Chapter 21 Section 2 School Education in the Song Dynasty

Guozixue in the Song Dynasty, also known as Guozijian, was not only the highest educational management institution of the central government in the Song Dynasty, but also the highest institution of learning in the central government.Recruit "offspring of the seventh grade and above in the Beijing Dynasty", called Guozisheng. The status of Taixue is lower than that of Guozixue. It recruits children of the eighth grade or below or the elites of common people as students. It was established later, but it is more effective than Guozixue. Core. Piyong is a branch of Taixue, or "foreign school".

Simenxue and Guangwenguan-these two are preparatory schools for scholars to prepare for the imperial examinations, enrolling children below the eighth rank and ordinary people. Wu learned the art of war, cavalry and archery of various families, and divided them into upper, inner and outer houses. There were 100 students, which met the needs of foreign invasion at that time. Law studies were also highly valued in the Song Dynasty. Medicine is divided into three departments: Fangmai Department, Acupuncture Department and Ulcer Department, with 300 students enrolled. Mathematics recruits life officials and ordinary people as students, with a quota of 210 students.Calligraphy is not restricted by birth level, and there is no quota. It mainly studies the three styles of seal script, official script, and cursive script. At the same time, it must be familiar with "Shuowen Jiezi", "Zi Shuo", "Erya", "Boya", "Dialect" Wait.The examination is divided into upper, middle and lower grades: "Square, round, fat and thin, moderate in size, strong in painting, clear and ancient in spirit, old but not vulgar; square with round brush, round with square meaning, thin but not dry, and fat The one that is not turbid and has one body is the middle; the square is not round, the fat is not thin, imitating the strokes of the ancients is not satisfactory, but it is even and impressive."

Painting offers professional courses such as Buddhism and Taoism, figures, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and bamboos, and houses. work." The Song Dynasty attached great importance to calligraphy and painting, which was related to Song Huizong Zhao Ji (AD 1082-1135). Because Zhao Ji was good at calligraphy, he was self-contained. , animals, etc. In the Song Dynasty, there were noble schools specially set up to educate the descendants of the clan, such as Zishantang, Zongxue, Zhuwanggongxue and Nei primary school. Local administration in the Song Dynasty was divided into three levels: the first level was roads; the second level was prefectures and government offices (some also had troops and supervisors); the third level was counties.Each branch does not directly set up schools, but only has academic officers to manage the schools it belongs to.Therefore, there were only two levels of local schools in the Song Dynasty: those established by the state or prefecture, army, and supervisor were called state schools or prefectural schools, military schools, and supervisors; those established by counties were called county schools.Since prefectures and counties were the most common, local schools in the Song Dynasty were mainly prefectural schools and county schools.

State schools and county schools in the Song Dynasty generally had school buildings, which were divided into teaching, sacrifice, entertainment, meals, accommodation, collection, etc., and library buildings were generally set up.In terms of school-running funds, the school-running funds are solved by combining various methods such as school land, government funding, social donation of land, donations, and school engraving of books to generate income. From the perspective of the management system of school education, local government schools before the Sui and Tang Dynasties were entrusted to the local chief executives. In order to strengthen the leadership of local government schools in the Song Dynasty, from the fourth year of Song Shenzong Xining (AD 1071), various roads were successively set up. Academic officials; since the second year of Chongning (AD 1103), the Department of Academic Affairs of Zhulu Tiju was set up.Before the Song Dynasty, there was no special educational administrative agency to manage local government schools. The establishment of the Tiju Academic Affairs Department was of innovative significance in the history of school education development in ancient China.Since then, specialized education administration agencies have been established from the central to the local levels. There is the Guozijian at the central level, which manages the central government schools;In the Southern Song Dynasty, a commissioner was set up, or the local governor was expressly stipulated to concurrently serve as a scholar.Due to the emphasis placed on local education administration in the Song Dynasty, local school education was relatively developed and achieved quite a lot, which pushed the development of local government schools in ancient China to a new stage.