifth year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 980), Song Taizong appointed Ming Qi as the chief book of Baoxin County in Caizhou.After Ming Qi left, "Bailu Cave gradually fell into disuse".

In the fifth year of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1002), it was refurbished and statues of Confucius and his ten disciples were molded.In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1008), Sun Mian of Zhishiguan asked to retire and resign due to illness, and returned to Bailudong for the elderly, which was granted by the imperial court.But he died before arriving.Until the fifth year of Huangyou (1053 A.D.), Sun Chen, the son of Sun Mian, a doctor in the Ministry of Rites, built ten houses in Bailu Cave for his children to live and study, and received scholars from all over the world to provide meals, so it was named Bailu Cave. Dongshutang.At that time, Guo Xiangzheng, who knew the Nankang Army, wrote an article "Bailudong Shutang Ji", which described the scene in detail. From it. Died before the crown returned. In the fifth year of Emperor Yu's reign, his son, Lang Zhongchen of the Ministry of Rites, took the former site of his studies as a house.

Bailudong Academy developed from a private reading place in the late Tang Dynasty to a gathering place for disciples to give lectures, representing the typical early stage of ancient academy education.It was founded privately and approved by the imperial court. It gave Guozijian a printed copy of the "Nine Classics", built its own houses, bought its own land, prepared its own books, and provided board and lodging for people from all over the world.Therefore, Bailudong Academy has always been regarded as a typical example of ancient Chinese Academy. From the end of Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties to the beginning of Song Dynasty, the scholars who lived in seclusion, studied or taught in Bailudong successively included Yan Yi [yiyi] in the late Tang Dynasty, Li Shandao, Zhu Bi, Chen Kuang [kuang Kuang] in the Five Dynasties, and Li Shandao in the early Song Dynasty. Ming Qi, Liu Huan, Chen Shunyu, Chen Guan [guanguan] and so on.It is said that Yan Yi led more than 30 disciples and taught scriptures in Bailu Cave for 30 years.When Li Shandao was the master of the cave, there were more than a hundred disciples in Bailu cave, all of whom were famous and famous.Zhu Bi served as a teaching assistant, and it was difficult for students to ask questions. His detailed analysis was well received by the public.Ma Ling recorded in detail the scene of Zhu Bi giving lectures in Bailu Cave in "Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty":

Zhu Bi, courtesy name Junzuo, was born in Jian'an.Intensively study the five biographies, and pass through several scriptures.During the Kaibao period, he went to Jinling to take the exam, and won the first place in one fell swoop. He was taught as an assistant teacher of Guozi and learned about Lushan Chinese culture.There are hundreds of students.At that time, among the students of Lushan Guoxue, there were Lu Jiang, Zhuge Tao, Kuai Ao and a group of scoundrels who did not abide by etiquette, often drank and gambled, fought and fought, and ran amok.Most of the school officials dare not control them and let them do anything wrong.And when Zhu Bi taught, he treated him with dignity, respected etiquette and law, and rectified morality.Every time he went to the hall to explain, students and disciples stood around, each with doubts, and questions and debates arose.Zhu Bi responded to the sound and explained that there was nothing unreasonable.Although the topic is not my own, but the facts are continuous, as if I have been prepared and have a well-thought-out plan.So all the students were sincerely convinced, they all followed the rules, the teaching order was orderly, and the atmosphere changed.Seeing the situation, Lu Jiang and other scoundrels were slightly attracted away, and dropouts from all over the world came one after another.

This is the earliest and most detailed record of the early teaching activities of the Bailudong Academy, which is also the earliest and most detailed record of the ancient Chinese academy education, showing some of the most basic characteristics of the academy teaching.Such as: attach importance to students' self-study and reading, teachers and students question difficult questions, explain and debate; discipline is strict, etiquette is dignified, and the atmosphere is orderly. From the late Tang and Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty, there were hundreds of scholars in Bailudong Academy, such as: Wu Qiao, a native of Luzhou, studied in Lushan Chinese Academy of Sciences for several years. He was hardworking and self-motivated. He explored subtleties in "Yi" and made great achievements. Jiang Wei, a disciple of Chen Kuang, has studied in Bailu Cave for more than 20 years. Yang Huizhi, who studied in Bailudong, is better than "Poetry". Liu Shi studied in Bailudong in the Southern Tang Dynasty and copied Mencius and Guanzi by hand.It is said that these books were the daily lessons in the teaching of Bailudong at that time. When Liu Yuanheng was studying in Bailu Cave, he was erudite and proficient in classics and history, and more than a hundred students respected him as if they were a teacher. From these materials, we can also get a glimpse of some characteristics of the academy's teaching, such as: the teaching content is relatively flexible and diverse, students have their own specialties, and the relationship between teachers and students is relatively harmonious. Yuelu Academy is located at the foot of Baohuang Cave in Xiyuelu Mountain, Shanhua County (now Changsha City), Hunan Province. Yuelu Mountain is also a place where scholars in the Tang Dynasty lived in seclusion and studied.Ma Sui once built Daolin Jingshe in Zuoping Yuyan, Yuelu Mountain.Jingshe Jianshutang is called "Sijuetang" because it contains the pens of Shen Chuanshi and Pei Xiu and the chapters of Song Zhiwen and Du Fu.Because there are books for people to study, later generations call it "Daolin Academy". Yuelu Mountain was also a sacred place for Buddhist activities in the Tang Dynasty.There is a temple next to Daolin Jingshe, also named after Daolin.During the Five Dynasties, Ma Yin Zengjia rebuilt it, and there were more than 300 monks.Daolin Jingshe was actually merged by Daolin Temple.Song people once wrote a poem, expressing their deep regret: This is the ancient academy of the former dynasty, and now it is the creation of the Vatican King's Tomb. When I come to the top, I can't see it, and I count the flowers falling by the east wind alone. There were struggles between Confucianism and Buddhism in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and there was also a trend of integration. Some Buddhists and monks cared about and admired Confucian culture.Ouyang Shoudao, who served as the deputy head of Yuelu Academy in the late Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote an article "Preface to Respect" ("Xun Zhai Anthology", "Sibu Series" of the Commercial Press), describing its origin from ancient steles. It was discovered that two monks admired the way of Confucianism, cut land to build houses, and bought books to start schools. In previous years, Yuchang Yuelu had more than ten steles in the mountains.Those who searched for the ancients, one of them was written by Li Beihai Kaiyuanzhong for the monks of the temple, and the other was the name of the writer who wrote the annals of the establishment of the academy in the early years of the country.Inscription: Academy is a temple.There are two monks, one is Zhixuan and the other is XX.Thinking about the remoteness of Hunan in the late Tang and five seasons, weathered and barbarians, and violent customs, thinking of the way of Confucianism, they cut land and built houses for laymen.Whatever you do, do more.When the scriptures were lacking, he was sent to the capital of the city to return home.Scholars have houses to live in, and books to read.Afterwards, the territory entered the staff, and the academy has been expanded to this day. Ouyang Shoudao believed that the way of the two monks who admired Confucianism, building houses and buying books for scholars to live and study laid the initial foundation of Yuelu Academy, and the achievements of the two monks should not be buried.Confucians of later generations were mostly limited by the prejudice of the Confucianism-Buddhist dispute. It is untrue and unfair to talk about the academy as being built by monks.pointed out: I read this, and I am very good at the intentions of the two monks.Readers laugh at it, if it is said that this monument is not enough.Hurrah!The academies in Bailudong have been advocated and supported by the great sages of modern times. They must be based on their origins, who lived there, and when they came from.If a certain two monks were born at that time, there is no limit to those who have the position and strength at the same time than the two monks!He didn't do this, but did this, wouldn't it be great!It is only because of his monks, but now that he is disrespectful, he will not be able to be a public! ("Xun Zhai Anthology", the "Sibu Series" of the Commercial Press) Yuelu Academy had a close relationship with Buddhist temples in the early days, which just happened to explain the emergence and development of the academy’s education, and it used to learn from and absorb some experience of Buddhist temples.This historical material has been preserved and given a fair comment, which has very important historical value and has attracted great attention from academy researchers. In the early Song Dynasty, in the ninth year of Kaibao (AD 976), Liu Wei (ao Ao), a native of Pengcheng, proposed to build an academy on the basis of the monks’ original bookstores. Make it happen.Five lecture halls and 52 houses were built, and temples were built to worship the ancestors and sages, a group of books were gathered, students were widely recruited, and lectures were given.An academy education organization with complete functions of book collection, sacrifice, and lectures has been formed.According to Chen Fuliang's "Records of Rebuilding Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou": Since then, in the past few decades, "the education has been greatly improved, the scholars have all revitalized the elegant teachings, and the arts have been well cultivated, and the common people are almost ancient" ("Mr. Zhizhai Collected Works", "The Commercial Press" Four series "this). Afterwards, the local officials who were enthusiastic about academy education resigned, and their government "failed to heir", "the music of the stringed songs never came to pass, and the beans were invisible", the students fled, the six books were lost, the collection of books, sacrifices, and lectures could not be continued, and the academy fell into a trap again. Ruined. In the first year of Xianping (998 A.D.), Li Yun knew Tanzhou. In the following year, he started to restore Yuelu Academy, "open the door house", "reveal the book building" and "open the water field".In the fourth year of Xianping (1001 A.D.), Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty bestowed the printed version of the "Nine Classics" on Yuelu Academy and built the Confucius Temple.Zhou Shi, who is famous for his righteousness, was selected as the head of the mountain, with more than 60 students.The "old books" by Zhu Dong and Sun Fengji were also found, which improved and enriched the book collection conditions, and Yuelu Academy was reborn.According to Wang Yucheng's [Cheng Support] record: After the restoration of Yuelu Academy, "the local people have the ambition to repair [Qiqi], and the scholars have no worries about falling." "Whoever calls Xiaoxiang is Zhusi; who calls Jingman , hereby is Zou Lu" ("Xiao Hu Ji").It shows that Yuelu Academy played a huge role in promoting and disseminating Confucian culture and improving social morality at that time. In the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1012), Zhizhou Liu Shidao approved the further expansion of the academy according to Shan Changzhou's request. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1015), Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty summoned Shanzhang Zhou Shi in person in the Biandian, and conferred Zhou Shi face-to-face with the position of the director of the Imperial Academy.He was still in charge of Yuelu Academy, and because of the old name "Ci'e", "therefore the name of the academy was known all over the world", and those who went to its hall to receive its teachings "continuously", and there were "hundreds of students". Yuelu Academy has been repaired many times by local officials and the public, and has received the support of the imperial court. It has become famous all over the world and has developed into a cultural and educational center in Hunan.The land of Hunan has always been rich in humanities, and it really benefits from Yuelu Academy and many academies in Hunan driven by Yuelu Academy. Yingtianfu (Suiyang) Academy is located in the northwest corner of Shangqiu County, Henan Province.It was originally the former residence of Confucian Qi Tongwen. Qi Tongwen studied under the famous Confucian Yang Que (que Que).Yang Ke taught at General Zhao Zhi's House for a long time.After Yang Ke died, Qi Tongwen succeeded him.In order to thank teachers and students Yang and Qi, Zhao Zhi treated them with extra courtesy, built a house and gathered disciples, and laid the initial foundation of Yingtianfu (Suiyang) Academy.In other words, Yingtianfu (Suiyang) Academy was developed from private family halls. In the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1009), Cao Cheng, a citizen of Yingtianfu, invested 3 million yuan to rebuild the school on the site of Qi Tongwen's old school, built 150 houses, gathered 1,500 books, gathered students, gave lectures, and became famous. Ya Sheng.Ying Tianfu reported his deeds to the court.Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty issued an edict to "take Cao Cheng as the professor of Fuxue", "to order Tongwen Sun Shun to host the academy", and to grant Tianfu Academy a quota.Wang Du, a doctor of Taichang, is in charge of his teaching, and Zhang Jifu, a member of the staff, is in charge of his teaching.Yingtianfu Academy was officially named.People call Qi Tongwen Mr. Suiyang, so Yingtianfu Academy is also called Suiyang Academy. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1014), Yingtianfu was changed to Nanjing, and Yingtianfu Academy was also renamed Nanjing Xueshe, or Nanjing Academy. In the third year of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (AD 1025), Li Ji, the prefect of Yingtianfu and a direct scholar of the Privy Council, said: "There are many apprentices in our academy, especially the cultural relics since the establishment of the capital." In addition, three people petitioned for an increase in the amount of relief."This is the earliest record of an academy's separate application for registration qualifications for the imperial examination. In the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027 A.D.), Yan Shu, who stayed at Yingtianfu in Nanjing, hired Fan Zhongyan to teach the academy.In the second year of Mingdao (AD 1033), the imperial court appointed a lecturer for Yingtianfu Academy.This position seems to be an official appointed by the imperial court, and Yingtianfu Academy gradually evolved into an official school.In the second year of Jingyou (AD 1035), Xia Song [song], who stayed in Nanjing, rebuilt the Confucius Temple in Nanjing. He requested that Yingtianfu Academy be changed to Yingtianfu School, and 40 hectares of official land should be allocated for repairs, tuition, repairs, and sacrifices. use.Yingtianfu Academy officially became a government school. Yingtianfu Academy developed from a private family library to a private lecture academy, and gradually evolved into a government school. This is also a representative form of the academy's development in the early Song Dynasty. Songyang Academy is located at the foot of Taishi Mountain at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in Dengfeng County, Henan Province. It was originally the site of the Taiyi Palace of Taoism.An academy was built in the later Zhou Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, called Taiyi Academy. In July of the second year of Song Taizong Zhidao (996 A.D.), he granted the forehead of "Taishi Academy" and granted the printed version of "Nine Classics" of Guozijian to be stored in it.During the reign of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008-1016 A.D.), the "Nine Classics" and books such as Zi and Shi were given to the academy again.In the second year of Jingyou (1035 A.D.), Xijing was rebuilt, and a plaque was given and renamed "Songyang Academy". Wang Zengzuo set up the dean and provided meals for Tian Yiqing. During the Dading period of the Jin Dynasty (1161-1189 A.D.), the academy was abolished and renamed Chengtian Palace, which is still a Taoist temple.During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566 A.D.), it was rebuilt again and renamed Songyang Academy. Songyang Academy has always been valued by the court of the Northern Song Dynasty. It awarded books twice, set up a dean, and allocated school fields.It is said that the school field of Songyang Academy reached more than 1,750 mu at most. Songyang Academy has a subtle relationship with Taoism.It was originally the site of the Taoist Taiyi Palace, and there is a Taoist Chongfu Palace nearby.In Jinshi, it was changed to Chengtian Palace, which is still owned by Taoism.From the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties to the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Buddhist temples and Taoist temples have become places where Confucian scholars lived and studied and gathered to give lectures.During this period, many Confucian scholars had close contacts with Buddhists, Taoists and monks, which not only created conditions for the emergence and development of academies, but also provided opportunities for the germination and foundation of Neo Confucianism.It is not accidental that Songyang Academy had an important influence and status in the foundation period of Neo Confucianism. Songyang Academy is closely related to the development of Neo Confucianism.Brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi once lived in Kaifeng, Luoyang and Minggao towns, and gave lectures at Songyang Academy many times.In the third year of Zhiping (1066 A.D.), Cheng Yi worked in the Imperial College and gave lectures at Songyang Academy. He taught books such as "Mencius", "University", "The Doctrine of the Mean" from the perspective of Neo Confucianism, and took the Four Books as the most basic for his students. He believes that these four kinds of books are the most direct materials for exploring the original meaning of Confucius.Finally, the "Four Books Collection Notes" edited by Zhu Xi became the representative work of Cheng Zhu Neo Confucianism.In the seventh year of Yuanyou (1092 A.D.), Cheng Yi granted Tong Zhilang in charge of Chongfu Palace.Chongfu Palace is adjacent to Songyang Academy, and Cheng Yi once again went to Songyang Academy to give lectures on "Book of Changes" to a large number of listeners.The Ercheng brothers are representatives of the four schools of Neo Confucianism, Lian, Luo, Guan, and Minzhong Luoxue. Songyang Academy has always been regarded as the base for the generation and dissemination of Luoxue.To commemorate the Ercheng brothers' lectures in the academy, Songyang Academy specially built the Ercheng Shrine.Tang Bin, a native of the Qing Dynasty, said in "Songyang Academy": "Er Cheng once gave lectures here, and later generations built temples because of it." Songyang Academy is located in the Central Plains. Kaifeng and Luoyang were once the political and cultural centers of China. Songyang Academy also played an important role and position in the cultural exchange and dissemination between the north and the south. Shigu Academy is located at the foot of Huiyan Peak, Shigu Mountain, Erli North, Hengyang, Hunan Province. According to historical records, Shigu Academy is located in Shigu Mountain. It used to be the Temple of Seeking Truth, a Taoist temple.Qi Ying, the governor of the Tang Dynasty, once built Hejiang Pavilion at the right foot of the mountain.During the Yuanhe period (806-820 A.D.), Li Kuan, a scholar, studied in the hut.The governor Lu Wen once visited, and "Tong Gong Ri's Inscription on Seeking the Truth and Li Kuanzhong's Academy Poems of Talents" has been handed down to the world and included in "Full Tang Poems". According to records, Li Kuan, also known as Li Kuanzhong, was a scholar in the Tang Dynasty.During the Yuanhe period, Lu Wen was relegated to the governor of Hengzhou. He used literature to rectify the administration of officials.There is Shigu Mountain outside the city.Since the early years of Zhenguan, Governor Yu Wenxuan opened Dongyanmian River, which is a famous place for viewing and sightseeing.Li Kuan was the owner of the mountain, so he changed the Taoist Academy into a school.Later, because of the establishment of a school, the ancestral hall of the ancestors was recruited, and all students were recruited to recite it. Yuan Huang and Qing Lao wrote an article "Shigu Xuetian Ji", which said: Shigu Mountain is also a vassal of Heng.The strange peaks are towering, high in the middle and beautiful outside.The two waters of Huanxiang and Hunan are surrounded on the left and right, and when they are combined, they return to Dongting with great vigor and mightiness.The academy is the acquaintance of the second class, back to Lan Tingyuan, far away with mountains and forests, the pavilions are like in the sky, and it is the first holy place in Hunan.During the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, Li Kuanzhong, a native of the state, studied in a hut. (Guangxu "Hunan Tongzhi") Shigu Academy was officially established in the early Song Dynasty.In the third year of Song Taizong Zhidao (997 A.D.), Li Shizhen applied to the county magistrate to establish an academy in Li Kuanzhong's reading place.It was officially named Shigu Academy by Li Kuanzhong Xiucai Academy or Li Kuanzhong Academy in Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Jingyou (AD 1035), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, at the request of Liu Yuan, the school manager of Jixian, bestowed a plaque and a school field on the academy. The poet Fan Chengda visited Shigu Mountain in the ninth year of Qiandao (1173 A.D.) and wrote "Hengshan Ji", which listed Shigu Academy as one of the four academies in the early Song Dynasty.The record says: "When the prefectures did not order teaching, there were four academies in the world: Culai, Jinshan, Yuelu, and Shigu." (Qianlong's "Hengzhou Fuzhi") This is the earliest statement about the four major academies in the early Song Dynasty . Zhu Xi also wrote an article "Hengzhou Shigu Academy Records", saying: "Shigu is the most beautiful place in a county according to the meeting of Hunan and Jiangxi, so there is an academy. What he did." ("Zhu Wengong Collection") Ma Duanlin also called Shigu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Yingtianfu Academy and Yuelu Academy together in the "General Examination of Literature · School Examination" as "the four academies in the world at the beginning of Song Xing". Mr. Chen Dengyuan, a close friend, said in "Old News of National History" that Shigu Academy was "the earliest founded and the most famous". Obviously, he was referring to Shigu Academy and its predecessor Li Kuanzhong Xiucai Academy. Shigu Academy is also closely related to Taoism.Li Kuanzhong's Xiucai Academy was originally the Temple of Seeking the Truth, but later it was converted into a Taoist Academy, and then a school was established, and all students were recruited to recite it.The poem written by Lu Wen in the Tang Dynasty was actually called "Looking for the Truth and Li Kuanzhong's Academy of Scholars".The Academy is rebuilt from the Taoist Temple, or the Academy is located in the Taoist Temple and is a part of the Taoist Temple.It is conceivable that during the Tang and Song dynasties, many famous mountain resorts, Buddhist temples and Confucianism academies competed to be established, and the lingering incense and poetry and book lectures competed for favor, forming a unique cultural spectacle, which is quite thought-provoking! Maoshan Academy is also called Jinshan Academy after Sanmao Mountain in Jiangning Prefecture (now Jintan County), Zhejiang Province.During Song Renzong's reign, it was built by a scholar-official, teaching students and providing food for more than 10 years. In the second year of Song Tiansheng (AD 1024), Wang Suizhi Jiangning Mansion asked to allocate three hectares of land in Sanmao Zhailiangzhuang for the academy to support.After Wang Sui's death, the academy gradually fell into disuse, empty and empty, and its land was occupied by Taoist Chongxi Temple. Maoshan Academy was very influential in the early Song Dynasty.Fan Chengda listed Maoshan (Jinshan) Academy together with Culai, Shigu, and Yuelu Academy as the four academies in the world in "Hengshan Ji". During the Duanping period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1234-1236 A.D.), Liu Zaibie of Mantang founded Sanjiaoshan, and it was abandoned soon after. During the reign of Chunyou (1241-1253 A.D.), Sun Zixiu, the magistrate of the county, visited Maoshan and rebuilt the Maoshan Academy because of the old site, in order to welcome scholars from afar. In the first year of Kaiqing (1259 A.D.), the academy was taken by a wealthy family. In the seventh year of Xianchun (1271 A.D.), it moved to the foot of Gulong Mountain in the south of Jiangning Prefecture (now Jintan County). Yuan Xie, after listing the four academies of Bailudong, Yuelu, Songyang, and Maoshan between Zhenzong and Renzong in the "Continuing the Wall of the Siming Professor Hall", said: "The outstanding teacher is like the Qi family in the southern capital ( Tong Wen), the Sun family of Taishan (recovery), the Hu family of Hailing (Yuan), and the Shi family of Culai (Jie), all of whom are handsome and handsome at the time, and they have made great achievements in self-cultivation and accomplishment.” Qi Tongwen and Suiyang Academy have been mentioned before.Hu Yuan, Sun Fu, and Shi Jie were called "Mr. Song Chu San".Huang Zhen praised in the commentary of "Song Yuan Xuean·Taishan Xuean": "In the eighty years of Song Xing, Mr. Anding Hu, Mr. Taishan Sun, and Mr. Cu Laishi began to learn from teachers, and then Lian and Luoxing. Therefore. Although Neo Confucianism in this dynasty was refined in Yi and Luo, it really started with Mr. San.” Hu Yuan (993-1059 A.D.), styled Yizhi, was born in Hailing, Taizhou (Rugao, Jiangsu).Because he once lived in Anding (Shaanxi Anding), he is known as Mr. Anding.Hu Yuan was from a poor family when he was young, but he studied hard. "At the age of seven, he was good at literature, and he knew the Five Classics by thirteen. ... The family was poor and could not support himself. He went to Mount Tai, and his classmates Sun Mingfu and Shi Shoudao. , I sat for ten years and did not return. I got a letter from the family, and I saw the word "Ping An" on it, that is, I threw it into the hole and did not show it again. I am afraid that it will disturb my heart." , "Teaching Wuzhong with Confucianism".Successively employed as professors of Suzhou Zhouxue and Huzhou Zhouxue, created the "Suhu Teaching Method", pioneered the teaching system of division of fasting, advocated learning from the present and the ancients, using the Ming style, and learning with solidity.After Hu Yuan passed away, there were many academies named after An Ding in the place where he "transformed".The most famous of these is the Anding Academy founded by his disciple Sun Jue in the fifth year of Xining (AD 1072) in Huzhou. Sun Fu (992-1057 A.D.), styled Ming Fu, was born in Pingyang, Jinzhou (now Linfen, Shanxi).He once entered Fan Zhongyan's school and served as a student at Suiyang Academy.After living in Mount Tai, he studied hard and gave lectures with Hu Yuan and Shi Jie.Shi Jie led his disciples to study under Sun Fu.Sun Fu built his room in the sun of Mount Tai, where he gathered books and gave lectures.Sun Fu claimed: "I will build a hall in the sun of Mount Tai in September for Ding Chouqiu. In the spring of next year, the hall will be completed. Because the place of Taoism is the hall, it is called the Taoist Hall." Soon Taoist Hall was merged into Dai Temple, so the school moved north , Reorganize the courtyard, repair the house, expand the hall, the scale is unprecedented.Shi Jie called this hall Taishan Academy, and wrote "Taishan Academy Records", saying: Mr. Taishan "started his school in the Yangyang of Mount Tai, and lived in the house with the books of the sages, and lived with his disciples" ("Song Yuan Xue Case·Taishan Learning Case" attached Shi Jie "Taishan Academy Records"). Shi Jie (1005-1045 A.D.) was born in Fengfu, Yanzhou (now Tai'an, Shandong).When he was young, he was dedicated to learning, self-satisfied in hardship, and constantly striving for self-improvement. He was well-known in the countryside.In the eighth year of Tiansheng (AD 1030), he became a Jinshi. He was in the same discipline as Ouyang Xiu and Cai Xiang. He worked in Yunzhou, Shangqiu and other places successively.He once invited Sun Fu to come to Shandong to give lectures, and led all his disciples to teach him.The place where Shijie read and gave lectures at the foot of Culai Mountain is called Culai Academy.Fan Chengda listed Culai Academy as one of the four academies in the early Song Dynasty.Chen Deng, a close friend, said that there were eight academies in the early Song Dynasty, including Taishan Academy and Culai Academy. Yang Yi said in "Leitang Academy" that Xunyang Chen's Dongjia Academy, Yuzhang Hu's Hualin Academy and Nankang Hong's Leitang Academy are the three major academies standing on the east and west roads of the south of the Yangtze River. Dongjia Academy, also known as Chen's Academy and Yimen Academy, was built by the Chen family in Jiangzhou.During the time of Tang Emperor Xizong, the Chen family received Jingbiao for several generations of righteous residences. It was established as Yimen in the Southern Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, and was praised again in the early Song Dynasty. "Thirty-Three Articles of Chen's Family Law" retains the earliest records about book halls and bookstores.The family law stipulates: "The first book hall is located in Dongjiazhuang. Brothers, nephews and grandchildren who are gifted and intelligent are ordered to study, and those who have learned in the past should be admitted. In addition to the existing books, they must be ordered to buy. Among the scholars, one person is in charge of books, and orders must be ordered when they come in and out. Take care of them, and don’t lose them. The guests will wait there, and they will go out of Dongjiazhuang to supply and deal with them one by one.” "Xiangshan Yelu" contains: "Ten families lived together in the fifth generation of Wu's old country, especially the Chen family of Jiangzhou,... Building a family school, gathering books, extending scholars from all over the world, all of which are owned by Fula. Famous scholars in the south of the Yangtze River all studied in their families." It shows that the family set up a book hall, purchased books, and set up special personnel to manage it, and provided accommodation and meals for students and guests from all over the world. Regardless of whether it is summer or winter, the Shutang is in charge. There are many famous scholars in the south of the Yangtze River.Xu Kai of the Southern Tang Dynasty wrote "Chen's Shutang Ji" and said: Chen's "thinks that the family is both common and the residence is harmonious. It should be strengthened by rituals and music, and written by poetry and writing. Then twenty miles to the left of the house, it is called Dongjia. , Because of the strangeness of the victory, it is divination and construction. It is a library, with dozens of halls, thousands of volumes of books, and twenty hectares of fields. It is considered to be a fund for studying. Those who are the best of the younger generation will study." Ming Dynasty Wen Deyi's "Qiushitang Collection" contains: Jiangzhou Chen family accumulated from generation to generation, and until the early Song Dynasty, the collection of books and posts was "the number one in the world". Hualin Shutang is also called Hualin Study and Hualin Academy.In Hualin Mountain in the southwest suburb of Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province.It is a family-style academy founded by the Hu family in Tong'an Township, Fengxin.According to Xu Xuan, the editor of "Wenyuan Yinghua", in "The Records of Hualin Hu's Academy": "It is Hualin Zhiyang, who opened Yuanxiu's villa alone, grandparents and grandchildren, Zhu and Si share the same style", "Nai is the villa, Hualin In Shanyang, under the Xuanxiu Peak, there is a book hall with hundreds of rooms and five thousand volumes of books. There are often hundreds of students from children and scholars from afar. The family lived together, lectured on scriptures and history, recited poems and books, and learned etiquette for several generations. They founded academies to win the family tradition of "the sound of filial brothers shines brightly in the north, and the family is famous in the south".Hualin Shutang was very influential in the early Song Dynasty and trained many talents. Among the Jinshi, there were 13 people from the Hu family, and some officials went as far as governors, ministers, and prime ministers.Song Zhenzong once wrote a poem to praise it: "One family has three governors, four generations and five ministers. Other families have never heard of it, and I have only seen Hu." Leitang Academy, also known as Leihu Academy and Leihu Academy, is a Hong family academy founded by Hong Wenfu in Anyi County, Jiangxi Province.The Hong family is a big family in Nankang, and they attach great importance to education. "Song History Xiaoyi Biography" stated: Hong Wenfu VI lived in a righteous residence, "created a bookstore in Leihubei where he lived, and recruited scholars."It was quite influential at the time. In the third year of Song Taizong Zhidao (AD 997), the army guarded the imperial court. Taizong "sent his servant Pei Yu to give his family a hundred scrolls of imperial books", and Wenfu sent his younger brother Wenju to bring special tributes. Going to the court to thank you, "Taizong Feibai said 'Yijuren' as a gift, and ordered Wenju to be a teaching assistant in Jiangzhou." Yishu's children".The Hong family created a bookstore and hired scholars, which was awarded and funded by the imperial court.Yang Yi called Leitang Academy, Dongjia Academy and Hualin Academy together as the three major academies standing in the south of the Yangtze River in "Nankang Army Yiju Hongshi Leitang Academy".Leitang Academy has lasted for a long time. Not only the outstanding students of the same family "study here", but also scholars from all over the world traveled thousands of miles and "passed through the fish".Until the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi knew about the Nankang army, and he made public visits. He said in the "Knowing Nankang Bangwen Youdi": "According to the picture scriptures, the Hong family of Yimen in Jianchang County originally lived here for generations, Wu [wuwu] Women observe the festival, and the emperor Taizong bestowed Chenhan, favored official funds, and set off the family. Juan [juan donated] was removed from the corvee. Did the family have no descendants and grandchildren still live in righteousness? The collection of imperial books can be seen (now) How do you worship, whether the gates have been repaired or not?" In fact, the academies in the early Song Dynasty were not limited to the above-mentioned academies, but based on the general recognition in the past and the new research results of modern scholars, a more representative academies were selected for a brief introduction, in order to show the grand development of the academies in the early Song Dynasty and Basic Features. Most of the academies in the early Song Dynasty developed from private seclusion, reading and lecturing, and some developed from the family schools of aristocratic families.The direct reason for the development of academies in the early Song Dynasty was to "make up for the deficiencies of official studies", so they received support, praise and funding from the court and the government, and played a very important role in the development of education in the early Song Dynasty. Generally speaking, the academies in the early Song Dynasty were not large in scale, and their organizational structure was simple. There were no perfect systems and procedures, and the activities were relatively single and less stable.But in the history of educational development, it has shown great vitality.