Chapter 22 Section 3 School Education in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties

In 947 A.D., Khitan changed the name of the country to "Daliao", and established Guozixue in Nanjing (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), also known as Nanjing Taixue.In the fifth year of Emperor Daozong Qingning (AD 1059), Liao established the "Five Beijing Studies" under the Guozijian, namely in Shangjing (Linhuang Mansion), Tokyo (Liaoyang Mansion, formerly known as Nanjing), Xijing (Datong Mansion), Zhongjing (Dading Mansion) At the same time, Guozi School was established in Nanjing (Jianjin Prefecture), collectively known as "Five Beijing Schools", and each school has a doctorate and a teaching assistant.Local government schools in Liao also had prefectural schools, prefectural schools, and county schools.In addition, the "Literary Museum of Kings" was specially set up for the children of nobles.

The Jurchens established "Jin" in 1115 AD, and set up Guozi School, which governs the central government school and is also the highest school of Jin.In the sixth year of King Sejong's Dading (1166 A.D.), Taixue was set up to enroll the children of officials of the fifth grade or above, as well as students recommended by local governments and final candidates.In the thirteenth year of King Shizong's Dading (1173 A.D.), Jurchen Guozi School and Jurchen Primary School were established.In the 28th year of Dading (1188 A.D.), the Jurchen Taixue was established.Jurchen Guozixue, Jurchen Primary School, and Jurchen Taixue specialize in cultivating Jurchen talents.Jin's local government schools mainly include government, town, state studies and Jurchen government, state studies and local medicine.

The central government schools in the Yuan Dynasty included Guozixue, Mongolian Guozixue and Huihui Guozixue. Guozixue takes Confucian classics as the learning content.The "Shengzhai Ranking Method" and "Ji Calligraphy" are adopted.The so-called "Scaling Method" is to divide the Guozi School into three grades of lower, middle and upper and six houses. Students enter each house to learn different content according to their level, and they are promoted successively according to their academic performance and moral behavior. Methods.This is the continuation and development of the "Sanshe Law" in the Song Dynasty.Guozixue examination is divided into private examination and Shengzhai examination. The private examination is held once a month. Those who are top-notch in the test paper are given one point, and those who are in the middle are given half a point. Those who score more than eight points in a year are promoted to senior students. The limit is 40 people, 20 Han people, 10 Mongolians and 10 Semu people each.For the entrance examination, those who are rated as excellent in the examination every three months in the middle school will be promoted to the upper school, and those who are listed as excellent in the examination every three months without breaking the rules will be promoted to the middle school.It can be seen that the "integral method" is a method of accumulatively calculating students' academic performance throughout the year. Although it began with Taixue in the Song Dynasty, it was perfected day by day in Guozixue in the Yuan Dynasty.Because the "integral method" pays attention to the students' usual test scores, it has the positive effect of urging students to study hard at ordinary times.

The establishment of the Mongolian National School is aimed at accelerating the training of Mongolian talents.It was established under the influence of Jurchen Guozixue in the Jin Dynasty, and the learning content is mainly "Tongjian Jieyao" in Mongolian.Students who become proficient in their studies will be awarded official positions.However, the source of students, in addition to mainly recruiting Mongolian students, also recruits children of other ethnic groups. Huihui Guozixue is a school that specializes in learning Yisidaifei-Persian script.In view of the frequent exchanges with countries in the Western Regions at that time, there was an urgent need to train specialized talents who understood Persian characters, and Huihui Guozi School was founded.It played a positive role in promoting the cultural exchanges between China and the West at that time, which is unique in the history of the development of school education in ancient China.

The Yuan Dynasty also set up schools attached to Sitiantai and Taishi Academy to train talents in astronomy and calculus. According to the administrative divisions of roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties in the Yuan Dynasty, a system of road studies, prefectural schools, state schools, county schools, and Zhulu primary schools and social studies was established locally. Sociology was founded in the 23rd year of Zhiyuan (AD 1286). The Yuan court issued an order to encourage farmers to set up communes. Every 50 villages in each county will form a commune. There will be one president, and one person will be added for every 100 villages. If there are less than 50, they are integrated with the nearby villages, and the president specializes in teaching and persuading farmers and mulberry farmers.Each commune establishes a school, and selects those who are proficient in scriptures as teachers, and uses the slack time in the agricultural slack to enroll their children.Sociology is a form of primary education for rural children, which has certain significance for the development of rural culture and education.

In the Yuan Dynasty, specialized schools such as Zhulu Mongolian Characters, Zhulu Medicine, and Zhulu Yin-Yang Studies were established.Zhulu Mongolian Characters School is a local school for learning Mongolian characters. It was founded in the sixth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1269), with the purpose of popularizing Mongolian characters and cultivating talents who are proficient in Mongolian characters.Zhulu Medicine was founded in the second year of Shizu Zhongtong (AD 1261), and it was located in Taiyuan Hospital in Zhili.Zhulu Yinyang School is a school for learning astronomy and calendar. It was founded in the 28th year of Zhiyuan (AD 1291), and it was located in Sitiantai.It is an innovation of the Yuan Dynasty to set up local schools to train talents in astronomy and calendar calculation, which will have a certain influence on later generations.According to the "Yuan History·Shizu Benji" records: In the 28th year of the Yuan Dynasty, there were 21,300 schools in Zhulu. According to the population statistics at that time, there were 13.43 million households and more than 59.84 million people in the country this year.In this way, there was one local school for every 2,800 people on average, which was quite impressive at the time.