Chapter 3 Section 2 Academy Education Started in the Late Tang and Five Dynasties

As an educational organization, academies originated from private gatherings of books and lectures among the people. Private lectures have a long history in China.From the time when Confucius first created private schools, to when hundreds of schools of thought led apprentices to give lectures, private schools prospered, laying a good foundation for private lectures.Although the Qin Dynasty explicitly banned private learning, in fact private lectures were banned but never ceased. In the Han Dynasty, private lectures flourished and established advanced forms of private learning—Jingshe and Jinglu.Mr. Yang Rongchun said in the book "Education History of Chinese Feudal Society": "Academy is a high-level form of private education." Mr. Chen Dengyuan also said in the book "Chinese Cultural History": "Before the Tang Dynasty, private education , named Jingshe. Xie Cheng’s "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" says: "Chen Shi, styled Zhonggong, returned home to set up a Jingshe to teach, and there were hundreds of students." There are often hundreds of disciples and scholars. Many students go to the lecture hall, drums and three links, hundreds of people ask questions with hands in hand, and more than a hundred people follow the hall to ask questions. This is the predecessor of the academy. Each of the Taoists has its own monastery to teach its disciples. This is the previous body of the academy."

It is very insightful to regard the jingshe or jinglu since the Han and Wei dynasties as the "predecessor" of academy education.On the one hand, it shows that academy education is the inheritance and development of the long-standing tradition of private lectures; on the other hand, it also shows that the Jingshe or Jinglu since the Han and Wei Dynasties is only the "predecessor" of academy education, not the academy education after the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. itself. The essential feature of academy education is that private collection of books gathers students to give lectures.Folk or private individuals have the conditions to collect books, which constitutes the premise of academy education.In the Han Dynasty, scholars were trained by classics, and the masters established jingshe, ranging from scholars to thousands of people.Just as Pi Xirui said in "History of Confucian Classics": "Those who are so prosperous, the Han people have no learning without a teacher, and the reading of exegetical sentences is all dictated. It is not like the books of later generations. The sound and training are complete, and the book can be recited simply. They are all bamboo slips, very difficult to obtain, if you don’t learn from your teacher, you can’t write them down. It’s very easy to buy the books of later generations, and you can carry both.” This shows that since the Han and Wei Dynasties, the private lectures of the masters have always been rare. By dictation, it does not yet meet the conditions for collecting books.Therefore, Jingshe or Jinglu is not yet an academy education, although some typical academies after the Song Dynasty were also named after Jingshe, it only shows that scholars of later generations admire or pursue the tradition of the previous life, but does not prove that Jingshe or Jinglu are already academies education itself.

Due to the development of social productivity and the advancement of science and technology in the Tang Dynasty, woodblock printing was invented and quickly promoted.Hu Yinglin, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said in "Shaoshi Shanfang Bi Cong": "The engraving started in the Sui Dynasty, traveled in the Tang Dynasty, expanded in the Five Dynasties, and was proficient in the Song people." The invention of engraving and printing was widely used in the Tang and Five Dynasties. , It provides great convenience for the printing and production of books.The development of the printing industry and the improvement of the quality of books have greatly increased the number of books.In addition to Lizheng Academy and Jixian Academy, which have official collections, folk or private collections have better conditions.After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, facilities such as book houses, study houses, study buildings, study halls, and academies established by folks or private individuals emerged in batches.Inspired by the official Lizheng Academy and Jixian Academy first naming the academy as "a place for repairing books" and "a place for collecting books", the name of the academy became more popular among the people or private individuals.

Privately established academies in the Tang Dynasty have been frequently seen in document records.Only in "Quan Tang Poetry" can we see eleven poems with the theme of academy.Such as: Li Secretary Academy, Silang Xinxiu Academy (a new Academy of Xue Zai Shaofu), Zhao’s Kunji Academy, Du Zhongcheng Academy, Fei Jun Academy, Li Kuanzhong Xiucai Academy, Nanxi Academy, General Tian Academy, and Nephew Academy , Shen Bin Jinshi Academy.Most of these academies are named after individuals, rather than stable official names, which reflects the characteristics of the academies when they were first established.Seen in various local historical records, it is noted that the academies built in the Tang Dynasty are:

Qingshan Academy was built in Wengtao, Jiande County, Tang Dynasty Penglai Academy was built by Yang Hongzheng, magistrate of Xiangshan County, in the fourth year of Tang Dazhong (850 A.D.) Wu Shaobang Study Center in Zhuji City, Xishan Academy, was built in the fourth year of Dazhong in Tang Dynasty Jiufeng Academy, Longyou County, Xu Anyuan's Reading Office, was built in the fourth year of Tang Dazhong Lizheng Academy was built in Shaoxing City in the fourth year of Tang Dazhong Liangshan Academy, Pan Youmei Reading Office in Zhangpu County, was built in the Tang Dynasty Wen Shuyuan was built in Chen Can, Fuqing County, Tang Dynasty

Aofeng Academy, Jianyang County, Xiongmi was built in the Tang Dynasty Thatched Cottage Academy was built by Lin Song in Fuding County in Tang Dynasty Songzhou Academy in Zhangzhou City is said to be the reading place of Chen Yu (Xiang Xiang), which was built in the Tang Dynasty Guiyan Academy was built in Xingnan Rong, Gao'an County, Tang Yuanhe Ninth Year (814 A.D.) Jingxing Academy was built by Li Bo, Jiujiang City, in the early Tang Dynasty and Qing Dynasty Li Bo Shutang De'an County Li Bo was built in the beginning of Tang Changqing (Shaoshi Academy) Dongjia Shutang was built in the first year of Tang Dashun (890 A.D.) by Chen Chong, De'an County

(Chen's Book Hall) Emperor's Academy was built by Liu Qinglin, Yongfeng County, Tang Dynasty Feilin Academy Nanchang City Cheng (Huomu) [xiu Xiu] was built in the fifth year of Tang Qianfu (878 A.D.) (Tiger Creek College) Dengdong Academy, Jishui County, Xie Shilong, was built at the end of Tang Qianfu Nanyue Academy was built by Li Fan in Hengshan County in Tang Dynasty (Yehou Academy) Li Kuanzhong Xiucai Academy, Hengyang City, Li Kuan was built in the Tang Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty (Shigu Academy) Duling Academy was built in Leiyang County in Tang Dynasty Wang Ning Academy Taoyuan County was built in the Tang Dynasty

Shishan Academy You County was built in Tang Dynasty (Guangshishan College) Weizhou Academy, Weizhou Study Center in Hengshan County, was built in the Tang Dynasty Lufan Academy Lufan Reading Office in Hengshan County, built in the Tang Dynasty Wenshan Academy Li Qunyu Reading Office in Li Li County, built in the Tang Dynasty Danti Academy, Zhangshu Reading Office, Bazhong County, was built in the Tang Dynasty Fengxiang Academy Yangfa Reading Office in Xixi County, built in the Tang Dynasty Xixi Academy Yangfa Study Center in Xixi County, built in the Tang Dynasty Qinglian Academy, Yanting County, Li Bai Reading Office, was built in the Tang Dynasty

Zhang Jiuzong Academy in Suining County Zhang Jiuzong was built between Tang Zhenyuan and Yuanhe Liu Zongyuan Reading Office in Suiyang County, Ruxi Academy, built in the Tang Dynasty Lizheng Academy, the place where officials of the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an City repaired books, was built in Kaiyuan (Jixian College) Yingzhou Academy was built by Li Yuantong, Lantian County, Tang Dynasty Li Gong Academy, Linqu County, Li Jing Reading Office, built in the Tang Dynasty Fei Jun Academy was built in the Tang Dynasty by Fei Guanqing in Yongji County Lizheng Academy was built in Luoyang City during Tang Kaiyuan

Most of the more than 30 academies listed above are generally said to have been built in the Tang Dynasty. There is no specific date to test, and there are no records of lecture activities. In Jiangxi's Huangyu Academy, "Tang Tong sentenced Liu Qinglin to give lectures" (Guangxu's "Jiangxi Tongzhi", Volume 81); in Fujian's Songzhou Academy, "Tang Chenxuan and Chushi Lecture Office" (Tongzhi's "Fujian Tongzhi" Volume 64); Jiangxi's Dongjia Academy (also known as Chen's Academy, Yimen Academy), "Tang Yimen Chen Gun was established on the left, and he gathered thousands of volumes to educate scholars, and his children were weak. (Tongzhi "Jiujiang Fuzhi" Volume 22) There is also an academy in Jiangxi, called Wutong Academy, and Guangxu's "Jiangxi Tongzhi" said: "The place where Luo Jing and Luo Jian lectured in the Tang Dynasty." In fact, this academy was built in the Five Dynasties The Southern Tang Dynasty.

Although the relevant historical materials are very brief, from these limited historical materials, people can already gain insight into the basic situation of academy education when it was first established.Academy education originated from folk or private book reading, and developed into teaching apprentices and giving lectures.Ouyang Xuan, a scholar of the Yuan Dynasty, said in the article "Records of Zhenwen Academy": "Since there are so many books accumulated by the old family, scholars read them based on the location of the books, because the name is Academy." It can be said that by the end of the Tang Dynasty, the academy education as a "place for scholars to study" had taken shape, but the scale was very small and unstable. During the Five Dynasties, academy education was further developed.According to "New History of the Five Dynasties: One Line Biography": "The chaos of the Five Dynasties is extremely serious! The "Biography" says that the world is closed, and the time for the sages to hide!" ", however, "There is no one in the world", "There are still people who are clean and conceited, and those who are jealous of the world are far away and invisible."It became a social custom in the late Tang and Five Dynasties for scholars to live in seclusion in the mountains to read and give lectures.Among them, there are quite a few who founded schools and book halls to extend scholars from all over the world.For example: Shi Ang, "A native of Linzi, Qingzhou, who has thousands of volumes of books at home, likes to invite scholars from all over the world. Scholars no matter how far or near they are, they are eager to learn. Those who live under him may be tired of years, and they are not lazy." ("New "History of the Five Dynasties Shi Ang Biography") Luo Shaowei, "The characters are correct, and he was born in Changsha... Shaowei is fond of learning Gongshu, and he knows a lot about literature. He has collected tens of thousands of volumes, and opened the library to attract scholars from all over the world." ("New "History of the Five Dynasties · Luo Shaowei Biography") Luo Shaowei "has a heroic spirit, meticulous calligraphy, clear rhythm, complex and sharp personality, obsessed with Confucianism, understands officials, good at recruiting scholars, gathers thousands of volumes, opens a school, and builds a book building" (" The Old History of the Five Dynasties Biography of Luo Shaowei"). "Old History of the Five Dynasties Tang Mingzong Ji" notes "Ai Ri Zhai Cong Chao" saying: "Since the end of the Tang Dynasty, the school where he lived has been abolished, and the descendants of Shu Wuzhao have made millions of private wealth to run the school, and please engrave the "Nine "Jing". The master of Shu followed him, and it was because of the revival of Chinese literature in Shu." "Jingxiang Recent Events" also records that Jiang Huaidong lived in seclusion in Hengyue Mountain, gathered disciples to give lectures, and was called the head of the mountain by the practitioners.These academies and study buildings with thousands of volumes and thousands of volumes gather scholars from all over the world to gather disciples to give lectures. Although they are not named after academies, they are actually academies of educational nature. There are also many academies that directly indicate that they were built in the Five Dynasties.Such as: Dou's Academy was built by Dou Yujun, a native of Fanyang in the Later Zhou Dynasty, in what is now Changping County, Beijing.According to "Fan Wenzheng Official Collection Dou Jianyilu": Dou Yujun, a native of Fan Yang, "All the scholars have entered the ranks, and the family law of Yifeng is a time mark. A college is built in the south of the house, with forty rooms, and the number of books gathered Thousand volumes. Confucianism of etiquette, literature and practice, extended to the teacher's seat. All lonely people in the four directions who have no supply and demand, the public may come out. If you don't ask questions, you don't know. If you are interested in scholars, listen to them, so your son will learn a lot. , all the people from all over the world, from the gate of the public to the dignitaries, followed one after another." The famous Songyang Academy (in Dengfeng, Henan), Yingtianfu Academy (in Suiyang Academy, in Shangqiu, Henan), and Longmen Academy in Luoyang were all built in the Five Dynasties period. During the wars of the Five Dynasties, the southern region was relatively stable, and more academies were built.Such as: Lantian Academy, in Gutian County, Fujian Province, was built by Yu Renchun, a member of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and is called the cradle of Gutian culture by later generations. Liuzhang Academy, located in Yifeng, Jiangxi, was built by Zhang Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty.Tongzhi's "Xinchang County Chronicles" said: Zhang Yu, "After the death of the Tang Dynasty, he hung his crown and returned to leisure, and he did not leave his household. He kept the name of the book hall and gave lectures during it." Yunyang Academy, located in Yongxiu, Jiangxi Province, was built by Wu Baiju, a Jinshi of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Guanglu Academy, in Futian, Ji'an County, Jiangxi, was built by Zhang Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Kuangshan Academy is located in Taihe County, Jiangxi Province.It was built by Luo Tao, a native of Southern Tang Dynasty.Emperor Mingzong once issued a letter to grant the forehead, saying that he "seeked the cause to recuperate, so he returned to his hometown, and later learned from Yuncong, and the museum started under Kuangshan Mountain. The folk customs are getting more and more popular, and the customs have become the area of ​​​​Donglu". Indus Academy, in Fengxin, Jiangxi Province, where brothers Luo Jing and Luo Jian of the Southern Tang Dynasty gathered to give lectures. Hualin Academy is located in Fengxin, Jiangxi.It is a family-style academy of the Hu family. It is said that it "gathers thousands of volumes of books and sets up a large kitchen to attract scholars from all over the world." Wang Rizao said in the "Songyang Academy Stele": "The husband and the five generations are looking for wars every day, the central plains are disturbed by clouds, and the way of sages stretches on and on, almost like a line. But when the academy is alone in this place, is it not that the prosperity is about to open? The gentleness has not yet fallen, but the foundation has been established!" It not only explains the social background and historical conditions of the emergence and development of academy education in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, but also illustrates the impact of the emergence and development of academy education on the inheritance and dissemination of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. unique role.