Chapter 7 Chapter 3 The Majestic and Magnificent Famous Mountains of the North Country

Mount Tai rises on the eastern edge of the North China Great Plain, above the Qilu Hills.The main peak, Yuhuangding, is 1524 meters above sea level. It stands out like a flock of chickens.The green pines and cypresses all over the mountain show its magnificence even more.Because of its height, Mount Tai has a vertical climate change. The foot of the mountain is in the warm temperate zone, and the top of the mountain is in the middle temperate zone.There are many clouds and mist on the mountain, and the average annual precipitation is 1132 mm, while that at the bottom of the mountain is only 750 mm.This complex natural phenomenon, the ancients could not get a scientific explanation, so they had a sense of mystery, and believed that Mount Tai was a heaven where "the clouds and rain" and "the gods live", so they became the mountain gods worshiped by people.

From Qin Shihuang to Qing Qianlong, in more than 2,000 years, 13 generations of emperors successively went to Mount Tai to enshrine Zen or sacrifice 31 times, making Mount Tai the supreme status of "the only respected five mountains" and "the hero of the world". Mount Tai also has a long history of religious activities, the history of sightseeing and viewing by the majority of literati, the history of scientific research by scholars, and the history of peasant uprisings, etc., which constitute an extremely rich historical and cultural content of Mount Tai. According to historical records, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism in Mount Tai was quite prosperous, especially when Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty granted the Bixia Yuanjun of Mount Tai.Buddhism was also introduced to Mount Tai during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The earliest temple is the Lingyan Temple in Mount Tai today.

Mount Tai has a long history as an aesthetic object of tourism. There is an ode in the Book of Songs that "Mount Tai is rocky, Lu Bang looks at it".The earliest celebrity who left footprints on Mount Tai was Confucius, who said, "Climb Mount Tai and the world will be small."The historian Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty, the astronomer Zhang Heng, the writer Cai Yong, the scholars Ban Gu and Ma Rong all visited Mount Tai."Taishan Fengchan Yi Ji" by Ying Shao (shao Shao), a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is one of the earliest extant travel notes.Cao Zhi, Lu Ji, Xie Lingyun, Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Dongpo, Xu Xiake and others are all important pioneers of Mount Tai landscape aesthetics.

Among the cultural relics of Mount Tai, there are still more than 1,800 steles and cliff carvings, most of which are concentrated on both sides of the climbing path from Daimiao to Daiding.Its age, from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the present, has lasted for more than two thousand years; on the calligraphy style, Zhen, Cao, Li, and Zhuan are all complete; genres, Ou, Zhao, Yan, Liu, each have their own style; Famous mountains and scenic spots, carrying forward the national spirit, is really magnificent, ancient and modern. Since the beginning of this century, modern geology has created a chapter in the research of Mount Tai's natural science, uncovered the mystery of the natural development history of Mount Tai, and confirmed that the Cambrian strata in the Zhangxia-Gushan area on the north side of Mount Tai are the Cambrian strata in northern my country. Standard section of series strata.It plays an important role in the study of Cambrian regional stratigraphic correlation in my country and the international Cambrian stratigraphic correlation, so it has important scientific value.

Majestic Mount Tai, for thousands of years, the natural landscape has been integrated into the landscape culture of emperors enshrining Zen, religious myths, artistic conception of calligraphy and painting, poetry rendering, craftsman art, and scientists' exploration, forming a unique Mount Tai landscape.Its main scenic area gradually forms a landscape pattern of triple space and one axis.The so-called triple space, the first is Tai'an City, a busy human city centered on Dai Temple, which is a service base for Buddhist worship, sightseeing, and pilgrimage to the mountains. It is an ancient tourist city; Tianfu in the fairy world above the Tianmen.An axis refers to the landscape belt that connects the three spaces, mainly the 6,300-level (known as 7,000-level) ascending path "heavenly steps" from the north Yandai Zongfang on the central axis of the Dai Temple in Tai'an City to the Jade Emperor Peak.Along the way, there is a flagpole for three miles, an archway for five miles, Tiantian Gate, Zhongtian Gate, and Nantian Gate, forming a majestic and magnificent landscape sequence of "climbing to the sky step by step".

In the majestic embrace of Mount Tai, there are hidden the beautiful Taohua Valley, the steep Longjiao Mountain, the peculiar Tiansheng Bridge, the deep Lingyan Temple, the mysterious Houshiwu, Tianzhuyu, and the lofty Daiding. Mount Tai has special connotations, that is, the grandeur of the natural mountain, the majesty of the landscape image, the sublime spirit of endowment, the splendid landscape culture, and the long history of the famous mountain.Therefore, Mount Tai is supreme no matter in front of the emperor or in the eyes of the common people. All my descendants of the Yellow Emperor admire the spirit of Mount Tai. .There is hardly a second mountain in the world like Mount Tai, which has penetrated into the hearts of hundreds of millions of people throughout the nation for thousands of years, and stands among the world heritage sites with its uniqueness of the integration of nature and culture.Mount Tai, which has scientific, aesthetic, and historical and cultural values, was included in the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in 1987.

Today, climbing Mount Tai has become a worldwide yearning. Let us walk along the 7,000 steps and follow the footsteps of hundreds of millions of Chinese descendants for thousands of years to comprehend the essence of the "soul of China" and inspire the spirit of life to strive for climbing. Strive for the peak of your career! Yi [Yi] Mountain is known as Xiaotai Mountain and is located in the south of Zouxian County, Shandong Province.Confucius, Mencius, Qin Shihuang, Han Gaozu, etc. all visited Yishan, and there is a saying that Qinshihuang first erected a stele on Yishan and engraved a stele on Taishan later, which shows that Yishan became famous early.What's more important is the seductive beauty of Yishan.It is 555 meters above sea level, uprooted from the Zoulu Plain, with a large relative height difference, which makes it very majestic.Yishan is a granite hill with rich topography and well-developed joints, forming three towering peaks and steep cliffs. Its spherical weathering is also very typical.There are many holes among the stones, mysterious and blurred.There are many cliff carvings of celebrities in Yishan, which are important cultural landscapes in existence.

Yishan is famous for the visit of the emperor, while Liangshan is famous for the rebellion of farmers, especially the artistic charm, which makes the name of Shuibo Liangshan almost a household name.Liangshan is located in Liangshan County, Shandong Province. In the Song Dynasty, it was an island in an 800-mile lake.After the Ming Dynasty, due to the flooding of the Yellow River, it became a flat river.In the vicissitudes of life, a relatively intact Ming Dynasty ship was dug out under the flat ground a few years ago.Liangshan is not high, with an altitude of 197 meters.The reason why it has become the base of many regional peasant uprisings in history is because there are 800 miles of water, which makes the officers and soldiers helpless. Therefore, there is a comment that "the danger of Liangshan lies in the water, not in the mountains".Now there are still the walls of Songjiang Village and the "Water Margin Site" on the mountain.Liangshan is not only a historical monument, but more importantly, a famous cultural mountain.

Beijing is surrounded by mountains on three sides in the east, west, and north. In the west is the northern section of the Taihang Mountains, which stands between the North China Great Plain and the Shanxi Plateau, collectively called Xishan. .They became the natural barrier of the ancient capital Beijing.After thousands of years of selection and construction, there are many scenic spots in the suburbs of Beijing that are famous both at home and abroad.Its main features are rich cultural relics and historic sites, and outstanding cultural landscape. Badaling is the main peak of Jundu Mountain, with an altitude of 1015 meters.The Badaling Mountains are steep and the valleys are deep, forming natural dangers.The Great Wall winds back on the top of the lofty mountains, criss-crossing among thousands of ravines, like a huge dragon swimming, making the majestic Badaling even more majestic (Figure 4).The Ming Tombs at the southern foot of Jundu Mountain is a small basin surrounded by mountains, with clear springs and long streams.It is surrounded by Tianshou Mountain in the north, Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain in the east and west. Several clear waters converge in the basin and flow eastward slowly. 13 magnificent Ming Tombs are hidden in the northern mountains and forests, forming a beautiful and quiet royal cemetery landscape.

Beijing Xishan starts from the Juma River in Fangshan County in the south and ends at the pass in Changping County in the north.The scenery of Xiangshan Mountain changes with the four seasons. In the frost and autumn season, the red leaves are all over the mountain like a brocade.The Eight Great Places of Xishan Mountain, on the Cuiwei Mountain and Lushi Mountain, the eight ancient temples are dotted all over the place.Biyun Temple is located at the eastern foot of Xiangshan Mountain. There used to be a saying that "there are hundreds of terraces and halls in the West Mountain, and there is nothing more luxurious than Biyun Temple". In 1925, the coffin of Mr. Sun Yat-sen stopped in the temple, and there is still a tomb of Mr. Sun Yat-sen.

The Fangshan area in the western suburbs of Beijing is an area where limestone karst is relatively developed. There are Shidu landscapes known as "Northern Yangshuo" and "Guilin in the suburbs of Beijing". There are rare limestone caves in the north - Shihua Cave and Yunshui Cave.Between the mountains, rivers, and caves, the Zhoukoudian ape-man, the ancestor of Peking Man 500,000 years ago, and the "Shanding Cave Man" 20,000 years ago lived and multiplied on this land, creating ancient human culture.Fangshan Shijing and Shanyunju Temple also preserve the oldest and largest stone carving Buddhist Tripitaka in the world.This stone scripture began in the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty. Over a thousand years, a total of 14,000 pieces of stone were carved, with more than 1,000 volumes and more than 3,000 volumes. It has become a "national treasure". Chengde is 230 kilometers away from Beijing and is located in the northeast of Hebei Province.Surrounded by mountains, the climate is pleasant, especially famous for its summer resort in the north.Chengde Mountain Resort was first built in the 42nd year of Emperor Kangxi (AD 1703) and completed in the 55th year of Qianlong (AD 1790), which lasted 89 years.It is large in scale, covering an area of ​​5.6 square kilometers, with palace walls built along the undulating hills and a circumference of 10 kilometers, which is twice the size of the Summer Palace in Beijing.It is a separate garden for the emperors of the Qing Dynasty to escape the summer heat, hunt and conduct political activities.The villa is built in accordance with the principle of "Natural nature makes the topography, and does not wait for manpower to pretend to be false". It integrates the essence of gardening art from the north and the south, and the mountains, rivers, forests, and springs are naturally formed; It is the largest existing royal garden in my country.There are famous Outer Eight Temples on the outskirts of the villa, which are Puning Temple, Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Sumeru Fushou Temple, Pule Temple, Anyuan Temple, Shuxiang Temple, Puren Temple and so on.The Outer Eight Temples are located on the mountain, with grand and exquisite buildings in Tibetan and Han styles, forming a complex of buildings surrounding the villa, like stars holding the moon. Chengde's natural landscape is also rare. The surrounding mountains are mostly at an altitude of 400-600 meters, and there are rich landforms, such as Qingchui Peak, Hama Stone, Sengguan Peak, Shuangta Mountain, Luohan Mountain, Chaoyang Cave, etc. Strange peaks and rocks.The Wulie River is like a silver hada winding back and forth between the peaks and temples close to the mountain villa. Panshan is more than 70 kilometers away from Beijing, in Jixian County, and belongs to the Yanshan Mountains.Panshan is a granite mountain, majestic, with beautiful peaks and ridges, clear water and strange rocks.The main peak, Hanging Moon Peak, is 864 meters above sea level, with a sharp decline.In history, there are five peaks, eight stones, seventy-two temples, thirteen pagodas, and inscriptions by celebrities of past dynasties and other rich natural and cultural landscapes. It is known as "the first mountain in the east of Jingdong" and was once one of the 15 famous mountains in my country.The ancients summed up the scenery of Panshan Mountain as the best of the three pans, that is, the area around Zilai Peak is the upper pan, where pines are verdant and the sky is winding and cloudy (yiyi) is the pines; Sheng; the area around Hangjiashi is the lower wall, Wanquan Xiangjian, and the jade spraying beads are the water wins.Most of the temples and temples in Panshan have been destroyed. Especially during the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese invaders implemented the "Three Alls Policy" and created no-man's land. Almost all the thousand-year-old temples were burned, and the mountains were full of pines and cypresses. Only the mountains and rocks remained.Just like the "shaking stone" behind Qianyuan Temple, it can be shaken by one person, but it will not move when everyone shakes it. This is a strange thing.Another example is the mountain peak in Shangfang Temple. There are many stones to be found, which seem to have nothing to lean on. Looking up, they look like hanging in the air. They are called hanging stones, which is also very strange. The Taihang Mountains stretch for 600 kilometers between the Shanxi Plateau and the Hebei Plain.Looking east from the Shanxi Plateau, you can see gentle rolling mountains, while looking west from the Hebei Plain, you can see many mountains rising straight up to the sky, majestic and magnificent.Along the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains, it has been the main north-south traffic route in my country since ancient times, and the many rivers and valleys originating from the Taihang Mountains are often dangerous passes in Hebei and Shanxi.People have discovered and developed many famous mountains and scenic spots during their travels from south to north to west to east and down, shining like pearls.Such as Xishan in Beijing, Cangyan Mountain in Jingxing, Zhangshiyan in Zanhuang, Yuntai Mountain in Xiuwu and Wangwu Mountain in Jiyuan. Cangyan Mountain, Jingxing County, located in the middle of the Taihang Mountains, west of Shijiazhuang City, is a bright pearl of the Taihang Mountains.Cangyan Mountain is composed of sandstone with horizontal bedding, with broken walls and cliffs, ancient cypresses spanning the sky, heavy forests covering valleys, and the scenery is dangerous and beautiful.The Bridge Tower Hall is a must in the cultural landscape of Cangyan Mountain.It is flying between dangerous rocks and cliffs, facing the abyss below and cliffs above, and the sky, scenery, people and art are integrated into one, which fully reflects the rich imagination and superb skills of ancient Chinese skilled craftsmen. Zhangshiyan, which looks like the Taihang in the south of the Yangtze River, is also located in the middle of the Taihang Mountains and is located in Zanhuang County, Hebei.At an altitude of 1774 meters, it is composed of light red quartzite. It is a peak forest landform with three layers of steep cliffs, stretching nearly 10 kilometers from north to south.Each layer of cliff is 100-150 meters high, and there is a gentle slope platform between layers, which becomes a natural plank road.There are natural secondary forests all over the platform, forming a majestic and beautiful scenery of Dan Li Cui Heng, steep and straight.The sandstone fissures are developed, and the springs are endless, and the spring water flows straight down from the cliff, forming a waterfall.Huaiquan is the source of Huaihe River in four seasons. Zhangshiyan is also rich in cultural landscapes, such as Zanhuang Mountain, where King Mu of Zhou once visited, and there are Huaiquan Temple, Yuantong Temple, Ming Great Wall and other historical sites. Yuntai Mountain in the south of Taihang Mountain rises from the flat ground and rises from the sky. The main peak, Zhuyu Peak, is 1308 meters above sea level.Yuntai Mountain is not only majestic in peaks and gorge, but also rare in the beauty of forest springs. From Wenpan Valley at the foot of the mountain to Xiaozhaigou and Laotanggou in the deep mountains, the mountains and rivers circle back, the clear springs circulate, five steps and one pool, ten Step by one waterfall, spray pearls and wash jade, gorgeous and colorful, go up against the source, dense forests and grass, deep valleys and high waterfalls, like entering a small kingdom of natural beauty with beautiful peaks and mountains, water and stones.The 300-meter-high waterfall in Laotangou is the waterfall with the highest drop in my country.Zhuyu Peak has always been a good place to climb on the Chongyang Festival. Wangwu Mountain is at the southern end of Taihang Mountain. The main peak, the Temple of Heaven, is 1,715 meters above sea level.Bai Juyi praised its grandeur with "the Temple of Heaven is in the middle of the day".Wangwu Mountain has high cliffs, huge valleys, strange peaks and different caves, which are quite magical, so it is listed as "the first cave in the world" by Taoism.Wangwu Mountain is not only majestic, but also exceptionally beautiful, with good forest vegetation and clear flowing springs.What's even more rare is that there are also good natural secondary forests and local primary forests.Rare animals such as rhesus monkeys, salamanders, tiger frogs and red-bellied chickens inhabit the mountains and valleys.In late autumn, the 500-mile Wangwu Mountain turns into a red ocean, which is extremely spectacular.The majestic and beautiful Wangwu Mountain has become a famous mountain in the world as early as ancient times.According to legend, the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan once climbed to the top of the Tianfeng Peak to worship the sky, and there is also Wangwushan among the nine mountains of Yufeng. The influence of spiritual culture. Songshan Mountain is located in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, towering over the land of Zhongzhou.Songshan Mountain is composed of Taishi Mountain in the east and Shaoshi Mountain in the west. The main peak of Taishi Mountain, Junji Peak, is 1494 meters above sea level, and the main peak of Shaoshi Mountain is 1512 meters above sea level.Songshan has a complex structure, uplifted fault blocks, and towering walls, forming a majestic momentum of "Song is as high as the mountain, as steep as the sky".It is located between Luoyang and Kaifeng, the ancient capitals. It was named Zhongyue because it was "in the middle of the earth". The terrain of Mount Song is dangerous. resort. In ancient times, emperors generally visited the Five Sacred Mountains and enshrined Mount Tai, but only Wu Zetian enshrined Mount Song, the middle mountain of Zen.In the twelfth lunar month of 696 A.D., she ascended Mount Song to confer the crown prince and Chan Shaoshi. To show her great success, she changed Songyang County to Dengfeng County and Yangcheng to Gaocheng.The year is named "Long Live the First Year of Dengfeng". Songshan Scenic Area is a place where humanities gather together. There are more than 50 cultural relics protection units at all levels, and the cultural landscape is particularly prominent.Famous scenic spots include Songshan Zhongyue Temple, Shaolin Temple, Songyue Temple, Fawang Temple, Songyang Academy, Observatory and Observatory, etc. Songshan Zhongyue Temple is a large-scale palace-style building complex (Figure 5), with a rigorous layout and nine courtyards with symmetrical axes. There are more than 400 existing houses, more than 300 ancient cypresses, and more than a hundred steles.The entire building complex is located in a small valley basin facing south from the north, which is a typical "Feng Shui Treasure Land".It is backed by Huanggai Peak, surrounded by mountains on the left and right, and screened by Yuan Mountain in front. The axis is several kilometers long, which is really a good example of landscape architecture. Shaolin Temple is located by the stream between Taishi and Shaoshi Mountain, with beautiful scenery.Shaolin Temple, built in 495 AD, is the ancestral temple of Zen Buddhism in China and the birthplace of Shaolin martial arts.There are more than 240 tomb towers of Shaolin monks in the west of the temple, with different shapes and scattered heights. It is the largest pagoda forest landscape in my country. At the southern foot of Junji Peak, there is a famous Songyang Academy, one of the four major academies in the Song Dynasty.The buildings in the courtyard are not original, but the two "general cypresses" are rare living cultural relics.According to legend, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty saw this cypress when he visited Songshan in the first year of Yuanfeng (110 BC), and he was named "Great General" and "Second General". The "Second General" cypress is 18 meters high and the trunk circumference is 12 meters. The "Great General" is slightly smaller.For thousands of years, there have been many legends, travel notes, and poems surrounding the general cypresses, which have injected rich cultural connotations into these two ancient cypresses, forming a unique culture of ancient and famous trees in China. Luoyang, Henan Province was the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties. Due to the early establishment of the dynasty, there are no important relics in the famous mountains on the outskirts of the city. Only Longmen is famous for its grottoes.To the west of Longmen is Longmen Mountain, and to the east is Xiangshan Mountain. The two mountains face each other, with cliffs and rocks standing upright, and the Yi River cuts into the middle of the valley. It looks like a natural gate, so Longmen is also called Yique.Yique Mountain is an Ordovician limestone with a hard and delicate texture, which is suitable for fine carving.The Longmen Grottoes were excavated here.It is as famous as the Dunhuang Grottoes, Datong Yungang Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes, and is the four treasure houses of ancient Buddhist art in my country.The Longmen Grottoes started construction in the 18th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (494 A.D.), and have been built for more than 400 years through the Eastern Wei and Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and Sui and Tang dynasties.There are more than 2,100 grottoes, more than 100,000 statues, more than 3,600 inscriptions and steles, and more than 40 pagodas. It is an extremely precious art treasure house. Most of the Longmen Grottoes are in the West Mountain, while the East Mountain is famous for the Xiangshan Temple.The temple was first built in the Northern Wei Dynasty and was the most prosperous in the Tang Dynasty.It is praised that "Longmen is the first place among the mountains and rivers in the four suburbs of Luoyang; the top ten temples in Longmen is the first among Xiangshan".The great poet Bai Juyi lived in Luoyang for 18 years, spent most of his later years in Xiangshan, and was buried on Pipa Peak in Xiangshan after his death. Jigong Mountain is the remaining vein of Dabie Mountain, located in the south of Xinyang City, Henan Province, at the junction of Hubei and Henan Provinces.Wuyang Pass, one of the famous "Three Passes of Yiyang", is at the southern foot of Jigong Mountain.It got its name because the mountain looks like a rooster proclaiming the dawn.It is a granite mountain, affected by the fault block structure, the mountain is steep and towering, and it has the tendency of "green division of Chu and Henan, and potential pressure of Songheng".At an altitude of 811 meters, it is lower than Mount Song and Mount Heng, but it stands tall on the watershed between the Jiang and Huai plains.Jigong Mountain is rich in granite shapes and landforms, especially "Wuguai Ridge".It is located in the transition zone between subtropical and warm temperate climates, with moderate rainfall and cool summers.The vegetation here is dense, the species are rich, and the characteristics of the northern and southern plants are integrated into one furnace. The ecological environment is excellent, and it is one of the four major summer resorts in my country.